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Nutrition Final exam
nutrition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cross-Contamination | unintentional transfer of pathogenic microbes from one food to another. |
| Placenta | transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mother's bloodstream to the embryo/fetus. |
| Pica | the craving of nonfood items such as laundry, starch, chalk, cigarette ashes, and soil. |
| Prolactin | Stimulates specialized cells in breasts to form milk, hormone that stimu-lates milk production after delivery. |
| Biotechnology | In agriculture has led to the development of crops that supply higher yields, resist pests, or are tolerant of drought conditions, involves the use of living things—plants, animals, microbes—to manufacture new products. |
| Subcutaneous Adipose | Tissue holds skin in place over underlying tissues such as muscles, tissue also contains fat cells, tissue has more fat cells than other kinds of cells, it's referred to as subcutaneous fat. |
| Central Body Obesity | visceral fat around waist. “Apple” body shape. Cardiovascular and type 2 diabetes risk. |
| Bariatric surgery | Commonly used to treat extreme obesity, surgeries result in weight loss partly because the stomach pouch fills quickly with food; patients experience satiety sooner than they did prior to surgery, |
| Set Point Theory | The body's fat content is genetically predetermined, acts like a home thermostat, except that it regulates body weight instead of temperature. |
| Binge-eating disorder | People with binge-eating disorder (BED) often eat an unusually large amount of food at one time, 5% of American women and 2% of American men have binge-eating disorder, |
| Strength (resistance) exercise | weight lighting, push ups |
| Lactic Acid | Compound formed from pyruvate during anaerobic metabolism, In muscle cells, glucose molecules are broken down through a series of steps to yield lactic acid (in anaerobic conditions) or CO2 and H2O (in aerobic conditions). |
| Saturated fatty acid | fatty acid that only has single bonds holding each carbon in the carbon chain together. |
| Hyperglycemia | condition that occurs when blood sugar is high. Less than 70mg/day |
| Goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland, iodine deficiency, often occur among populations living in areas that have iodine-depleted soil |
| Pellagra | niacin deficiency disease, The classic signs and symptoms of severe pellagra are dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death—the “4 Ds of pellagra” |
| Rickets | vitamin D deficiency disorder in children, Children with rickets have bones that are soft and can become misshapen |
| Neural tube defects | Incomplete development of brain, spinal cord and /or protective coverings for these organs. |
| Human Milk | rich source of lipids, cholesterol, arachidonic acid and DHA |
| Water | -vital for survival -need at most 2 liters per day -50-70% of body weight is water weight -lean muscle tissue: 73% water -adipose tissue: 20% water -body must excrete at least 1 pint per day to eliminate toxic waste production |
| Body Mass Index | Used to judge whether an adult's weight is healthy, BMI is a numerical value based on the relationship between body weight and risk of chronic health problems associated with excess body fat, |
| Thyroid Gland | The thyroid hormone, secreted by the thyroid gland, regulates the metabolic rate, that is, the rate at which cells use energy for their metabolic activities |
| Ghrelin | a hormone secreted mainly by the stomach, stimulates eating behavior. |
| Orlistat (Alli) | decreases the absorption of dietary fat by about 25 percent, therefore reduces the number of calories absorbed, |
| Female Athlete Triad | Females in appearance-based competitive sports that require low body mass, such as gymnastics, swimming, and figure skating are at risk, condition characterized by low energy intakes, abnormal menstrual cycles, and bone mineral irregularities |
| Steroid Abuse | -stunted growth -liver dysfunction -increased growth of facial hair in females -breast development in males -severe acne, hair thinning, depression, delusions, extreme anger |
| Exercise Recovery | sports drinks, fruit or fruit juices. Replenish glycogen stores. |
| Carbohydrates | -macronutrient -energy for cellular function -muscle contraction -enzyme production -bone growth |
| Vitamin K | -fat-soluble vitamin -helps with blood clotting |
| Insulin | hormone that helps lower blood glucose levels produced by the beta cells |
| what two organs work together to regulate water intake and excretion | brain & kidneys |
| what monitors the water content of the blood? | Hypothalamus |
| 3oz of liquor (whiskey) is equal to? | two 12oz beers |
| what is the standard drink? | 13-14 g EtoH |
| two simple carbohydrates? | monosaccharides & disaccharides |
| contain 1 or 2 molecules and commonly referred to as sugars | simple carbohydrates |
| long chains of glucose molecules, commonly called polysaccharides | complex carbohydrates |
| what helps to lower blood glucose levels? | insulin |
| what helps to increase blood glucose levels? | glucagon |
| what nutrients are involved in antioxidant function? | vitamins A, C, E & selenium |
