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What are the four theories of motivation?
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Instinct theory -
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Psychology
Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four theories of motivation? | -Instinct -Drive-reduction -Optimal arousal -Hierarchy of Motives (Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs) |
| Instinct theory - | Involves having motivation from an inborn, unlearned behavior (instinct); motivation is intrinstic |
| If a baby is rooting and sucking for survival, which theory of motivation is this? | Instinct theory |
| What is the disadvantage with instinct theory? | It lacks explanation |
| Drive-reduction theory - | Involves physical need causing an aroused state (drive). As a result, an organism does activities that help reduce that need. |
| If Theodore is hungry and goes to the Jester City Limit to eat hamburgers, which theory of motivation is this? | Drive-reduction theory |
| True or false - Drive-reduction is striving to achieve INSTABILITY | False |
| Homeostasis - | A steady, internal state |
| Incentive - | External force that drives us to do the behavior |
| Drive - | Internal force that drives us to do certain behavior. |
| Hunger and thirst are examples of... | Drives |
| When people cheer his name, Rocky Balboa never stops fighting his opponent in the boxing match. This is an example of... | Incentive |
| Optimal arousal - | People are motivated to be sufficiently aroused and being connected to the environment |
| The cave people become curious and came out from their caves to see the world. This is an example of ..... | Optimal arousal |
| What are the two components of optimal arousal? | - BAS - Approaching desired things - BIS - Avoid (inhibit) undesired things |
| Hierarchy of Motives (Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs) - | Basic needs must be met in order to reach higher needs |
| Boris becomes HUNGRY while driving and finds a lonely diner in the middle of the rough neighborhood. Ignoring the DANGERS of the environment, Boris stops by the diner and eats some hamburgers there. This is an example of which theory of motivation? | Hierarchy of Motives |
| What are the steps for Hierarchy of Motives (6)? | 1. Physiological needs (Hunger and thirst) 2. Safety needs 3. Belongingness and love need (Friends and family) 4. Esteem needs 5. Self-actualization (Living up to one's potential) 6. Self-transcendence needs (Need to find meaning and identity) |
| Yerkes-Dodson law - | Moderate arousal results in an optimal performance |
| Under Yerkes-Dodson law, doing a difficult task requires ____ arousal to give the best performance. | Low |
| Under Yerkes-Dodson law, doing an easy task requires _____ arousal to give the best performance. | High |
| What are the five appetite hormones? | - Insulin - Ghrelin - Leptin - Orexin - PYY |
| Insulin - | Hormones secreted by the pancreas; controls blood glucose |
| Ghrelin - | Hormones secreted by empty stomach; send "I'm hungry" signals to the brain |
| Leptin - | Protein hormone secreted by fat cells; if abundant, it causes the brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger |
| Orexin - | Hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus |
| PYY - | Digestive tract hormone; sends "I'm not hungry" signals to the brain |
| Glucose - | A major source of energy for body tissue; when it's low, we get hungry |
| What are the three areas of hypothalamus? | Lateral, ventrimedical, and paraventrical |
| Lateral hypothalamus - | Brings on hunger |
| What happens when the lateral hypothalamus is stimulated? | Well-fed eat more |
| What happens when the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed? | Starving have no interest in food |
| Ventrimedical hypothalamus - | Inhibit hunger; feel fullness |
| What happens when the ventrimedical hypothalamus is stimulated? | One stops eating |
| What happens when the ventrimedical hypothalamus is destroyed? | One eats faster and more often, becoming fatter |
| Paraventrical hypothalamus - | Ends meal |
| What happens when the paraventrical hypothalamus is damaged? | One thinks that eating frequently is normal. Therefore, he/she eats enormous meal with no signal to stop the meal. |
| The hotter the climate,... | The more spices are used |
| Bobby stops eating because he is full. Which hypothalamus is stimulated? | Ventrimedical hypothalamus |
| The starved boy did not want the hamburger, offered by Ariel. Which hypothalamus is damaged? | Lateral hypothalamus |
| Every week, Tom eats his food faster than anybody. As a result, he becomes fatter. Which hypothalamus is damaged? | Ventrimedical hypothalamus |
| Stooger begins to eat enormous meals because he begins to believe that it is normal to eat frequently. Which hypothalamus is damaged? | Paraventrical hypothalamus |
| True or false - United States has the greatest number of overweight people | True |
| What are the 5 theories of emotion? | - James-Lange - Cannon-Bard - Schachter-Singer - Zajonc; LeDoux - Lazarus |
| James-Lange - | Emotion is caused by how our body respond to a stimuli |
| Cannon-Bard - | Stimuli trigger both the bodily response and subjective experience (emotion) simultaneously |
| Schachter-Singer - | Emotional experience depends on conscious cognitive label and physical arousal |
| Zajonc; LeDoux - | Responses happened instantly without us, knowing about it. |
| Lazarus - | Cognitive appraisal becomes our emotion sometimes without awareness. |
| Andrew saw a car, coming toward him. He moved his car to the other way and stopped. He felt his heart and thought, "I'm afraid". After that, he thought that the feeling is fear. This is an example of.... | Schachter-Singer Theory (Two-Factor Theory) |
| A person saw a spider, then felt his/her heart pumping. The person has fearful emotion. This is an example of.... | James-Langer Theory |
| A person saw the spider, then he felt his/her heart pumping and her fearful emotion at the same time. This is an example of... | Cannon-Bard theory |
| Barbon feels scared of rats, even though he knows that they are harmless. This is an example of ..... | Zajonc; LeDoux theory |
| What are the 10 basic emotions? | - Joy - Interest- excitement - Surprise - Sadness - Anger - Disgust - Contempt - Fear - Shame - Guilt |
| True or false - We are good at detecting emotions | True |
| What helps us detect emotions easily? | Experience |
| How do you know if one's smile is real? | If one's smile muscles are activated and one's eyes are engaged. |
| True or false - A gesture is the SAME in every culture (Ex: Remember Nixon's "A-OK" sign at Brazil) | False |
| True or false - Facial expressions are the SAME in every culture | True |
| Which facial expression decreases aggression and infers no threat? | Smile |
| Why do chimpanzees smile? | To show danger |
| Facial feedback effect - | Tendency of facial muscles to trigger feelings, like fear, anger, or happiness. |
| If Sam's mouth drops, he becomes sad. This explains the... | Facial feedback effect |
| In facial feedback effect, Tom raises his cheeks as though in a smile, causing him to feel ..... | Happy |
| In facial feedback effect, Tom pulls his cheek down, causing him to feel.... | Sad |
| When Moe saw a rustling bush and thought that it is just the wind, this is an example of ...... | Lazarus theory |
| What are the three situations of eating? | - Social facilitation (Group) - Unit bias - Food variety |
| Unit bias - | Eat one serving/ unit but tend to eat more if the serving size is larger. |
| Food variety - | Eat more when there are more than one food available |
| Social facilitaion - | Eat more when you're in the group |
| Anorexia nervosa - | - Loss of appetite; refusal to eat enough to maintain stable weight |
| Bulimia nervosa (2)- | - Eating big amount of food rapidly (6,000 calories at a time) - Causes fasting, vomiting, laxative, or excessive exercise |
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