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APES: Unit 1 & 6 Voc
APES: Unit 1 & 6 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| environmental science | interdisciplinary study of how humans interact with the environment of living and nonliving things |
| ecology | biological science that studies how living things (organisms) interact with their environment and with each other |
| environmentalism | social movement dedicated to protecting the earth's life-support systems for us and all other forms of life |
| sustainability | ability of earth's various systems, including human cultural systems and economies, to survive and adapt to changing environmental conditions indefinitely |
| commons (common property) | resources owned by many people in common or owned by no one but open to exploitation |
| tragedy of the commons | depletion or degradation of a potentially renewable resource to which people have free and unmanaged access |
| ecological footprint | the amount of biologically productive land and water needed to supply the people in a particular area with resources and to absorb and recycle the wastes and pollution produced by such resource use |
| natural capital | natural resources and natural services that keep us and other forms of life alive and support our economies |
| renewable resource | resource that can be replenished fairly quickly through processes as long as it is not used up faster than it is reused |
| non-renewable resource | resources that exist in a fixed quantity |
| ecological or ecosystem service | natural services or natural capital that support life on the earth and are essential to the quality of human life and the functioning of the world's economies |
| poverty | occurs when people are unable to meet their basic needs for adequate food, water, shelter, health and education |
| affluenza | unsustainable addiction to over-consumption and materialism |
| exponential growth | growth in which some quantity increases at a constant rate per unit of time |
| doubling time | time it takes for something growing exponentially to double |
| rule of 70 | doubling time (in years)= 70/(percentage growth rate) |
| carrying capacity | maximum number of a particular species that a given habitat can support over a given period |
| gross national product (GNP) | annual market value of all goods and services produced by a country from all national and international business |
| gross domestic product (GDP) | annual market value of all goods and services produced by all firms and organizations, foreign and domestic, operating within a country |
| per capita | change in country's economic growth per person |
| developed nations | country that is highly industrialized and has a high per capita GDP |
| developing nations | country that has low to moderate industrialization and low to moderate per capita GDP |
| cost/risk-benefit analysis | a comparison of estimated costs and benefits of actions |
| environmental ethics | human beliefs about what is right or wrong with how we treat the environment |
| globalization | broad process of global social, economic and environmental change that leads to an increasingly integrated world |
| anthropogenic | originating in human activity |
| demography | the study of human population and population trends |
| technology-free thinking-exploitation | overuse of newly integrated technologies to the detriment of the environment |
| immigration | migration of people into a country or area to take up permanent residence |
| emigration | migration in which people leave their native country with the intent to settle elsewhere |
| mortality | state of being subject to death |
| birth rate | the number of live births per thousand of population per year |
| crude birth rate | annual number of live births per thousand people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year |
| death rate | the number of deaths per thousand of population per year |
| crude death rate | annual number of deaths per thousand people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year |
| growth rate | the net increase in some factor per unit time |
| replacement level fertility | average number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves |
| total fertility rate | estimate of the average number of children who will be born alive to a women during her lifetime if she passes through all her childbearing years conforming to age-specific fertility rates of a given year |
| infant mortality rate | number of babies out of every thousand born each year who die before their first birthday |
| demographic transition | hypothesis that countries, as they become industrialized, have declines in death rates followed by declines in birth rates |
| written language | representation of a language by means of a writing system |
| age structure diagram | visual representations of age structure (how many indivuals fit into particular age categories) within a country, for males and females |
| population momentum | idea that many people under 15 will cause population to rise quickly |
| family planning | providing information, clinical services and contraceptives to help people choose the number and spacing of children they want to have |
| population density | number of organisms in a particular population found in a particular area or volume |
| agriculture | the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products |
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