The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are

the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

The formation of lymph increases as a result of

increasing osmotic pressure in tissue fluid

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis?

leukocytosis, margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis

Benefits of the inflammatory response in the human body include all of the following EXCEPT that

builds antibodies for future defense

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Anatomy Semester 2

Semester Test

Question	Answer
Excess fluid is kept from accumulating in tissue spaces by	the lymphatic system
The structure of a lymphatic vessel is most similar to that of a(an)	vein
The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are	the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
The formation of lymph increases as a result of	increasing osmotic pressure in tissue fluid
The movement of lymph through lymphatic vessels is caused largely by	muscular activity
Which of the following would NOT be considered to be a lymphatic structure?	pancreas
The lymphatic system will return approximately ___ back to the bloodstream in a 24-hour period.	3 liters
The cells that are primarily responsible for immunity are	lymphocytes and macrophages
T lymphocytes are responsible for	the cellular immune response
Which of the following is NOT one of the four major sets of tonsils?	nasal
The thymus is most active during	Childhood
A normal immune response requires	both T and B cells
Which lymphatic capillaries transport absorbed fat from the small intestine to the bloodstream?	lacteals
Lymph leaves a lymph node via the	efferent vessels
Which of the following would NOT be a major site of lymph nodes?	appendix region
Lymph capillarires are absent in all of the following EXCEPT for the	digestive organs
Which of the following is the LARGEST lymphoid organ?	spleen
The first lymphoid organ to appear in embryonic development is the	Thymus
In the human body, there are five major lymphatic trunks. They include the lumbar, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, jugular, and the ___ trunks	intestinal
Lymphocytes, the main warriors of the immune system, arise in	red bone marrow
The principal lymphoid organs in the human body is/are the	lymph nodes
Except for the thymus, all lymph organs are composed of	reticular connective tissue
Which of the following would NOT be a function of the human spleen?	production of T and B cells
T or F The thymus is in the mediastinum behind the sternum and above the heart.	true
T or F The thymus may destroy older red blood cells.	false
T or F During the primary immune response, B cells give rise to plasma cells.	true
T or F The order of increasing size in the lymphatic system is the collecting vessels, the trunks and then the ducts.	true
T or F The larger of the ducts in the lymphatic system is the right lymphatic duct.	false
T or F Leaked proteins are also returned to the blood by the lymphatic system.	true
T or F Lymph nodes have more vessels entering them than leaving them; this allows for more efficient filtration by the node.	true
T or F he largest and most infected tonsils are the lingual tonsils.	false
T or F The thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does not directly fight antigens.	true
T or F All of the lymphoid tissues/organs are well-developed prior to birth in the human body.	false
T or F Cancer-filled lymph nodes are both swollen and painful.	false
The ___ are the simplest lymphoid organs and are found at the entrance to the pharynx.	tonsils
Disease-causing agents such as viruses and bacteria are called _________________.	pathogens
The foreign or "nonself" proteins that trigger immune responses are called ____________________.	antigens
The lymphatic system lacks an organ that acts as a ____ to help move lymph.	pump
The major functions of the lymph nodes includes the immune system activation and _____.	filtration
During the primary immune response, B cells give rise to _____________.	plasma cells
If the spleen is removed from the body, the ___ and ___ ____ will take over most of its functions.	Liver; bone marrow
Peyer’s patches can be found in the folds of the ___ ___ and are structurally similar to the tonsils.	small intestine
In children younger than ___ years of age, the spleen will regenerate if a small part of it is left in the body.	12
The appendix is found on the first part of the ___ ___ and helps to destroy bacteria.	large intestine
Except for the thymus, all lymphoid organs from the ___ germ layer.	mesoderm
Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell in the human immune system?	antigenic
The process whereby neutropils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called ___.	chemotaxis
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis?	leukocytosis, margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis
Which of the following cells predominate at the site of a chronic infection?	macrophages
Benefits of the inflammatory response in the human body include all of the following EXCEPT that	builds antibodies for future defense
Which of the following T cells is designed for killing virus-infected body cells and cancers cells and is also involved with tissue graft rejection?	cytotoxic
The type of graft that involves using another animal species is called a(n)	xenograft
Which of the following would NOT trigger the inflammatory response in humans?	none, these all do
