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Human body
6 Musculoskeletal System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anaerobic | an=without aerobic=air Living without oxygen |
| Bone Mass Density (BMD) | A measure of bone density or weight. A thinning bone results in a lower bone density |
| Calcaneal | The heel of the foot (heel bone) |
| Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT/CT) | imaging by cross-sectional plane of the body; also called computed tomography |
| Densitometry | measurment of bone thickness |
| Diskectomy | surgery to remove a vertebral diak |
| Dowager's hump | abnormal curviture in the upper thoracic spine |
| Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) | the most widly used technology to measure bone density. Two x-ray beams are aimed at the patient's bones and the density of the bone is determined by the absorption of each x-ray beam |
| Electromyography | Diagnostic test in which a small needle is inserted into muscle tissue and the electrical activity is recorded |
| Fascia | Thick fibrous connectivity tissue |
| Interphalangeal | inter=between, phalangeal=finger bones usually refers to joints between the finger bones |
| Laminectomy | surgery to cut away part of the vertebra to open the area around the spinal nerve |
| Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) | diagnostic radiologic test using nuclear magnetic resonance technology |
| Meniscus | semilunar articular cartilage found inside the knee joint |
| Metacarpophalangeal | meta=beyond, carpo=wrist, phalangeal=finger bones referring to the metacarpus and the phalanges; specifically, the articulations beteween them |
| Metatarsophalangeal | meta=beyond, tarso=foot, phalangeal=toe bones referring to the metatarsus and the phalanges; specifically the articulations between them |
| Mineralization | process that causes characteristic hardness of bones |
| Myelogram | an X-ray picture taken after injecting dye into the spinal canal to reveal compression on the spinal cord or spinal nerves |
| ORIF (open reduction, internal fixation) | surgical opening over a fracture site and internally fixing the fracture with plates, screws, or pins |
| Osteomyelitis | inflammation or injection of the marrow of the bone |
| Radiologic | relating to medical imaging using X-rays, ionizing radiation, nuclear magneticresonance, or ultrasound |
| RICE | acronym for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation, the activities to manage soft tissue trauma like those often associated with sports injuries |
| Sciatica | pain along the sciatic nerve, often radiating down the leg and caused by pressure on the spinal nerve |
| Spasms | uncontrolled muscle contractions |
| Tetany | hyperirritability of muscles causing a spasm-like condition; usually the result of a lack of calcium |
| Tophi | small, whitish nodules of uric acid |
| Articular fracture | a fracture that involves a joint surface |
| Avulsion fracture | a fracture where there is seperation of a small bone where a tendon or ligament is attached |
| Closed fracture | a fracture that does not break through the skin |
| Colles' fracture | a fracture of the lower end of the radius with displacement of the fragment |
| Comminuted fracture | a fracture which there are more than two ends or fragments |
| Complete fracture | a fracture that is completely through the bone |
| Compound (open) fracture | a fracture involving the bone puncturing through the skin, or an object puncturing the skin, making an opening through the skin to the fracture site |
| Compression fracture | a fracture in which the bone appears to be mashed down |
| Displaced fracture | a fracture in which fragments are out of position |
| Extracapsular fracture | a fracture outside or not involving the joint capsule |
| Femoral neck fracture | a fracture involving the neck of the femur |
| Greenstick fracture | a common incomplete fracture that occurs in children; it appears to have broken partially like a sap-filled green stick |
| Impacted fracture | a fracture that has one bone end forced over the other end |
| Incomplete fracture | the bone is fractured but not in two |
| Intertrochanteric fracture | a fracture that is in the trochanteric area of the femur |
| Intracapsular fracture | a fracture inside the joint capsule |
| Longitudinal fracture | a fracture that runs the length of the bone |
| Nondisplaced fracture | a fracture which the fragments are still in correct position |
| Oblique fracture | a fracture that runs in a transverse pattern |
| Open (compound) fracture | a fracture involving the bone puncturing through the skin, or an object puncturing the skin, making an opening through the skin to the fracture site |
| Pathologic fracture | a fracture caused by weakness from another disease |
| Pott's fracture | fracture of the lower part of the fibula and tibia with outward displacement of the foot |
| Simple (closed) fracture | a fracture that does not break through the skin |
| spiral fracture | a fracture that twists around the bone |
| Stellate fracture | a fracture that forms a star-like pattern |
| Stress fracture | fracture related to too much weight or pressure |
| Subcapital fracture | a fracture below (sub) the head (caput) of the femur |
| Transverse fracture | a fracture that runs across or at a 90* angle |
| Kyphosis | a humped curvature of the thoracic spine, commonly called humpback/hunchback appears in postmenopausal women |
