Molecular weight refers to what?

Weight of the molecule/compound

The weight of one mole of anything else weighs one gram times what?

the total number of protons and neutrons per nucleus

What can spontaneously move from one water molecule to another, creating two ionic species?

Positively charged Hydrogen ions

What is the pH of pure water? What is it's [H+] value?

pH of 7, [H+] is 10^-7 moles/liter

What structures are found in plant cells but not animals cells?

Chloroplasts, cell walls, fluid-filled central vacuole

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Cell Bio

Beginning

Question	Answer
When you multiply exponents, you _______ exponents	add
When you divide exponents, you _________ exponents	subtract
Milli	10^-3
Micro	10^-6
Nano	10^-9
Hydrogen and water are ______________ whereas water is a _________________	elements; compound
Weight/formula weight = ?	mole
H and O are discrete particles called what?	atoms
H20 is a ____________, meaning it consists of a discrete particle made of atoms stuck together by _________ bonds	covalent
Atomic weight refers to what?	Weight of the element/atom
Molecular weight refers to what?	Weight of the molecule/compound
What is the mass of a proton?	1 amu
What is the mass of a neutron?	1 amu
The number of protons per atom refers to what?	Atomic number
The sum of the number of protons and neutrons per atom refers to what?	Atomic weight or mass
How many grams does one proton or neutron weigh?	1/6.02x10^23 grams
6.02x10^23 neutrons or protons weighs what?	1 gram
Since a hydrogen atom has only one proton, the weight of one mole of H is ?	1 gram
The weight of one mole of anything else weighs one gram times what?	the total number of protons and neutrons per nucleus
What have a concentration of 1 mole of the substance in 1 liter of solution?	Molar solution
A _________ is X grams of a substance where X is its relative molecular mass	Mole
Solute + _________ = solution	Solvent
The idea that atoms can separate into negative and positive parts (proposed by Faraday)	Ionization
What can spontaneously move from one water molecule to another, creating two ionic species?	Positively charged Hydrogen ions
Pure water contains a steady-state concentration of ______________ ions and _____________ ions which are both 10^-7 M	hydrogen; hydroxyl
Substances that release hydrogen ions into solution	acids
A _____________ like HCl completely dissociates	strong acid
Many acids important in the cell are only partially dissociated, and are therefore ______________	weak acids
All reactions are ______________ but some such as dissociation of NaOH are less so	reversible
Substances that reduce the number of hydrogen ions in solution	bases
Some bases such as ammonia combine ____________ with hydrogen ions	directly
Some bases such as sodium hydroxide reduce the number of H+ ions ______________, by making ____________ ions	indirectly; OH-
Many bases found in cells are partially dissociated and are called ____________	weak bases
Compounds that contain an amino group (-NH2) which has a weak tendency to reversibly accept H+ ions from water are considered ____________________	weak bases
-log [H+] = ?	pH
The acidity of a solution is defined by the concentration of _____________ it possesses	H+ ions
What is the pH of pure water? What is it's [H+] value?	pH of 7, [H+] is 10^-7 moles/liter
For each 1 unit pH increase, there is a ________ fold ____________ in [H+]	10; decrease
The product of [H+] and [OH-] is always ______________ whether in a neutral, basic, or acidic solution	10^-14
-log [OH-] = ?	pOH
pH + pOH = ?	14
If the starting stock concentration was 1.0M, a 1/10 dilution makes it?	0.1M
If 1.0ml of stock + 1.0ml water, it is called a _____________________	1/2 dilution
What structures are found in plant cells but not animals cells?	Chloroplasts, cell walls, fluid-filled central vacuole
cytosol + organelles = ?	cytoplasm
Sequence of genetic programming? (central dogma of bio)	DNA --> RNA --> Protein
What process makes RNA from DNA, and where?	Transcription, nucleus
What process makes protein from RNA, and where?	Translation, ribosomes
The section of DNA that codes for a specific protein is called what?	gene
Type of cell in which DNA exists free in the cell	Prokaryote
DNA that exists in a prokaryotic cell is in a clump called the ________________	nucleotide
Type of cell in which DNA is in a membrane-bound nucleus	Eukaryote
Bacteria is what type of cell?	Prokaryotic
What are examples of eukaryotic cells that don't have a nucleus?	Red Blood cells, ER, golgi apparatus, mitochondria
