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Psy 101 exam 1

Exam over ch 1, 8, 9. Exam 1. Psychology 101.

QuestionAnswer
Modern psychology vs. Pseudoscience Modern psychology uses the scientific method
The “Father of Psychology” Wilhelm Wundt
The “Father of American Psychology” William James
The “Father of Psychodynamic Psychology” Sigmund Freud
Name the various perspectives of psychology
The Scientific Method HDCAR – Hypothesis, Design, Collect Data, Analyze Data and Draw Conclusions, Report findings
Designing studies descriptive, correlational, experimental
Descriptive study describes a subject
Correlational study looks for a relationship between two variables
Experiment changes one variable to look for a cause [independent variable] and effect [dependent variable] relationship between two variables.
Operational definitions Explain the exact measurements of a study. The units and how to count them.
Various data collection options SOTL – Survey, Observation, Test Data, Life Outcome Data.
Survey (+/-) (+) less resources, (-) lies
Observation (+/-) (+) More accurate than Survey, (-) Not perfect accuracy, time, only behaviors
Test Data (+/-) (+) Indirect Questioning means less lies, (-) Indirect Questioning can = biases
Life Outcome Data (+/-) (+) Cannot Lie, Existing Data Source, (-) Access
Correlation: Directions and strengths Positive, Negative & none, mild, moderate, strong, perfect
Mean, Median, Mode Mean – average, Median - middle number, Mode – Most often
Reliability versus Validity Reliability – repeatable, Validity – accuracy
Basic building blocks of thought Language, Metal Imagery
Organizational structures of the brain concepts, hierarchies – higher middle lower, prototype, cognitive schema
Natural vs Artificial concept formation natural – using already created concepts, artificial – forming new concepts
Define stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination & explain how to diminish them stereotype – dangerous act based on prejudice, stereotype – concepts based on people, prejudice – assumptions based on stereotypes. Diminished by opposite examples of prejudice.
Problem solving steps 1- Define, 2- brainstorm, 3-decide & plan, 4-execute, 5-evaluate
Various reasoning skills inductive, deductive, various heuristics
Common barriers to problem solving ill-defined problems, functional fixedness, mental set, lack of sleep, nutrition, health
General intelligence vs Multiple intelligence theories General - A high IQ will make a person smarter in all ways, Gardner's theory -eight different forms of intelligence. Sternberg's theory - analytic, creative, and practical
Information Processing guide encoding, storage, retrieval. Sensory, short term, long term memory.
VARK Visual, Aural, Reading/Writing, Kinesthetic – Charts, Talking, Read/Write, Move/Real experiences
Total Time Hypothesis Time in short-term memory increases, chance of long term memory increases
Give the definition, and specifics of: sensory, short term memory, long term memory Sensory – 1 thing/sense for 1 sec. Short term memory – 5 to 9 things for 30 sec. Long term – infinite
Describe & explain: recall, recognition & relearning Recall – pull out of memory w/o cue. Recognition – pick an option out of a list. Relearning – learning information again, but faster.
Serial position effect and its components serial position effect – placement affects memory, primacy and recency effects
Primacy effect first in the list is remembered better than the middle, affects long term and short term.
Recency effect last in the list is remembered better than the middle, affects short term only.
“Forgetting” memories failure to encode, storage decay, retrieval failure, interference: proactive (old learning causes problems), retroactive (new learning causes problems) [positive transfer]
Congruency mood-congruent, context-congruent (conditions), state-dependent (consciousness)
Created by: Green girl
 

 



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