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P3 Glossary AW
Glossary of Key Words for P3- Forces for Transport
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Accelerate | An object accelerates if it speeds up. |
| Acceleration | A measurement of how quickly the speed of a moving object changes (if speed is in m/s the acceleration is in m/s2 (metres per second squared)). |
| Acid rain | Rain water that is made more acidic by pollutant gases. |
| Air bags | Cushions which inflate with gas to protect people in a vehicle accident. |
| Air resistance | The force exerted by air to any object passing through it. |
| Average speed | Total distance travelled divided by the total time taken for a journey. |
| Balanced forces | Forces acting in equal directions that are equal in size. |
| Biofuels | Fuels made from plants- these can be burned in power stations. |
| Braking distance | Distance travelled while a car is braking. |
| Carbon dioxide (CO2) | A greenhouse gas which is emitted into the atmosphere as a by-product of combustion. |
| Catalyst | A chemical that speeds up a reaction but is not changed or used up by the reaction. |
| Conservation of energy | Principle stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be altered from one form to another. |
| Crash barrier | Barrier used to prevent vehicles crossing from one carriageway to the other, causing a head-on collision. |
| Crash testing | Deliberately crashing vehicles and analysing results to improve car safety. |
| Cross-sectional area | The area displaced by a moving object. |
| Cruise control | System that automatically controls the speed of a vehicle. |
| Crumple zones | Areas of a car that absorb the energy of a crash to protect the centre part of the vehicle. |
| Declerates | An object decelerates if it slows down. |
| Deceleration | A measurement of how quickly the speed of a moving object decreases. |
| Diesel oil | Fuel for diesel engines, traditionally obtained from oil but other forms such as biodiesel are being developed. |
| Distance-time graph | A plot of the distance moved against the time taken for a journey. |
| Drag | Energy losses caused by the continual pushing of an object against the air or a liquid. |
| Dummies | Used in crash testing to learn what would happen to the occupants of a car in a crash. |
| Electric cars | Cars running on solar power or batteries. |
| Electric windows | Windows that can be opened or closed at the push of a button. |
| Escape lane | Rough-surfaced uphill path adjacent to a steep downhill road enabling vehicles with braking problems to stop safely. |
| Exhaust gas | Gases discharged into the atmosphere as a result of the combustion of fuels. |
| Force | A push or pull which is able to change the velocity or shape of a body. |
| Fossil fuels | Fuels such as coal, oil and gas. |
| Free-fall | A body falling through the atmosphere without an open parachute. |
| Friction | Energy losses caused by two or more objects rubbing against each other. |
| Fuel consumption | The distance travelled by a given amount of fuel, e.g. in km/100litres. |
| Funicular railway | Inclined plane or cliff railway. |
| Gravitational field strength | The force of attraction between two masses. |
| Gravitational potential energy | The energy a body has because of its position in a gravitational field, e.g. an object. |
| Gravity | An attractive force between objects (dependent on their mass). |
| Greenhouse gas | Any of the gases whose absorption of solar radiation is responsible for the greenhouse effect, e.g. carbon dioxide, methane. |
| Heat conductor | A material that conducts heat. |
| Hybrid cars | Cars powered by electric batteries which also have fuel engines. |
| Impact | Collision between two moving objects or a moving object and a stationary object. |
| Instantaneous speed | The speed of a moving object at one particular moment. |
| Joule | Unit of work done and energy. |
| Joule meter | Meter used to measure electrical energy. |
| Kilogram (kg) | Unit of mass. |
| Kinetic energy | The energy that moving objects have. |
| Lubricating | Oiling. |
| Mass | Describes the amount of something; it is measured in kilograms (kg). |
| Momentum | The product of mass and velocity. |
| Net force | Same as resultant force. |
| Newtons | Unit of force (abbreviated to N). |
| Non-renewable | Something which is used up at a faster rate than it can be replaced, e.g. fossil fuels. |
| Paddle shift controls | Controls attached to the steering wheel of a car so that the driver can use them without taking their eyes off the road. |
| Petrol | Volatile mixture of hydrocarbons used as a fuel. |
| Pollutants | Unwanted residues found that can sometime cause damage. |
| Pollute | Contaminate or destroy the environment. |
| Pollution | Contaminating or destroying the environment as a result of human activities. |
| Power | Rate of transfer of energy; electric power = voltage x current. |
| Primary safety features | Help to prevent a crash, e.g. ABS brakes, traction control. |
| Reaction time | The time it takes for a driver to step on the brakes after seeing an obstacle. |
| Relative velocity | Vector difference between the velocities of two objects. |
| Renewable | Energy that can be replenished at the same rate as it is used up, e.g. biofuels. |
| Resultant force | Teh combined effect of forces acting on an object. |
| Safety cage | A car’s rigid frame that protects occupants in a roll-over accident. |
| Seatbelts | Harness worn by occupants of motor vehicles to prevent them from being thrown about in a collision. |
| Secondary safety features | Protect occupants in the event of a crash, e.g. crumple zones, air bags, seat belts. |
| Side impact beams | Bars in the side of a car to lessen the amount of bodywork distortion inside the car. |
| Solar energy | Energy from the Sun. |
| Solar-powered | Energy provided by the Sun. |
| Speed | How fast an object travels: Speed = distance/time. |
| Speed camera | Device used to measure the speed of a moving vehicle. |
| Speed-time graph | A plot of how the speed of an object varies with time. |
| Stopping distance | Sum of thinking and braking distances. |
| Streamlining | Shaping an object to reduce resistance to motion. |
| Tensile strength | A force which stretches something. |
| Terminal speed or velocity | The top speed reached when drag matches the driving force. |
| Thinking distance | Distance travelled while the driver reacts before braking. |
| Thinking time | Time for a driver to react before braking. |
| Traction control | Helps limit tyre slip in acceleration on slippery surfaces. |
| Tread | Pattern on part of tyre that comes in contact with road surface to provide traction. |
| Unbalanced (forces) | Forces acting in opposite directions that are unequal in size. |
| Velocity | How fast an object is travelling in a certain direction: velocity = distance/time. |
| Watt (W) | A unit of power, 1 watt equals 1 joule of energy being transferred per second. |
| Weight | The force of gravity acting on a body. |
| Work | Work is done when a force moves. |
| Work done | Work done is the product of the force and distance moved in the direction of the force. |
Created by:
Brimsham
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