| Lordosis | an exaggerated anterior or inward curvature of the lumbar spine commonly called swayback common in pregnant women, has protruding abdomen and butt with a swayed lower back |
| Scoliosis | lateral curviture of the spine Spine makes an S shape |
| Scoliosis Symptoms | 1) back pain 2) a rib or shoulder blade hump 3) uneven shoulders and hips |
| Scoliosis Diagnosis | observing the spine as the individual bends forward. Scoliosis is suspected if the spine curved to the side and the scapula shifts upward |
| Scoliosis Treatment | aimed at preventing worsening of condition. Most often involves wearing a back brace. If detected early and treated properly and promptly most cases can be corrected |
| Osteoporosis | metabolic bone disease causing a porosity or swiss-cheese appearance of the bone leading to decreased bone mass. |
| Osteoporosis Symptoms | compression fractures of the spine and pathologic wrist fractures. decrease in height and pain in thoracic and lumbar spine. Kyphosis and appearance of Dowagers hump. Brittle/frail bones |
| Osteoporosis Diagnosis | Clinical exam X-rays CT scnas bone densitometry |
| Osteoporosis Treatment | Only palliative care Increasing estrogen, calcium, vitamin D, daily exercise that includes weight bearing exercises. |
| Osteoporosis Prevention | Young women encouraged to exercise daily, eat a balanced diet, quit smoking, limit caffeine and alcohol use |
| Risk factors for Ostoeporosis | *Family history *increased risk from aging *Medications-tetracycline, corticosteroids, aluminum antacids, some diuretucs, some anticonvulsants *Female, white or asian *Lack of exercise *Lack of calcium *Increased risk from postsurgery oophorectomy ( |
| Osteomyelitis | osteo=bone, myel=marrow, itis=inflammation inflammation of the bone commonly caused by infection |
| Osteomyelitis etiology | Staphylococcus aureus responsible for approx 90% Can enter the bone through a wound, spread from nearby infection, skin or throat infection Usually affects the long bones of the arms/legs often occurs in children and adolescents Severe cases could aff |
| Osteomyelitis Symptoms | High fever, chills, tenderness over affected bone, leukocytosis, and bacteremia. In adults occurs following a traumatic accident involving the bone or following bone surgery especially when screws, plates, or other hardware are used. |
| Osteomyelitis Diagnosis | physical exam revealing pain in bone with elevated white blood cell count. Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), X-ray, MRI, CT Samples of pus, bone, blood, or joint fluid |
| Osteomyelitis Treatment | Aggresive IV antibiotics, surgical debridement of bone. Surgical hardware removed. If not treated properly can bacome chronic and lead to life long problems. Chronic can lead to large, gaping scar tissue and chronic wound drainage |
| Osteomyelitis Prevention | Cleansing and properly treating wounds, blood-borne bacteria must be diagnosis and treated. |
| Osteomalacia | osteo=bone, malacia=softening softening of the bones due to defective mineralization (adults) (children known as rickets) |
| Osteomalacia Etiology | Deficiency of vitamin D, adults due to inadequate nuttritional intake, inadequate exposure to sunlight or malabsorption problem |
| Osteomalacia Symptoms | Bone pain, loss of height, bending, and deformity in weight-bearing bones (spine, pelvis, and legs) |
| Osteomalacia Diagnosis | History of diet and amount of time spent in the sunlight, blood testing, and X-rays. Bone biopsy definitive but not needed |
| Osteomalacia Treatment | Correction of deficiency 200,000IU weekly of vit D for 4-6 weeks, followed by oral dose of 1,600 IU daily |
| Osteomalacia Prevention | *Exposing arms and legs to sunlight for 5-10 minutes daily *Eating foods high in vitamin D *Taking vitamin supplements if needed |
| Flexion | Bending |
| Extension | Reaching out/Spreading out |
| Abduction | Away from the body |
| Adduction | Toward the body |
| Rotation | Turning on an axis |
| Circumduction | Circular movement |
| Elevation | Lifting |
| Osteoblasts | Responable for making bone |
| Functions of muscles | Provide structure and movement and produce heat |
| Cartilage | Collagen tissue that supports articulating (adjoining) bones |
| Function of Cartilage | Provide protection and cushion to prevent friction between bones and acts like a shock absorber to reduce stress on the bone surface |
| Bones Provide | The framework to support the body, and also produce blood cells, store fat and minerals, protect soft tissue and help create motion |
| Bones store what minerals | Calcium, Phosphoerus, Magnesium, and sodium |
| Osteoclasts | Cells the reabsorb bone |
| Osteocytes | Mature bone cells |
| Long bones | Femur |
| Short bones | carpal bones in the wrist and tarsals in the ankle |
| Irregular bones | vertebrae, or pelvis |
| Sesamoid bones | knee cap |
| Cortical bone | Dense, smooth, and compact |
| Cancellous bone | Spongy, with many open spaces throughout |
| Ligaments | fFibrous connective tissues that connect bone to bone and joints |
| Classification of joints | Cartilaginous, fibrous, and synovial |
| Cartilaginous joints | Joints of the vertebrae |
| Fibrous joints | Joints/sutures of the skull |
| Synovial joints | Knee joint Synovial joints are those separated by fluid |
| Joint movements | Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, curcunduction, and elevation |
| MyofibrilsMuscles contain | Composed of sarcomeres that are the contracting and relaxing component of the muscle |
Created by:
pomerenke89