| what is the function of water? | to remove waste |
| what is the function of viamin K | blood clotting |
| what is the optimal temp for bacteria? | between 40F and 140F "danger zone" |
| where is salmonella commonly found? | raw or uncooked meat, poultry |
| When baking stuffing what temp. should it reach to? | 165F |
| what is the optimal temp. for meats? | 160-165F |
| optimal weight gain for an underweight pregnant woman is? | 28-40 lbs |
| optimal weight gain for a healthy pregnant woman is | 25-35 lbs |
| optimal weight gain for an overweight pregnant woman is | 15-25 lbs |
| optimal weight gain for an obese woman is | 11-20 lbs |
| supplements taken during pregnancy | iron & folate |
| nutrients that contribute to the development of the nervous system | folate is critical for the neural tube |
| solid foods shouldn't be introduced till what age? | 4-6 months old |
| signs that baby is ready for solid food | -disappearance of extrusion reflex -can sit up with some back support -can coordinate muscular control over their mouth & neck movement |
| you shouldn't feed infants | -honey -semisolid food -candy -raw milk/ juice -goats milk -hard/ coarse food |
| When child's growth slows, appetite ____ | decreases |
| common nutrient deficiencies in older adults include | vitamins A, C, D, B12, calcium, iron, zinc |
| ____ in the body is not a primary source of energy | Protein |
| what do carbohydrates provide? | energy |
| How much extra folate should a woman consume? | Women should consume an extra 400 ug/day, 50% more |
| Optimal temp. for pork? | 145F |
| What are reliable indicators of safe food? | proper cooking practices, refrigeration and freezing slows the growth of microbes |
| how long in inches do babies grow in the first year? | 10 inches |
| Babies ___ their weight in the first year. | triple |
| Babies should be breast fed exclusively in the first __ months of life | 6 |
| What are the signs and recommendation for introducing solid foods for babies? | disappearance of extrusion reflex, can sit up with some back support, coordinate muscular control over their mouth and neck movements. |
| what shouldn't you feed infants? | honey |
| What are physiological changes with age? | reduced saliva and stomach acid secretion; increased heartburn and constipation |
| Percentage of body fat for healthy men | 13-21% |
| Percentage of body fat for healthy women | 23-31% |
| Percentage of body fat for overweight men | 22-25% |
| Percentage of body fat overweight women | 32-37% |
| Percentage of body fat of obese men | 26-31% |
| Percentage of body fat of obese women | 38-42% |
| Percentage of body fat of extremely obese men | 32% or more |
| Percentage of body fat of extremely obese women | 43% or more |
| Central body obesity is what shape? | "apple" body shape |
| Central body obesity or "apple" body shape are at a higher risk of what diseases? | cardiovascular disease or type 2 diabetes |
| Lower body obesity is what shape? | "pear" body shape |
| Lower body obesity or "pear" body shape are at a higher risk of what diseases? | osteoarthritis risk |
| ____ decline with age | Metabolic rate and age |
| How much kcal is in one pound? | 3500 |
| to achieve healthy weight loss, one must reduce by ____ kcal/ day | 500-1000 kcal/ day |
| Calluses on the back of hands and knuckles from self induced vomiting are signs of what? | bulimia |
| what nutrient is metabolized for ATP production? | triglycerides (fats) |
| What are muscle energy sources? | ATP |
| what is the carbohydrate and intake for athletes? | 8-10 g CHO per kg of body weight per day |
| what is the protein intake for athletes? | 1-4 protein/ kg of body weight |
| sources of water loss? | skin, kidneys, feces, lungs |
| Sources of cholesterol? | animal based product |
| athlete endurance training protein requirement? | 1.2 - 1.4 g |
| storage sites for glycogen? | muscle & liver |
| what does dietary fiber do in the body? | regulates glucose absorption in the blood |
| what are the antioxidant function of vitamins A, C, E, beta- carotene and selenium? | Protect cells by giving up electrons to free radicals. (protect from oxidation) |
| What is the RDA for protein in healthy adults? | .8 g/ kg |
| how to increase HDL levels | Increase physical activity, reduce total fat intake, and replace dietary saturated and Trans fats with MUFAs and PUFAs. |
| Anaerobic metabolism of glucose produces ____ | Lactic Acid |
| how to start weaning babies | start with iron and fortified infant cereal made from rice or barely |
| kcal of carbohydrate | 4 kcal/g |
| kcal of protein | 4 kcal/g |
| kcal of fat | 9 kcal/g |
| kcal of alcohol | 7 kcal/g |
| where does a majority of digestion take place? | small intestines |
| lipoprotein content for chylomicron? | 1-2% |
| lipoprotein content for VLDL? | 5-10% |
| lipoprotein content for HDL? | 45-50% |
| lipoprotein content for LDL? | 25% |
| visceral fat? | fat around the mid section |
| where is vitamin k stored? | in the liver |
| what should you do before intense exercise? | carbo load |
| intracellular fluid is what percentage of a cell | 2/3 |
| cholostrom is produced about ____ after you deliver your child | 1 week |
| athlete resistance training protein requirement? | 1.2 - 1.7 g |
Created by:
valerie6195