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Evolution Final 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| True or False: Life began 4.5 BYA | False |
| True or false: Since the beginning of Photosynthesis, the oxygen level in the atmosphere has been pretty constant | False |
| True or false : If a species drops to a small pop. # that has no genetic variation, it is essentially functionally extinct. | True |
| How many years are trilobites in the fossil record? | 300 million years |
| What scientist did the Siberia experiment? | Belyaev |
| True or False: There have been 5 mass extinctions | True |
| Order of eras | Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic, Proterozoic |
| The biological species concept, formalized by Ernst Mayr in 1942, defined a species as a | population within and among which individuals actually or potentially interbreed and outside of which they do not interbreed |
| True or false: In finches, more calmodulin means longer, narrower beaks | false |
| True or False: Negative assertive mating is expected to raise frequency of homozygotes | True |
| “ You don’t give up a theory until you have a better one” | Lakatos |
| “ New theories gain ground when old scientists die” | Kuhn |
| “ Experiments are designed to falsify hypotheses” | Popper |
| “Father of Biology” | Aristotle |
| “Devised binomial nomenclature” | Linneaus |
| “ Evolution through acquired characteristics” | Lamarck |
| “Kimura” | Neutral Evolution |
| “Galton” | Falsified Pangenesis |
| Darwin | entertained pangenesis |
| True or false: Carbon 14 decays into Carbon 12 | False |
| If a population is in Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following statements is correct? | Allele frequencies must remain the same form generation to generation. |
| The radioactive isotope_____ has a haf-life of 5730 years, and has an effective dating range of 100 to 100000 years | Carbon 14 |
| True or False: Structures that have a common origin are to be said to be analogous | False |
| True or False: Helium is the second most abundant element in the universe | True |
| Unlike those before him, Aristotle | was the first to develop a philosophy of a natural world |
| True or false: The cretaceous extinction was more severe than the Permian | False |
| If chimp and human genomes differ only about 1.3% at the level of dna base pairs, how can we explainthe dramatic differences in appearance, behavior, cultures etc. | Important differences exist in the expression of genes in humans and chimps. |
| In a population of mice, 36 are black with the genotype BB, 48 are gray with the genotype Bb , and 16 are white bb. What is the frequency for the white mice? | 16 percent |
| An essential aspect of Darwinian theory is that groups of organisms | adapt to their specific context by blind tinkering with the structures they already possess rather then intentional design of new answers to problems |
| How many helium nuclei does it take to make a carbon atom? | 3 |
| In ___ selection individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic distribution have a greater reproductive success, while those of intermediate phenotype have less reproductive success. | disruptive |
| During the observations of a species of blue moon butterflies on the Samoan islands of upola and savalii. 99% of the butterflies were female and 1% were male but after 5 years the ratio changed to 1:1. What caused this? | Evolutionary changes in the butterflies allowed the butterflies to suppress the male killing effect of Wolbachia. |
| The amount of time it takes for a radioactive element to decay to 50% of its daughter isotope is called | Half-life |
| If two true breeding individuals are crossed but one is homozygous dominant and the other is recessive , according to the principle of segregation, it can be predicted that F2 generation will show a ratio of | 3 dominant : 1 recessive |
| If a population is in Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium, this means that | The frequency of alleles in the population is not changing and the population is not adapting and evolution is not occurring |
| In response to environmental conditions, the average beak size in a population of birds may change between successive generations. This process of change is referred to as | Microevolution |
| Which era represents the "new life" age of Mammals | Cenozoic era |
| True or false: adenine is a purine | True |
| In experiments with flies, Mukai and Bur. saw that a lethal allele had a higher freq. The idea for this observ.; at equilibrium , the advantage of lethal allele when it occurs in heteroz. balance the disadvantage of the allele in homoz. and is called | Overdominance |
| Natural Selection sorts on | Phenotypic, not genotypic differences in a population |
| Homoplasy is very useful in discerning phylogenetic trees: true or false? | False |
| The biological species concept formalized by Ernst Mayr in 1942, defined a species as a | populat6ion within and among which individuals actually or potentially inbreed and outside of which they do not interbreed |
| True or false: In finches, more calmodulin means, longer, narrower beaks | False |
| Negative assortative mating is expected to raise the frequency of heterozygotes true or false? | True |
