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AP Psychology
AP Psychology Ch 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Scientific Method | A five-step process for empirical investigation of a hypothesis under conditions designed to control biases and subjective judgments. |
| Theory | A testable explanation for a set of facts or observations. In science, a theory is not just speculation or a guess. |
| Hypothesis | a statement predicting the outcome of a scientific study; a statement describing the relationship among variables in a study. |
| Operational Definition | Specific descriptions of concepts involving the conditions of a specific study. Operational definitions are stated in terms of how the concepts are to be measured or what operations are being employed to produce them. |
| Independent Variable (IV) | A stimulus condition so named because the experimenter changes it independently of all other carefully controlled experimental conditions (cause). |
| Dependent Variable (DV) | The measured outcome of a study; the responses of the subjects in the study. |
| Experiment | A kind of research in which the researcher controls all the conditions and directly manipulates the conditions, including the independent variable. |
| Confounding (extraneous) Variables | Variables, that have an unwanted influence on the outcome of an experiment. |
| Controls | Constraints that the experimenter places on the experiment to ensure that each subject has the exact same conditions. |
| Random Assignment | Each subject of the sample has an equal likelihood of being chosen for the experimental group of an experiment. |
| Ex post facto | Research in which we choose subjects based on a pre-existing condition. |
| Correlational Study | A type of research that is mainly statistical in nature. Correlation studies determine the relationship (or correlation) between two variables. |
| Survey | A quasi-experimental method in which questions are asked to subjects. |
| Naturalistic Observation | A research method in which subjects are observed in their natural environment. |
| Longitudinal Study | A type of study in which one group of subjects is followed and observed for an extended period of time. |
| Cross-sectional Study | A study in which a representative cross section of population is tested or surveyed at one specific time. |
| Cohort-sequential Study | A research method in which a cross section of the population is chosen and then each cohort is followed for a short period of time. |
| Double-blind Study | An experimental procedure in which both researchers and participants are uninformed about the nature of the independent variable being administered. |
| Normal Distribution | A bell-shaped curve, describing the spread of a characteristic throughout a population. |
| Correlation | A relationship between variables, in which changes in one variable are reflected in changes in the other variable-as in the correlation between a child’s age and height. |
| Correlation Coefficient | A number between -1 and +1 expressing the degree of relationship between two variables. |
| Random Sample | A sample group of subjects by chance (without biased selection techniques). |
| Representative Sample | A sample obtained in such a way that it reflects the distribution of important variables in the larger population in which the researcher are interested-variables such as age, income level, ethnicity, and geographic distribution. |
Created by:
Mr. Tusow