What shape is the DNA of bacteria?	A Ring
What shape is the DNA in eukaryotes?	Rods
What type of cells can receive genetic material from others, but not a complete extra set?	Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes have more?/less? genetic material than prokaryotes?	More
Eukaryotes have their genetic material complexed with?	protein
At some stages, what type of cell can have more than one complete set of chromosomes (one maternal and one paternal?)	Eukaryotes
Microtubules and microfilaments are examples of what? Found in what type of cells?	Cytoskeletal structures, eukaryotes
What is the site of protein synthesis?	Ribosomes
What type of cells have larger ribosomes?	Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes divide by what process?	Mitosis
Prokaryotes divide by what process?	Simple fission
In cellular reproduction, what are features found in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes?	Compacted chromosomes, spindle apparatus, composed of microtubules
What are the three mechanisms of locomotion in eukaryotes?	Cytoplasmic movement, cilia, flagella
What is the mechanism of locomotion in prokaryotes?	Flagella (different in form and mechanism from eukaryotic)
What type of cells have membrane-bounded organelles?	Eukaryotes
What did Schleiden and Schwann propose?	All organisms are composed of cells, cell is the structural unit of life
What did Virchow propose?	Cells can arise only by division from a pre-existing cell
Who discovered cells by looking at cork through a compound microscope?	Robert Hooke
The process in which the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall as the cell shrinks is called what?	Plasmolysis
What type of cells have plasmolysis?	Plant cells
What happens to the cell as water moves out?	It shrinks
What refers to plant cells with normal turgor pressure?	Hypotonic
What refers to plant cells with no turgor pressure?	Hypertonic
What do all cells have?	cell membranes, protoplasm (cytoplasm)
What does the nuclei break down into before the cell divides?	Chromosomes
What happens to chromosomes before the cell divides?	They split laterally
Where is genetic material found in the cell?	Nucleus and chromosomes
Sperm and eggs are _____________ cells. During fertilization, they fuse.	Single
What membrane-bound organelles are important for intracytoplasmic transport and packaging?	ER, golgi, lysosomes
What membrane-bound organelles are important for aerobic respiration?	Mitochondria
In plants, what organelles are important for photosynthesis?	Chloroplasts
What do prokaryotes have that connect their chromosomes to the plasma membrane?	Mesosomes
What membrane system does cyanobacteria have that are infoldings of the plasma membrane?	Photosynthetic membrane systems
Prokaryotic organisms are usually single-celled but can exist in ____________ ____________	Multicellular groupings
What are examples of eukaryotic organisms that are single-celled?	yeast, protists
Different cells in a multicellular organism have the same _________________ (set of genetic information)	genome
As cells with the same genetic information _____________________, some genes are turned off.	Differentiate (specialize)
Eukaryotes ingest things by _____________________ and egest them by _____________________	endocytosis; exocytosis
As cells endocytose, they take in their own ___________________________________	plasma membrane
Since Eukaryotes are much bigger than prokaryotes, they need an _______________________ for intracellular transport	Internal membrane system
The membrane of a eukaryote pinches off and the surface fuses to form __________________	internal membraneous vesicles
_______________________ is endocytosis of large food, such as other cells (eating)	Phagocytosis
___________________ is endocytosis of small food and liquids (drinking)	Pinocytosis
What use oxygen to get maximal energy from their food during respiration?	Aerobes
Some, but not all, prokaryotes are (anaerobic?/aerobic?)	Aerobic
What do many prokaryotes use for respiration?	Plasma membranes
What theory attempts to explain why mito and chlor have both an outer and inner membrane?	Endosymbiant theory
Endosymbiotic theory says _________________ arose when an ancestral anaerobic cell engulfed an aerobic prokaryote	Mitochondria
Chloroplasts have _____________ membranes	double
Animal eukaryotes and somem prokaryotes are ______________ -- must eat other organisms	heterotrophic