| " You dont give up a theory until you have a better one: | Laktos |
| " New theories gain ground when old scientists die" | Kuhn |
| " Experiments are designed to falsify a hypothesis" | Popper |
| " Father of Biology" | Aristotle |
| "Devised binomial nomenclature " | Linnaeus |
| "Evolution through acquired characteristics" | Lamarck |
| "Neutral evolution" | Kimura |
| "Falsified pangenesis" | Galton |
| " entertained pangenesis" | Darwin |
| True or false: A cladogram and a phylogentic tree are the same thing | false |
| True or false: The planet Vulcan was proposed to explain the variation in the newtonian prediction of mercury's orbit | True |
| In ___ selection, individuals at one extreme of the phenotypic distribution have greater reproductive success | directional |
| Natural selection favors individuals with the greatest | reproductive success |
| In mendelian genetics a9:3:3:1 ratio is typical of a | dihybrid cross |
| Natural selection acts on the layer of the ____while microevolution acts on the level of the ___ | individual ; population |
| Changes in a population's gene pool from generation to generation is called | microevolution |
| Positive assortative mating alters | genotypic frequencies |
| The founding father of population genetics | Fisher |
| Lenski demonstrated that all E. coli replicates took precisely the same mutational path in response to selection. True or false | False |
| A hypothetical population has two alleles for a gene: A and a. In a random sampling of 100 individuals, 20 homozygous for a, 20 for Aand 60 heterozygous. What is the freq. of A? | 50% |
| What is the term for a shared derived character? | synapomorphy |
| Evolution by natural selection can be tested | experimentally and observationally |
| After the big bang how long did it take helium to start forming | 100 seconds |
| In humans high birth weights an low birth weights have high mortality rates. This is an exampe of | stabilizing selection |
| The wings of a hummingbird and a bee are | analogous |
| Gene flow through migration may have the largest impact on | small populations such as those on islands |
| A __ taxon is one that includes the most recent common ancestor, but not all of its descendents | paraphyletic |
| In a study of Gigord using elderflowers, the allele frequencies of yellow and purple flowers varied so that the yellow allel became rare, reprod. success of purple decresed and yellow increases. This process is | frequency dependent selection |
| In the mating o an Aa female and an Aa male, the genotypic outcome predicted by a punett square is | one quarter AA and one quarter aa ans one half Aa |
| Darwin drew on the work of Thomas Malthus, a political economist, to convince his readers that | there is competition for limited resources in nature, , many individuals in a populations do not survive to reproduce, and only fraction of the surviving individuals in a population reproduce |
| A taxon, all of whose members have the same common ancestor is | monophyletic |
| In large populations , the Hardy Weinberg eq. principle can be used to determine whether evolution is occurring . When allelic freq. are indicated by p and q the resulting genotype freq. are indicated as | P2+2Pq+q2 |
| An ancestor and all of its descendants are known as a monophyletic group or a(n) | clade |
| After several generations of selectively breeding mice in a lab, Garland established popul. of mice that voluntarily choose to run great distances on wheels. The process of est. these popul. of mice is termed | artificial selection |
| Blue flower color (B allele) is dominant to white (b). In a popul. plants with white flowers (bb) are at a freq. of 0.04. What is the expected frequency of the heterozygotes? | 32 percent |
| Robert chambers, a scottish geologist and author of the Natural History of Creation, is often overlooked for | Thinking of evolution in terms of populations and not individuals |
| True of False: Some carbon 14 is made fresh everyday | True |
| How old is the universe and is it flat, or curved, finite or infinite? | 13.7 byo, flat and infinite |
| An exaptation is a | trait originally selected for one function but later co-opted or another |
| Hardy–Weinberg frequencies are determined by | haplotype frequencies |
| Someone tracks escape behavior a popul. of squirrels across 2 gener. When she plots the escape behavior of the offsp. gener. against the parent behavior,the offsp. behavior matches the parents. The narrow-sense heritability = 0 . How can it equal zero? | - The additive genetic variance equals zero. - All the escape behavior alleles are fixed in the population. |
| In quantitative genetic terms, a phenotypic value can be expressed as | genotypic value and environmental deviation |
| The observation of an offspring phenotype outside of the range of parental phenotypes is most likely due to | selection and latent variation |
| The rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance caused increased scrutiny of Darwin’s theory because of a conflict in the two concepts. This conflict was based on the observation that Darwin focused on continuous traits, whereas Mendelian genetics deals with | discrete characters |
| A limitation of examining Ka/Ks ratios is that they | cannot be used in introns |
