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CIS454-Ch.13

Installation & Operations (Part 1)

TermDefinition
Training & Organizational The ________ & ______________ issues surrounding the installation are more complex and challenging b/c they focus on people, not computers.
True Managing the change to a new system - whether it is computerized or not - is one of the most difficult tasks in any organization.
Conversion & Change Management Leaving __________ & ______ __________ planning to the last minute is a recipe for failure.
Kurt Lewin's 3-Step Change Process 1) Unfreeze 2) Move 3) Refreeze
Unfreeze First, the project team must ________ the existing habits & norms (the as-is system) so that change is possible.
Migration Plan (Second step in change process) - 2 major elements: 1) technical 2) organizational.
Technical Migration Includes how the new system will be installed & how data in the as-is system will be moved into the to-be system.
Organizational Migration Involves helping users understand the change & motivating them to adopt it.
Refreeze (3rd change process step) - Refers to the new system,as the habitual way of performing the work processes - ensuring that the new system successfully becomes the new standard way of performing the business function it supports.
3 Major Post-Implementation Activities 1) System Support 2) System architecture 3) Project Assessment
System Support Providing help desk & telephone support for users with problems.
System Maintenance Refers to fixing bugs & improving the system after it has been installed.
Project Assessment Refers to evaluating the project to identify what went well & what could be improved for the next system development project.
Change Management (Focuses on people, not technology) - Refers to the aspect of the project that is the least controllable by the project team.
Change Management ______ __________ means winning the hearts & minds of potential users & convincing them that the new system actually provides value.
Maintenance ___________ is the most costly aspect of the installation process, because the cost of ___________ systems usually greatly exceeds the initial development costs.
60% - 80% It is not unusual for organizations to spend __%-__% of their total IS budget on maintenance.
Project Assessment _______ __________ enables project team members to step back & consider what they did right & what they could have done better.
Conversion Deploying a system through the process of transitioning from the old to the new system.
Cultural Issues ________ ______ are one of the things that are typically identified as at least partially to blame when there is a failure in an organization.
8 Cultural Dimensions Identified By Hall & Hofstede 1) Speed of messages 2) Context 3) Time 4) Power Distance 5) Uncertainty Avoidance 6) Individualism v. Collectivism 7) Masculinity v. Femininity 8) Long-versus short-term Orientation
Speed of Messages Refers to implications for the development of documentation & training approaches.
High-Context In ____-_______ cultures, it is expected that the new information system will be placed into the entire context of the enterprise wide system.
Poly-chronic Time Culture where the training may need to be spread out over a longer period of time.
Monochronic Time Culture where interruptions would be considered rude (training could be accomplished in a small set of intense sessions).
2 Types of Time Culture Dimensions 1) Polychronic time 2) Monochronic time
Power Distance Addresses how power issues are dealt with in a culture.
Uncertainty Avoidance The degree to which the culture depends on rules for direction, how well individuals in the culture handle stress, and the importance of employment stability.
Uncertainty Avoidance In high ___________ _________ culture, the use of detailed procedures manuals & good training can reduce the uncertainty in adopting the new system.
Individualism v. Collectivism Based on the level of emphasis the culture places on the individual or the collective.
Masculinity v. Femininity Addresses how well masculine & feminine characteristics are valued by the culture.
Masculine In a _________ culture, motivation would be based on advancement, earnings and training.
Feminine In a ________ culture, motivations would include friendly atmosphere, physical conditions, and cooperation.
Long-versus Short-term Orientation Deals with how the culture views the past and the future.
Conversion The technical process by which a new system requires an old system; users are moved from using the as-is business processes & computer programs to the to-be business processes and programs.
Migration Plan The _________ ____ specifies what activities will be performed when & by whom & includes both technical & organizational aspects.
Conversion __________ refers to the technical aspects of the migration plan.
3 Major Steps of the Conversion Plan 1) Install hardware 2) Install software 3) Convert data
Data Conversion ____ __________ is usually the most technically complicated step in the migration plan.
3 Dimensions of Conversion 1) Conversion style 2) Conversion Location 3) Conversion Modules
Conversion Style The way users are switched between the old and new systems.
2 Fundamentally Different Approaches to Style of Conversion 1) Direct Conversion 2) Parallel Conversion
Direct Conversion (Cold turkey, big bang, abrupt cutover) - The new system instantly replaces the old system.
Direct Conversion ______ __________ is the most risky, because any problems with the new system that have escaped detection during testing can seriously disrupt the organization.
Parallel Conversion The new system is operated side by side with the old system; both systems are used simultaneously.
Parallel Conversion The major problem with ________ __________is the added expense of operating two systems that perform the same function.
Conversion Location Refers to the parts of the organization that are converted when the conversion occurs.
3 Organizational Approaches 1) Pilot conversion 2) Phased conversion 3) simultaneous conversion
Pilot Conversion One or more locations or units or work groups within a location are selected to be converted first, as part of a pilot test.
Pilot Test The locations participating in the _____ ____ are converted (using either direct or parallel conversion).
Pilot Conversion _____ __________ has the advantage of providing an additional level of testing before the system is widely deployed throughout the organization.
Pilot Conversion _____ __________ requires relatively more time.
Phased Conversion The system is installed sequentially at different locations.
Phased Conversion In ______ __________, fewer people are required to perform the actual conversion (and any associated user training) than if all locations were converted at once.
Simultaneous Conversion Means that all locations are converted at the same time; the new system is installed and made ready at all locations; at a preset time, all users begin using the new system.
Simultaneous Conversion ____________ __________ requires an organization to have sufficient staff to perform the conversion and train the users at all locations simultaneously.
True Not all systems are installed in their entirety.
Whole-System Conversion Conversion in which the entire system is installed at one time; the most common.
Large or Extremely Complex If a system is _____ or _________ _______, the whole-system can prove too difficult for users to learn in one conversion step.
Modules;module;modular conversion When the _______ within a system are separate and distinct, organizations sometimes choose to convert to the new system, one ______ at a time - that is, using _______ __________.
Module Each ______either must be written to work with both the old and new systems or object wrappers must be used to encapsulate the old system from the new.
Modular Conversion _______ __________ reduces the amount of training required to begin using the new system.
Modular Conversion _______ __________ takes longer, and has more steps than does the whole system process.
3 Important Factors in Selecting Conversion Strategy 1) Risk 2) Cost 3) Time
Parallel Conversion ________ __________ is less risky than direct conversion.
Pilot Conversion _____ __________ is less risky than is phased conversion or simultaneous conversion.
Modular Conversion _______ __________ is less risky than whole-system conversion.
Risk ___ is likely to be a very important factor in the conversion process if the system has not been as thoroughly tested as it might have been or if the cost of bugs is high.
Parallel Conversion ________ __________ is more expensive than direct cutover because it requires that two systems be operated at the same time.
Pilot & Phased _____ & ______ conversion have somewhat similar costs.
Simultaneous Conversion ____________ __________ has higher costs b/c of staffing requirements.
Modular Conversion _______ __________ is more expensive than whole-system conversion because it requires more programming.
Direct Conversion ______ __________ is fastest because it is immediate.
Parallel Conversion ________ __________ takes longer because the full advantages of the new system do not become available until the old system is turned off.
Simultaneous Conversion ____________ __________ is fastest because all locations are converted at the same time.
Phased conversion ______ __________ usually takes longer than pilot conversion b/c once the pilot test is complete, all remaining locations are usually ( but not always) converted simultaneously.
Modular Conversion _______ __________ takes longer than whole-system conversion b/c the models are introduced one after another.
Created by: Jordan.WBL
 

 



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