__________________ can make their own food (some prokaryotes do this by using specializations of their plasma membranes)	Autotrophs
__________________ are thought to have arisen when an ancestral heterotrophic eukaryote engulfed autotrophic bacteria which survived inside the host, making the host cell autotrophic	Chloroplasts
Mitochondria and chloroplasts duplicate (independently?/dependently?) of the cell nucleus	Independently
Cells engulf other cells, symbiotic relationships are common, mitochondria and chloroplasts duplicate independently of the cell nucleus are evidence of what?	endosymbiotic theory
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own __________ and ______________, both of which are more similar to those of prokaryotes than to those of eukaryotes	DNA and ribosomes
Why are viruses not considered alive?	They have DNA but don't have the means to use it?
Any virus that infects a bacteria?	bacteriophage
Viruses are made up of?	Protein coat and nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have a similar appartus for conserving chemical energy as ___________	ATP
Prokaryotes conserve chemical energy in the _________________________	plasma membrane
Eukaryotes conserve chemical energy in the ______________________________________	mitochondrial membrane
Cyanobacteria and green plants have similar mechanisms for what?	Photosynthesis
Viruses lack ___________, the cellular structures that provide the machinery for converting the genetic information from RNA	ribosomes
Viruses and cell parts CAN grow and produce ________________________, but cells can	in vitro
A proton or neutron has a mass of one ____________________	dalton
All elements commonly found in living organisms have _______________________________________ and hence can participate in chemical reactions.	unfilled outermost shells
Covalent bonds have a definite _____________ so there is just the right amount of attraction	length
Covalent bonds have a definite _________ causing molecules to have definite shapes	orientation
CH3	Methyl
H2PO3	Phosphate
OH	hydroxyl
COOH	carboxyl
SH	sulfhydryl
In polar covalent bonds, electrons are shared _____________	unevenly
O and N attract electrons less/more? strongly than C or H?	more
In water, H has a partial +/-? charge and O has a partial +/-? charge	+, -
In O2, electrons are shared ______________. This is a _________________ covalent bond.	Equally, nonpolar
Are hydrogen bonds covalent or non-covalent?	Non-covalent
_______________________ form between an atom in one polar covalent bond and an atom in another polar covalent bond when a _______ atom is sandwiched between two electron-attracting atoms.	Hydrogen bonds, hydrogen
Hydrogen bonds are easily broken by ___________	heat/movement
Hydrogen bonds occur between __________ charged atoms	partially
What kind of interactions are distance dependent and are very weak individually but many together are strong?	Van der Waals
What make membranes fluid through an exclusion from water, but are not specific bonds?	Hydrophobic aggregations
Because they are polarized, two adjacent H2O molecules can form a linkage known as a __________________ bond	Hydrogen
Hydrogen bonds have only about ___________ the strength of a covalent bond	1/20
Hydrogen bonds are strongest when _____ atoms lie in a ________________	3, straight line
A hydrogen bond length is approximately __________ as opposed to a covalent bond which is ____________	.27 nm, .10 nm
Many substances such as sugar ______________ in water. This means their molecules separate from each other and become surrounded by water molecules	Dissolve
When a substance dissolves in a liquid, the mixture is a ?	solution
The dissolved substance in a solution is?	solute
The liquid that does the dissolving?	solvent
Water is an excellent solvent for many substances because of its ________________ bonds	polar
Water can hydrate __________, __________ compounds and dissolve them	soluble, polar
Substances that dissolve readily in water are termed hydro____________	philic
______________________ molecules are composed of ions or polar molecules that attract water molecules through electrical charge effects. Water molecules surround each ion or polar molecule on the surface of a solid substance and carry it into __________	hydrophilic, solution
Water breaks _________ and __________ bonds between other substances	ionic, hydrogen
________ substances dissolve because ____________ molecules are attracted to the positive or negative charge of each ion	Ionic, water
___________ substances such as urea dissolve because their molecules form ______________ bonds with surrounding water molecules	Polar, hydrogen
What are the two worlds in a cell?	Polar, aqueous, hydrophilic; non-polar, lipid-like, hydrophobic
