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AP Psychology
AP Psychology Ch 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Personality | The psychological qualities that bring continuity to an individual’s behavior in different situations and at different times. |
| Libido | The Freudian concept of psychic energy that drives individuals to experience sensual pleasure. |
| Id | The primitive, unconscious portion of the personality that houses the most basic drives and stores repressed memories. |
| Superego | The mind’s storehouse of values, including moral attitudes learned from parents and form society; roughly the same as the common notion of the conscience. |
| Ego | The conscious, rational part of the personality, charged with keeping peace between the superego and the id. |
| Identification | The mental process by which an individual tries to become like another person, especially the same-sex parent. |
| Fixation | Occurs when psychosexual development is arrested at an immature stage. |
| Ego defense mechanisms | Largely unconscious mental strategies employed to reduce the experience of conflict or anxiety. |
| Repression | An unconscious process that excludes unacceptable thoughts and feelings from awareness and memory. |
| Projective tests | Personality assessment instruments, such as the Rorscach and TAT, which are based on Freud’s ego defense mechanism of projection. |
| Rorschach inkblot technique | A projective test requiring subjects to describe what they see in a series of ten inkblots. |
| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | A projective test requiring subjects to make up stories that explain ambiguous pictures. |
| Neo-Freudians | Literally “new Freudians”; refers to theorists who broke with Freud but whose theories retain a psycho-dynamic aspect, especially a focus on motivation as the source of energy for the personality. |
| Collective unconscious | Jung’s addition to the unconscious, involving a reservoir for instinctive “memories,” including the archetypes, which exist in all people. |
| Archetype | The ancient memory images in the collective unconscious. Archetypes appear and reappear in art, literature, and folktales around the world. |
| Introversion | The Jungian dimension that focuses on inner experience- one’s own thoughts and feelings- making the introvert less outgoing and sociable that the extravert. |
| Extraversion | The Jungian personality dimension involving turning one’s attention outward, toward others. |
| Inferiority complex | A feeling of inferiority that is largely unconscious, with its roots in childhood. |
| Compensation | Making up for one’s real or imagines deficiencies. |
| Traits | Stable personality characteristics that are presumed to exist within the individual and guide his or her thoughts and actions under various conditions. |
| Central traits | According to trait theory, traits that form the basis of personality. |
| Secondary traits | In trait theory, preferences and attitudes. |
| Cardinal traits | Personality components that define people’s lives; Very few individuals have cardinal traits. |
| Self-actualizing personalities | Healthy individuals who have met their basic needs and are free to be creative and fulfill their potentialities. |
| Full functioning person | Carl Rogers’s term for a healthy, self-actualizing individual, who has a self-concept that is both positive and congruent with reality. |
| Phenomenal field | Our psychological, composed of one’s perceptions and feelings. |
| Positive psychology | A recent movement within psychology, focusing on desirable aspects of human functioning, as opposed to an emphasis on psychopathology. |
| Observational learning | The process of learning new responses by watching others’ behavior. |
| Reciprocal determinism | The process in which cognitions, behavior, and the environment mutually influence each other. |
| Temperament | The basic and pervasive personality dispositions that are apparent in early childhood and all that establish the tempo and mood of the individual’s behaviors. |
| Five-factor theory | A trait perspective suggesting that personality is composed of five fundamental personality dimension: openness to experience, consciousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. |
| Person-situation controversy | A theoretical dispute concerning the relative contribution of personality factors and situational factors in controlling behavior. |
| Type | Refers to especially important dimensions or clusters of traits that are not only central to a person’s ability but are found with essentially the same pattern in many people. |
| Implicit personality theory | Assumptions about personality that are held by people (especially nonpsychologists) to simplify the task of understanding others. |
| Neuroticism | Susceptibility to neurotic problems. |
| Eclectic | Either switching theories to explain different situations or building one’s own theory of personality from pieces borrowed from many perspectives. |
Created by:
Mr. Tusow