| How does mutational bias influence GC content? | G is more likely to mutate to A C is more likely to mutate to T G is less likely to mutate to C A is less likely to mutate to T |
| The exon theory of genes states that | many current genes arose through the rearrangement of exons |
| Transposons can be deleterious to a host genome because they can | disrupt a protein coding sequence, disrupt regulatory elements, generate mutations, and cause recombination errors |
| All of the following is true regarding Spiegelman’s experiment on the origins of life except that: | there was no selection for any of the variations in length |
| Among the oldest fossils on Earth are the microfossils from the Agnes gold mine of South Africa, which are __________ years old | 3.2 billion |
| In 1977 Fox tried testing the prebiotic synthesis of bio molecules. He mixed a # of diff amino acids together at a high temp (120°C) in an envir. lacking H2O. When he placed the mix into water to see what the amino acids would do, he: | found some peptide-like structures, but the bonds between the amino acids were weak and unstable |
| In light of recent achievements in the field of genomics, would it be reasonable to expect that the use of comparative genomics might shed light on the extinct genomes of early life? | Comparative genomics and studies of the bacteria with very small genomes do shed light on a common ancestor and researchers can estimate the minimal characteristics that a cell would need to operate as a living organism |
| In order to understand the origin of life on Earth, evolutionary biologists collaborate with: | chemists,geologists, atmospheric scientists |
| The human parasite Mycoplasma, has one of the smallest genomes, as well as Chlamydia, an obligate intracellular parasite, are examples of types of organisms that func. genomics researchers have focused on. What is the purpose of the study of such genomes? | By studying such genomes, researchers try to discover the basic and essential cellular functions of early life |
| True or false LUCA is meant to be a single organism | False |
| How does comparative data on genes of extant species help us to make estimates of what happened before the phylogenetic event horizon? | Common functional genes imply the minimal characteristics of early cells |
| In early cell evolution, why would natural selection favor division into equal-sized daughter cells? | Splitting into two equal parts is the most energetically efficient method |
| The two major cell types are | prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
| When life first evolved the oceans were | hotter and there was less oxygen than today |
| Why is DNA favored over RNA as genetic material? | DNA is more stable and thus is a more efficient transmission system |
| Why were the first RNA replication experiments insufficient support for the RNA world hypothesis? | The RNA produced was not self-replicating |
| The effect of inbreeding is: | an increase of homozygotes in succeeding generations, decrease of heterozygotes in succeeding generations and decreasing the mean fitness of a population. |
| True or False: Speciation of cichlids in an African crater lake is an example of allopatric speciation | False |
| True or False: In finches,birdsong, a learned trait , can serve as an isolating mechanism | True |
| True or False: Sexual isolation should be the weakest among allopatric populations | True |
| True or False: Even when a species consists of many populations, gene flow between populations may slow or even inhibit local specializations and so promote continuance and stability of the species. | True |
| True or False: Speciation by hybridization is more common in animals than in plants. | False |
| A small population of a species invades an island where the species is not found. The population subsequently diverges from the ancestral population and becomes a new species. This is an example of | the peripheral isolate mode of allopatric speciation |
| Resource partitioning occurs | when different habitat preferences result in different diets |
| Which of the following is not a postzygotic isolating mechanism? | male gametes are not transferred to the female gametes |
| Which of the following statements about changes in ploidy is true? | it can result in instantaneous speciation |
| African cichlids are very diverse because they began speciation 30 to 40 million years ago. True or False | False |
| The first step in allopatric speciation | geographical isolation |
| The rapid evolution of one or a few forms into many different species occupying a variety of habitats within a new geographical area is referred to as | adaptive radiation |
| True or False? Speciation can proceed quite rapidly under circumstances in which a peripheral population is genetically isolated from its parent | True |
| The nematode, C. elegans, and humans have nearly identical numbers of protein coding genes, yet humans have much more complex organismal features. This is an example of | the G-value paradox |
| When examining the recombination rate across a chromosome, a researcher detects an area of high recombination rates. What could she infer based on this observation? | No way of knowing. No answer |
| True or false: Compared to North America Tar Weeds, Hawaiian Silver swords show positive selection at regulatory loci | True |