Which world of the cell has water soluble compounds?	Polar, aqueous, hydrophilic
Which world of the cell accounts for cell membranes?	Non polar, lipid-like, hydrophobic
Cytoplasm, nucleoplasm, matrix of mitochondria, lumen of ER, golgi, or lysosomes are examples of what world of the cell?	Polar, aqueous, hydrophilic
In general, if a compound is much more hydrophobic than hydrophilic, it is a __________ and most likely seen in a ____________ or _________________	lipid, membrane, fat droplet
If a compound is much more hydrophilic than hydrophobic, it is _________________ and most likely seen in an ________________ area	water soluble, aqueous area
______________ means "two natures" where one end is ________________ and the other end is _______________, and one end is _______________ while the other end is _______________	Amphipathic, polar, nonpolar, hydrophilic, hydrophobic
Anionic detergents in water are _______________ where their hydrophilic head ________ the water and their hydrophobic tails ____________________ the water.	Amphipathic, face, face away from
Where would you see an asymmetric amphipathic compound if it is more hydrophobic than hydrophilic?	lipid in a membrane
Where would you see an asymmetric amphipathic compound if it is more hydrophilic than hydrophobic?	water soluble detergent
_____________ is the length of one cycle in the absorption of light	Wavelength
_____________ depends on the number of photons in the absorption of light	Intensity
Absorption of light by a compound increases/decreases? the intensity of the reflected and transmitted light	decreases
What is Beers law?	A = kcI
In beers law, the A stands for _______________, k is the ___________________, c is the _________________, and I is _____________	absorption, constant, concentration, path length
A spectrophotometer measures __________________ as the intensity of a selected wavelength of light that is detected traveling through a sample	transmittance
__________ means the concentration in moles per liter of hydrogen ions in solution	[H+]
When a molecule gains an electron in an aqueous solution, is also ____________ a H+ from solution to balance the charge	picks up
In any redox reaction, the molecule that gains Hs has been ________________	reduced
What are the four main types of organic macromolecules?	Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids
What are the building blocks of polysaccharides?	Sugars
What are the building blocks of fats/lipids/membranes?	fatty acids
What are the building blocks of proteins?	Amino acids
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids	Nucleotides
In the case of all building blocks of the cell except for fatty acids, the building blocks are converted to the larger units through ______________________ by ____________________	Covalent polymerization by dehydration
How do fatty acids build up to become fats/lipids/membranes?	they cluster via hydrophobic interactions
Covalent bonds formed by ______________ reactions hold together the ____________ of macromolecules	condensation, monomers
___________________ interactions are important in interaction of the macromolecule with other molecules and with different parts of itself	Non-covalent
Sugars and the molecules made of them are called __________________. The simplest sugars are called ________________ and have the formula __________________. They are usually polar/nonpolar??	carbohydrates, monosaccharides, C6H1206, polar
In condensation, water is _____________	expelled
In hydrolysis, water is _____________	consumed
_____________ and __________ are metabolic sugar polymers that have the storage form of _____________	Glycogen, starch, glucose
__________ is the structural sugar polymer of glucose in cell walls of plants	Cellulose
Large linear and branched molecules can be made from simple repeating units where short chains are called ____________________ and long chains are called _________________________.	oligosaccharides, polysaccharides
______________ in animals and _____________ in plants are for energy storage.	Glycogen, starch
In plants, a polysaccharide of glucose form cellulose which is important for?	structure and support
_________________ can be complex, meaning they are composed of different types of sugar, and are usually linked to _____________ or ____________	oligosaccharides, proteins, lipids
Amino acids come together by __________________ to form ______________	polymerization, proteins