Which of the following T cells is responsible for the immune response and without it there would be no immune response?	helper T
Interferon is a group of proteins that cells produce in response to	Viruses
Which of the following statements about fever is NOT true?	It is always damaging to body tissues
Which of the following would NOT be included in the body’s first line of defense?	vaccination
Which of the following statements about fever is NOT true?	It is always damaging to body tissues
Which of the following would NOT be included in the body’s first line of defense?	vaccination
The cells that are primarily responsible for immunity are	lymphocytes and macrophages
During embryonic development, the ___ and ___ are primarily responsible for the stem cells of the immune system.	liver/spleen
The chemical messengers of the immune system are the	Cytokines
The body’s second line of defense includes all of the following EXCEPT for	mucin
Haptens would be found in all of the following EXCEPT for	Bacteria
The most abundant type of immunoglobulin is	IgG
A newborn infant may have some defense against digestive and respiratory disturbances because of IgA obtained from its mother's	Milk
The type of resistance that is a response to contracting an infectious disease is	naturally acquired active immunity.
As a result of an allergen-antibody(allergic) reaction,	mast cells release histamine
In an autoimmune disease, the immune response is directed toward	cells of the body ("self").
Which of the following is an autoimmune disease?	all of these
During later human development and then into adult life, the ___ will be responsible for the stem cells of the immune system.	bone marrow
The type of graft/transplant that comes from the same individual is a(n)	autograft
T or F Responses of the adaptive defense system react much faster than the innate defense system.	false
T or F The acidity of the skin, vaginal, and stomach secretions inhibits bacterial growth.	true
T or F Allografts, along with being the most common, are also among the most successful of grafts	false
T or F Natural killer cells are not phagocytic; they cause a target cell to undergo apoptosis	true
T or F Antibodies themselves cannot destroy pathogens.	true
T or F In active immunity, a person becomes immune to a pathogen as a result of having a disease	true
T or F Antibodies are found not only in the blood but also in the tissues of the body	false
T or F As a result of the allergen-antibody reaction, mast cells release histamine	true
T or F Some components of acne and sweat are actually toxic to some bacteria.	true
T or F The farther one gets genetically away from itself, the more successful a graft will be	false
Anaphylactic shock is treated with the chemical known as ______.	epinephrine
Disease-causing agents such as viruses and bacteria are called _________________.	pathogens
The foreign or "nonself" proteins that trigger immune responses are called ____________________.	antigens
The defenses that everybody has and are born with are called the ____ defense system.	innate
___ result when the immune system damages tissue as it fights off a perceived threat that is usually harmless to the body.	Hypersensitivities
An ___ is an antigen that causes an allergic reaction	allergen
The type of immunity that resuls from the actions of substances like T cells is known as ___ immunity.	cellular
Following a primary immune response, the B cells and T cells that remain dormant but are able to respond to antigens encountered in the future are called _________.	memory cells
A substance that can stimulate a primary immune response but is unable to produce the symptoms of a disease is a(an) _________; it provides artifically aquired active immunity	vaccine
Those defenses that one develops over their lifetime are called the ___ defense system.	adaptive
The type of immunity that results from such things as antibodies in the plasma is known as ___ immunity.	humoral
The type of graft/transplant from an identical twin is known as a(n) ___.	isograft
The most common type of an immediate hypersensitivity is a(n) ___.	allergy
50% of all transplants may show rejection for up to ___ years after the transplant.	10
The type of T cell that is important for preventing autoimmune reactions are the ___ T cells.	regulatory
on B cell surfaces; acts as antigen receptor	IgD
active during allergic attacks or chronic parasitic infections	IgE
stops pathogens from entering body; in saliva, sweat, intestinal juice	IgA
first antibody released during primary response	IgM
crosses placenta; protects against bacteria, viruses, toxins in blood/lymph	IgG
lymphocytes multiply and form memory cells	proliferation/differentiation
occurs when lymphocyte meets its antigen	encounter/activation
development of lymphocytes in the thymus	maturation
spreading of lymphocytes throughout lymphatic system/blood	seeding
stem cells form in bone marrow	origin
___ lysosomes digest particles ___ phagocyte engulfs the particle (endocytosis) ___ exocytosis of vesicle containing residue ___ phagocytes adhere to pathogen or debris ___ lysosomes join with phagocytic vesicle	4, 2, 5 ,1, 3
___ seeding ___ origin ___ proliferation/differentiation ___ maturation ___ antigen encounter/activation	3, 1, 5, 2, 4
The human respiratory is involved in all of the following functions EXCEPT for	body temperature regulation
The vocal cords are located within the	larynx
Which of the following functions does the human nose NOT provide?	space for air reserve