| True or False: Structural genes between humans and chimpanzees show evidence of purifying selection | True |
| True or False: Most prokaryotic genomes are between 0.6 and 10 Mb | True |
| True or False: All viral genomes consist of a single linear chromosome | False |
| Eukaryotes share | more transcription- and translation-associated genes with archaea and more metabolic genes with bacteria. |
| Multicellularity has evolved | many times |
| Some mammals have demonstrated preferential attraction to individuals that carry immune system alleles that are complementary to their own. This hypothesis is called | The Red Queen hypothesis |
| Calculate the coefficient of relatedness (r) between you and your first cousin. | r = 0.125 |
| Water fleas, Daphnia magna, can switch between asexual and sexual reproduction cycles. What observations support the hypothesis that sex is favored in unpredictable environments? | The introduction of predators triggers sexual reproduction, and D. magna reproduces sexually when its aquatic habitat dries up. |
| Some mammals survived the K-T extinction because | they were small and efficient in body temperature regulation |
| According to the reasoning of Maynard Smith, the rate at which the proportion of asexual females increase declines as the overall proportion of asexual to sexual individuals rises because | as asexuals become more common, their proportional increase slows |
| The probability of extinction via predation is particularly high when | prey populations are stressed by additional environmental factors, predators are a new arrival to the prey's habitat, and the prey species is long lived and has a low birthrate |
| Ants, bees, and wasps are haplodiploid species. What is the coefficient of relatedness (r) between two female workers in the same nest that were sired by the same drone (father)? | 0.75 |
| An alarm call benefits multiple individuals, both related and unrelated (r = 0). Can this behavior still evolve according to Hamilton's rule? (There are 1, 2,…, A individuals that are related to the donor by r1, r2,…, rA and receive benefits b1, b2,…, bA) | Yes, as long as the benefits to related individuals satisfy the equation |
| The size of prey items provided as nuptial gifts by male hanging flies is under sexual selection by the direct benefit model. Which of the following observations would support your hypothesis? | The size of the prey item is correlated with female fitness, An increase in copulation time increases the number of sperm transferred, An increase in copulation time increases the number of eggs fertilized |
| The concept of inclusive fitness is essential in our understanding of the evolution of eusociality. Which of the following properties best defines eusociality? | Only a fraction of the popul. is actively breeding at a given time,multiple individuals, beyond the parents, work together to care for the young, and generations overlap, but the members of different generations live together in a single group. |
| Is haplodiploidy a necessary condition for the evolution of eusociality? | No, true eusociality is also found in organisms that do not have a haplodiploid genetic system |
| Compared to most physical resources, how is information unique? | Information does not become depleted by sharing. |
| True or False: Nash equilibrium is where neither player can benefit by unilaterally changing his strategy | True |
| What animal lineages, in which eusociality evolved independently, has the most eusocial species | hymenopterans |
| True or False? Individual selection can be negated by group selection. | True |
| What are coadapted gene complexes? | Favorable combinations of alleles at different loci |
| Extinction of a species means that | all members of the species have died out and have left no descendents |
| Elevated levels of iridium are found in the geologic layer at the K-T boundary. Is this unusual? | Yes. Iridium is a rare metal on Earth |
| Red deer popul. on Isle of Rum has been studied over several decades. One of the findings was that the variance of breeding success in males was higher than in females. Which of the following statements explains this difference in variance? | Red deer have a polygynous harem mating system |
| _________ first proposed sexual selection as an evolutionary mechanism | Darwin |
| In which of the following situations is reciprocal altruism likely to occur? | in stable groups, with ongoing interactions with the same set of partners |
| What is the greatest known mass extinction to date? | Permian mass extinction |
| Consider a group of related species that vary in the average # of males a single female will mate with. Given the results of studies from the literature, which of the following patterns of sperm competition would you expect to see in each of the species? | Sperm competition will show a positive relationship to the number of males per female |
| What is the hallmark trait of aquatic organisms that survived the Permian extinction? | They were able to withstand anoxic conditions |
| True or False? Mate choice is important on animal species behavior. Male and female animals often differ in the cost of reproduction and therefore have different behaviors | True |