There are __________ different amino acids in cells and the _________________ determines which amino acid it is	20, side group
Proteins are held together by special covalent bonds called ____________________	peptide bonds
Myoglobin is an example of a _____________	protein
_____________ means the 3-D shape of a molecule	Conformation
The ____________ of a molecule determines its function. A change in _______________ can inactivate a protein	structure, conformation
What are the 4 general groups of amino acids based on?	The side chain (R group)
What are the 4 general groups of amino acids?	Polar and full charged, polar uncharged, nonpolar, miscellaneous
Polar and full charged amino acids at pH 7 are hydro_________________	philic
Polar but uncharged amino acids at pH 7 are hydro__________	philic
Nonpolar amino acids at pH 7 are hydro__________	phobic
At neutral pH, the amino group is __________ and the carboxyl group is ___________ on a free amino acid	positive, negative
Often, charged amino acids may be on the ____________ of soluble proteins where the contribute to the ____________ of the protein in solution.	outside, charge
Charged amino acids may interact with each other in the interior of soluble proteins to help a protein ___________________	fold properly
___________ tend to take H+ out of solution, sometimes by holding protons. At pH 7, these are _________________ charged	Bases, positively
___________ tend to release H+ into solution. At pH 7 these are ______________ charged	Acids negatively
A base will lose its ____________ if H+ gets low enough	proton
An acid will lose its proton even if the _________ is high	[H+]
Water solubility depends on _____________ hydrophobicity	relative
What determines which other side chains are ionized and relative hydrophobicity?	The pH of the solution
In general, nonpolar (hydrophobic) amino acid side chains can be seen in two places on proteins, where?	Inside protein (hidden away from water), on the outside of membrane proteins (facing membrane lipids)
Can a water-soluble protein have many nonpolar amino acids on the outside of it?	Yes, it depends on the relative amount of hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups exposed to the water
________________ bonds stabilizes the folded form of a protein by holding two portions of the protein together, biasing towards folded topology	disulfide
The reduction state of a protein cannot/can? affect its conformation?	can
The unfolding of a protein is generally oxidation/reduction? and the refolding is generally oxidation/reduction?	Reduction, oxidation
What are 5 ways of holding proteins together in proper conformation?	Van der Waals, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic aggregations of nonpolar side chains, covalent bonds (peptide, disulfide)
Protein-protein interactions can be dependent upon proper _______________	conformation
Formation of an _____________________ requires the right conformation of the enzyme	enzyme-substrate complex
Many, but not all proteins are ___________	enzymes
There are ___ different deoxynucleotides in DNA (which are ?) and ________ different nucleotides in RNA (which are ?)	4, ATGC, 4, AUGC
Nucleotides polymerize into nucleic acids by ________________ (loss of water) to form DNA or RNA	condensation
What are the three main parts to a nucleotide?	phosphate group, sugar, base
The _________ is different in RNA and DNA. If the 2' is an OH, it is a pentose sugar called ___________ and it is the sugar in RNA/DNA?. If the 2' of the sugar is an H, it is called __________ and is the sugar in RNA/DNA?	sugar, ribose, RNA, deoxyribose, DNA
Nucleotides are joined together by a _____________________________ between 5' and 3' carbon atoms to form nucleic acids.	Phosphodiester linkage
Phosphates of nucleic acids are normally joined to the _________________ of the ribose or deoxyribose sugar.	C5 hydroxyl (5')
The phosphate makes a nucleotide ___________ charged	negatively
Purines pair with ________________	pyrimidines
______________ bonding occurs between base pairs of nucleotides. AT and AU have ___ bonds and CG have ___ bonds.	Hydrogen, 2, 3
_________ carry chemical energy in their easily hydrolyzed phsphoanhydride bonds	Nucleotides
___________ are used as signaling molecules in the cell (example: cyclic AMP)	Nucleotides
Replication is _______ --> ________. This is DNA _________	DNA, DNA, synthesis
Transcription is _________ --> ________. This is RNA ____________	DNA, RNA, synthesis
Translation is ___________ --> ____________. This is protein _______________	RNA, protein, synthesis
