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Biology
Chapter 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| An individual's total set of alleles for a particular trait is called his/her __________. | genotype |
| Three stages of Mendel's experiments in the correct order from first to last. | 1. Allowing plants to self-cross to ensure they are true-breeding 2. Reciprocal crosses between true-breeding varieties. 3. Allowing hybrid offspring to self-fertilize |
| Multiplication rule | used for independent events |
| Addition rule | used for mutually exclusive events |
| When the interaction of genes alters genetic ratios, this is called_________. | epistasis |
| In pea plants, the allele T codes for tall plants and the allele t codes for short plants. If a plants short, this would be considered its _____________. | phenotype |
| What traits exhibit a dominant mode of inheritance? | Polydactyly, Hypercholesterolemia, Mid-digital hair |
| A Punnett square has rows and columns which represent gametes made by males and females. At the intersection of each row and column we combine the corresponding games to produce the genotype of a potential ___________. | zygote |
| The offspring in a testcross where the unknown parent is heterozygous will be _________. | heterozygotes and homozygotes |
| Each parent carries ____________ alleles of a gene that will segregate from each other during gamete formation. | two |
| Examples of environmental influences on phenotype include | 1. The pattern of coat color in Himalayan rabbits 2. The pattern of coat color in Siamese cats |
| Mendel observed this ratio in monohybrid crosses between dominant and recessive traits in the F2 offspring, respectively. | 3:1 |
| The principle of ___________ is the idea that the two alleles of gene separate during the formation of eggs and sperm so that every gamete receives only one allele | Segregation |
| Albinism | lack of melanin pigmentation |
| Hemophilia | inability of blood to clot properly |
| Polydactyly | extra fingers and toes |
| Huntington disease | degeneration of nervous system |
| Sickle cell anemia | defective hemoglobin |
| Mendel's observations supported the independent __________ hypothesis. | assortment |
| In typical monohybrid cross, all of the offspring in which generation will exhibit a single trait with blending? | F1 |
| The law of independent assortment can be demonstrated by | analyzing two traits simultaneously |
| An individual can acquire only ___________ allele(s) per trait, even if multiple alleles are present in the population. | two |
| An individual with Type A blood can receive transfusions of which blood types? | A and O |
| In order to predict the outcome of mutually exclusive events, this rule should be used | addition |
| When continuous traits are graphed with the phenotype on the X-axis and the frequency of individuals with that phenotype on the Y-axis, a ____________-shaped curve results | Bell |
| A(n) _____________ square can be used to predict the outcome of a simple genetic cross. | Punnett |
| Incomplete dominance | the heterozygote is an intermediate in appearance between the two homozygotes |
| codominance | the heterozygote shows some aspect of both homozygotes |
| The results of a testcross indicate that all of the offspring have dominant phenotype. The genotype of the parent in question must be | homozygous dominant |
| Which type of cellular division involves the pairing and subsequent segregation of homologous chromosomes? | Meiosis |
| A cross between heterozygotes for a single trait will lead to how many phenotypes if incomplete dominance is occurring? | three |
| What type of experiment involves mating two individuals with different characteristics to each other? One individual provides females gamete, while the other provides male gametes. | hybridizations |
| What genotypes are true-breeding? | TT, Tt,tt |
| A 9:3:3:1 ratio is obtained in the F2 generation of dihybrid cross when alleles assort ________ from one another. | independently |
| How many potential phenotypes can result from a dihybrid cross when the traits assort independently from one another? | 4 |
| When performing a typical monohybrid cross, in which of the following generations would a 3:1 phenotypic ratio be observed? | F2 |
| The rule of addition is applied to events with __________ __________ outcomes. | mutually exclusive |
| To calculate the probability that if a woman has four children, they will all be girls, you should use the | product rule |
Created by:
458Jenna