| A lek is a | temporary arena in which males display to females |
| True or False? Natural selection is the sum of survival and fertility mechanisms that affect reproductive success. | True |
| The amazon molly are all female. In order to reproduce individuals must mate the males from a closely related species. The make genetic material does not enter the egg though. What cost of sexual reproduction does the molly potentially experience? | The costs associated with finding a mate and the fish may spend energy competing with other females for mates. |
| During bacterial conjugation, small circular chromosomes of DNA, called plasmids, are transferred from one bacterial cell to another. Why does this mechanism not fit the common definition of sexual reproduction? | No new offspring is produced |
| True or False? Co-evolution can occur between a male and a female of the same species | True |
| Why is sexual reproduction believed to be the ancestral state in eukaryotes? | The "twiggy" distribution of obligate asexual reproduction in phylogenetic trees suggests that asexuality is a derived trait |
| In an analysis of independent contrast, researchers found that fetuses in polyandrous species of primates had faster growth rates than those in monogamous species. What did the researchers conclude from these results? | Extracting more resources from the mother maximizes offsprings' inclusive fitness in polyandrous species |
| An evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) is a | strategy that, if adopted by all members of the population, cannot be invaded by a mutant strategy |
| All hymenopteran species are eusocial. True or False | False |
| Which of the following conditions favor(s) fossilization? | A dead organism is covered by soft sediment |
| What does Hamilton’s rule tell us? | When relatednessis high, benefit to the recipient is high, and costto the actor is low, then natural selection should strongly favor individuals that help their kin |
| Among which of the following groups of organisms is cooperation via reciprocal altruism most likely to evolve (assuming all else is equal)? | Primates in a social group that frequently interact with the same individuals |
| Approximately what percentage of marine species was lost during the Permian extinction? | 80%-90% |
| The idea that sex facilitates the combination of favorable mutations that originated in different individuals into advantageous genotypes and sex accelerates adaptive evolution both describe an element of the | Fisher-Muller hypothesis |
| Which mass extinction led to the disappearance of the dinosaurs? | K-T mass extinction |
| Plato believed that | existence was at two levels, Ideal and material. |
| Catastrophism | The theory that the geology of the modern world is the result of sudden, catastrophic, large-scale events |
| Uniformitarianism | Charles Lyell's theory that the very same geological processes that we observe today have operated over vast stretches of time, and explain the geology of the past and the present |
| Adaptation | A trait that increases an organism's fitness and that is the result of the process of natural selection for its present function |
| Coevolution | The process in which evolutionary changes to traits in species 1 drive changes to traits in species 2, which feed back to affect traits in species 1, and so on, back and forth, over evolutionary time |
| Differential reproductive success | The difference in the expected number of surviving offspring that can be attributed to having one particular genotype or phenotype instead of another. This is one component of natural selection |
| Exaptation | A trait that currently serves one function today but that evolved from a trait that served a different function in the past |
| Gene sharing | The phenomenon in which a protein has more than one function and is expressed in more than one part of the body |
| Inheritance | Transmission down across generations |
| Life history strategy | The way that an organism invests time and resources into survivorship and reproduction over its lifetime |
| Norm of reaction | A curve that represents the phenotype expressed by a given genotype as a function of environmental conditions. |
| Pleiotropic genes | Genes that affect more than a single trait |
| Trade-off | A situation in which constraints prevent simultaneously optimizing two different characters or two different aspects of a character |
| The universe was once | small, hot and had less entropy |
| matter is made of | elementary particles |
| protons and neutrons are made of elementary particles known as | quarks |
| The ANTHROPIC PRINCIPLE | the observation that our universe must be one capable of having the 'priviledged' conditions of conscious life |
| The universe is not overall curved (light travels in straight lines, angles add up to 180[degrees]...) So the universe must be | flat without boundaries (zero curvature) |
| cis regulatory elements | DNA sequences that modify the expression of other genes that are nearby on the chromosome, often by acting as binding sites for transcription factors |
| enhancers | Regulatory elements that increase the rate of transcription |
| regulatory elements | Stretches of DNA involved in controlling levels of gene expression |