______________________ can make DNA from RNA	Reverse Transcriptase
What are the 3 major types of RNA?	Ribsomal, Transfer, Messenger (rRNA, tRNA, mRNA)
80 to 90% of total RNA is _________ which is never ______________; it is part of the ribosome	rRNA, translated
____________ RNA is never translated, it carries ____________________ to the ribosome	Transfer, amino acids
__________ RNA is translated	messenger
RNA can be _______________ in RNA viruses and RNAi	double stranded
Concentrated solutions of very hydro___________ molecules have little effect on plants cells because the molecules move in so rapidly	phobic
Concentrated solutions of substances that don't move in quickly cause ______________ where the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall as the cell shrinks.	plasmolysis
Concentrated solutions of intermediate hydrophobicity cause ________________ followed by _______________ as the hydrophobic solutes moved in.	plasmolysis, deplasmolysis
Particles that pass through the lipid bilayer very rapidly have great/little? effect on the shape of cells?	little
In plasmolysis/deplasmolysis?, the cell shrinks because water moves out. In plasmolysis/deplasmolysis?, water moves in but the cell can't expand because of the cell wall	plasmolysis, deplasmolysis
In an isotonic solution, the concentration of water molecules in solution is ____________ inside the cell and net diffusion will/will not? occur	the same as, will not
In a hypertonic solution, the concentration of water molecules in solution is ____________ outside the cell, so water moves _____ and the cell ___________	lower, out, shrinks
In a hypotonic solution, the concentration of water molecules is ____________ outside the cell, so water moves _________ and the cell __________	greater, out, swells
If a cell bursts from hyptotonic swelling, it is called ___________	lysis
Hexane and water don't mix, allowing you to extract?	Lipids from cells
Why is tPhospholipids held together in membrane by ____________________ interactions	hydrophobic
What does a phospholipid molecule consist of?	Hydrophilic head, two hydrophobic fatty acid tails
______________________ of phospholipids into a bilayer in water makes the membrane ______________ because there are no covalent bonds holding phospholipid to phospholipid	Hydrophobic aggregation, fluid
If fatty acids have one or more double bonds in their hydrocarbon tail they are said to be ____________________.	Unsaturated
If fatty acids have no double bonds, they are said to be ____________________	saturated
A __________________ in a fatty acid tail can be rigid and create a kink in the chain. The rest of the chain is free to rotate about the other ________________ bonds.	Double bond, C-C
_______________________ add kinks and disorder to the packing of fatty acids and side chains, making them more/less? fluid because there is more/less? room to move?	Double bonds, more, more
If a fatty acid is more fluid, it has a higher/lower? melting point?	lower
Increasing the unsaturation of a fatty acid raises/lowers? the melting point?	lower
If a fatty acid is at a temperature above/below? its melting point, it will be more fluid.	above
A fatty acid that is not covalently attached to anything. Can be of various lengths.	Free fatty acid
A fatty acid that is covalently attached to something (like a triglyceride, phospholipid, or protein)	Fatty acid side chain
A fatty acid with no double bonds and is the least fluid.	Saturated fatty acid or saturated side chain
Fatty acid with many double bonds, the most fluid.	Polyunsaturated
Fatty acid with at least one double bond, a little fluid.	Unsaturated
The surface area of the plasma membrane of RBCs are about 50% _____________ and 50% ____________	phospholipid, protein
Biological membranes are _________________ with many proteins moving around freely in the membrane	fluid mosaics
Spanning membrane proteins can acts as _____________ through the lipid membrane to let hydro___________ things across. Protein ________ can also help move big things.	channels, philic, transporters
Passive transport of glucose is facilitated by a ______________________________. The energy comes from the ____________ gradient	membrane protein carrier, glucose
_________________ are membrane proteins that can either let solutes that can't cross the lipid bilayer flow down their concentration gradient through them (passive transport). Examples?	Transporters, ion channels and facilitated diffusion
Transporters are membrane proteins that can let solutes that can't cross the lipid bilayer move against their concentration gradient using energy from where?	ATP, sun, coupling the uphill flow of one substance to the downhill flow of another