The accessory structures that aid in moistening and warming air as well as making the skull lighter are the	sinuses
The pharynx region that serves as an airway and helps to equalize middle ear pressure is the	nasopharynx
The pharynx region that serves as both a passageway for both food and air from the mouth to the epiglottis is the	oropharynx
The pharynx region that serves as both a passageway for both food and air but extends to the larnyx is the	laryngopharynx
The condition of newborns called infant respiratory distress syndrome is caused by	lack of surfactant
Which of the following is NOT true of the human larynx?	continuous with the esophagus
The typical number of orders of branches in the human bronchial tree is	23
The actual site of gas exchange between incoming air and the blood occurs at the	alveoli
Which of the following lung pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse?	intrapleural
Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is	greater than the presssure in the atmosphere
There are different respiratory stimuli for breathing. Which is the most important?	carbon dioxide concentration
Respiratory control centers are located in the	pons and medulla
How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?	bicarbonate ion in plasma
A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing, However, the respiratory system is developed enough fro survival by	28 weeks
Which of the following is responsible for stopping inhalation and allowing exhalation?	Hering-Breuer Reflex
From the following list of respiratory structures, which is most likely to develop FIRST?	nose
T or F The human trachea is composed of three different layers of tissue.	true
T or F The glottis is the opening between the vocal cords.	true
T or F The left lung is larger than the right lung	false
T or F The left lung has only two lobes.	true
T or F Even though the human vocal cords are typically associated with sound production, they may also act as a sphincter to prevent air passage.	true
T or F The human larynx is composed of 11 different cartilages	false
T or F All lung tissue is provided oxygenated blood by the bronchial arteries.	false
T or F Inspiration is usually a passive process while exhalation is generally an active process.	false
T or F Venous blood contains more saturated hemoglobin than arterial blood does.	false
T or F Respiratory irritant reflexes will constrict air passages and may cause coughs and sneezes.	true
T or F The human respiratory system will always have air in it even though one may think that all air has been expired.	true
__________ is a substance secreted by cells in the lungs that reduces surface tension.	Surfactant
The layer of serous membrane that is firmly attached to the surface of a lung is called visceral ________.	pleura
The floor of the nasal cavity are composed of the ___ and ___ .	hard; soft palates
A voluntary increase in the rate and depth of breathing is called __________.	hyperventilation
Ordinary air is about ____ % oxygen.	21
Within a mixture of gases, the pressure created by each gas is called its ________ pressure.	partial
The two bones that make up the roof of the nasal cavity are the ___ and ___.	ethmoid; sphenoid
All of the cartilage in the human larynx is made up of ___ cartilage except for the ___ which is ___ cartilage.	hyaline; epiglotties; elastic
The movement that helps to empty the rectum and to stabilize the trunk during heaving lifting is known as _____ _____. (2 words)	Valsalva's maneuver
A set of typical human lungs will have nearly ___ alveoli	300 million
The two major components of the human lungs are structures known as ___ and ___.	alveoli; stroma
While a person is at rest, normally about ___ of air moves through the respiratory system during one minute while under excercise one may use ___ of air.	6 liters; 200 liters
About 98% of oxygen is carried by RBC’s _____ while the remaining approximately 2% is carried by the blood’s ___.	hemoglobin; plasma
The ___ is the breathing rhythm center that sets the normal breathing rates and rhythm	VRG
The ___ ___ encourages carbon dioxide exchange in tissues and lungs of the body.	Haldane effect
amount of air forceably exhaled after a normal breath	expiratory volume
maximum amount of air that can be forceably inhaled after a normal breath in	inspiratory capacity
maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal breath out	inspiratory volume
maximum amount of air in lungs	total lung capacity
air inhaled or exhaled normally while resting	tidal volume
maximum amount of air exhaled after maximum inhalation	vital capacity
air remaining in lungs after a forced exhalattion	residual volume
air remaining in lungs after a normal exhalation	functional residual capacity
lung collapse; due to wound, alveoli collapse, plugged bronchioles	atelectasis
excessive breathing that removes too much carbon dioxide from body	hyperventilation
dizziness, headaches, nausea due to quick change of atmospheric pressure	acute mountain sickness
inadequate oxygen delivery to cells; may lead to cyanosis	hypoxia
breathing cessation; common during sleep	apnea
respiratory failure; usually accompanied by acidosis, hypoxemia	hypoventilation
when human skin tone/color may become blue due to lack of oxygen	cyanosis
inflammation of nasal membranes; may lead to sinus headache	rhinitis
“air hunger”; any time that breathing is labored	dypsnea
irreversible decrease in ability to force air out of lungs	COPD

Created by: CourtnieMarie

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