| parsimony | An approach to selecting the best phylogenetic tree given some set of character data. Parsimony methods assume that the best tree is the one that requires the fewest character changes to explain the data |
| Genetic drift | random fluctuation in allele frequencies over time due to sampling effects in finite populations |
| Founder effect | A change in allele freq that results from sampling effects that occur when a small number of individuals derived from a large population initially colonize a new area and found a new population |
| Neutral theory | at the molecular level most evolutionary changes and most of the variation within and between species is not caused by natural selection but by random drift of mutant alleles that are neutral |
| dominance effects | nteractions between two alleles at the same locus in determining phenotype |
| broad-sense heritability (H2) | The fraction of the phenotypic variance that can be attributed to genetic causes and thus is potentially heritable |
| C-value paradox | The observation that differences in genome size measured in base pairs do not correlate with the number |
| horizontal gene transfer (HGT) | The transfer of genetic material from one organism to another organism that is not its offspring. Also called lateral gene transfer |
| lateral gene transfer . | The transfer of genetic material from one organism to another organism that is not its offspring. Also called lateral gene transfer |
| mutualism | An ecological interaction in which different individuals, often of separate species, act so as to increase each other's fitness |
| endosymbiosis | A mutually beneficial relationship in which one organism lives within the body—often within the cells—of another |
| allopatric speciation | Speciation that occurs when incipient species are geographically isolated from one another |
| evolutionary species concept | The basic notion in evolutionary biology of what a species is. According to this view, a species is a lineage that maintains a unique identity over evolutionary time |
| parapatric speciation | The process of speciation that occurs when diverging populations have distributions that abut one another |
| phylogenetic species concept | An approach to determining species boundaries in which a species is defined as the smallest monophyletic group that shares a unique derived character absent from all other groups on the phylogeny |
| sympatric speciation | A process of speciation in which diverging populations are not geographically separated |
| background extinction | A standard or "baseline" process of extinction occurring outside a period of mass extinction. |
| cladogenesis | Modification of form associated with branching speciation |
| Cope's rule | The observation that mammalian clades tend to increase in body size over evolutionary time |
| K–T mass extinction | A mass extinction that occurred about 65 million years ago at the boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods |
| Muller's ratchet | A situation in which the same two species interact mutualistically in some communities but antagonistically in others |
| anisogamy | A reproductive system in which at least two different kinds (sizes) of gametes—such as eggs and sperm—are produced |
| intersexual selection | Processes in which individuals of one sex select among individuals of the other sex as mates |
| polyandry | A mating system in which females mate with more than one male per breeding season. |
| polygynandry | A mating system in which several males form pair bonds with several females simultaneously. |
| postcopulatory sexual selection | Sexual selection that occurs after matings have taken place. Sperm competition is one form of postcopulatory sexual selection |
| runaway sexual selection model | A model of sexual selection in which a positive feedback loop develops between genes that code for male traits and genes that code for particular mating preferences in females, leading to exaggerated male traits and strong female preferences for them |
| sensory bias model | Model for the evolution of elaborate traits by sexual selection, in which a preexisting bias in the perceptual system of one sex favors members of the other sex who display a particular trait |
| sexual conflict | A phenomenon in which selection operates differently on males and females, typically with respect to mating behavior |
| altruism | An action that has the immediate consequence of reducing an individual's own fitness while increasing the fitness of another |
| direct fitness | The expected number of viable offspring an individual produces. See also inclusive fitness, indirect fitness |
| handicap principle | The hypothesis that the costs of producing signals ensures that they will be reliable or "honest." |
| inclusive fitness | The sum of indirect and direct fitness |
| indirect fitness | The incremental effect that an individual's behavior has on the fitness of its genetic relatives |
| parent–offspring conflict | Conflict that arises when the genetic interests of offspring and their parents are not perfectly aligned |
| reciprocal altruism | The hypothesis that altruistic behavior can be maintained evolutionarily if individuals sequentially exchange acts of altruism |
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awahay