Membranes use __________________ to change energy from one form into another.	Energy transduction
Membranes use _____________________ where membrane receptors transmit information across membranes.	Signal transduction
Membranes are important for the ________________ of solutes.	Transport
Membranes are important for ______________________ (keeping all the parts of the cell together), _________________ for biochemical activities, and has a _____________________ to keep good things in and filter bad things out.	Compartmentalization, scaffold, selective permeability barrier
__________________ are small, amphipathic, lipid-like molecules that have both a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic region. They have a single _______________________ which makes them more cone-shaped than lipids.	Detergents, hydrophobic tail
Detergents tend to aggregate into small clusters called _________________ rather than forming a bilayer.	Micelles
When mixed with membranes, the hydro_____________ parts of detergents bind to the hydro____________ parts of phospholipids and proteins. This association tends to __________ the lipids and the proteins	Phobic, phobic, solubilize
________ is ionic while _________ is non-ionic. Ionic detergents not only displace proteins from lipid bilayers, but unfold the proteins as well due to ___________ of charges.	SDS, Triton, repulsion
__________________ are proteins with covalently attached sugars. The sugars face the inside/outside? of the cell when they are on the plasma membrane. Not all membrane proteins are this but most _______________ are if they face the outside of the cell.	Glycoproteins, outside, receptors
_______________ are lipids with covalently attached sugars. The sugars face the inside/outside? of the cell when they are on the plasma membrane.	Glycolipids, outside.
_____________ are defined as the water-insoluble molecules in cells that are soluble in organic solvents. Two common types are _______________ and __________________ which are both made from isoprene units.	Lipids, steroids, polyisoprenoids.
Cholesterol is a ______________________ but testosterone is not.	membrane sterol
Steroids have a common _________________ structure.	Multiple-ring
Cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen are examples of _________________, which are not found in prokaryotes.	Sterols
Which type of lipid is usually in membranes, usually amphipathic, and include phospholipids and sterols?	Structural lipids
What type of lipids are not found in membranes, are hydrophobic, and usually in fat droplets?	Metabolic lipids (triglycerides)
What kind of membrane protein is not soluble in water and stays on the membrane in high salt?	Integral
What kind of membrane protein is attached to the membrane by ionic bonds and can be solubilized (removed) from the membrane with high salt.They can be one either side of the membrane and attached by ionic bonds to what?	Peripheral, proteins, lipids, or sugars
What kind of membrane protein is covalently attached to a membrane lipid and is not peripheral?	Lipid-anchored
You can tell if a protein membrane is peripheral or integral using what process? If the protein is in the pellet, it is ________. If the protein is in the supernatant, it was ______________.	centrofugation with high salt, integral, peripheral.
Membranes can be _______________, meaning they do not always have the same phospholipids in both halves of the membrane bilayer	Asymmetrical
What is the use of cholesterol in membrane permeability?	It prevents 'leakiness' of fluid membranes
Membrane fluidity is important for providing a ______________ environment for integral membrane proteins	Solvent
Membrane fluidity is important for membrane movement during what processes?	Growth, motility, endocytosis, fusion, etc
Why does the percentage of mosaics increase at higher temperatures?	As temp rises, fluidity increases and membranes mix more.
In a protein, the ___________ and ____________ are tied up in the peptide bond so are not charged.	Alpha amino and carboxyl
______________ are polymers of amino acids.	Proteins
Free amino acids all have a ________________ group and ________________ group	amino, carboxyl
Amino acids are covalently attached by ____________ bonds between neighboring ________ and __________ groups.	Peptide, amino, carboxyl
The charge on the protein is dependent on the _______	pH

Created by: jgold37

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