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soc 100 ch.8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Feminism | an intellecutal, consciousness-raising movement to get people to understand taht gender is an organizing principle of life; the underlying belief is that women and men should be accorded equal opportunities and respect |
| Sex | the BIOLOGICAL differences that distinguish male from female |
| Sexuality | refers to desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior |
| Gender | denotes a SOCIAL position, the set of social arrangements that are built around sex categories |
| Essentialism | line of thought that explains social phenomena in terms of natural ones. if you are born with male parts then you are 100% a man and you like women |
| Biological Determinism | a line of thought that explains social behavior in terms of biological givens |
| Hegemonic Masculinity | dominant and privileged, if invisible, category of men |
| Hegemony | the complete dominance of a group of people over another, a type of power that is so complete that it goes UNNOTICED by the people who are dominated |
| Gender Roles | sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as a male or female |
| Patriarchy | a nearly universal system involving the subordination of feminity to masculinity |
| Rubin's Sex/Gender System | structural perspective that women's subordination was not natural or a given but created by society to fulfill a function. in the sex/gender system, biological sex is transformed into asymmetrical gender status |
| Structural Functionalism Theory | theoretical tradition claiming that every society has certain structures (ex. the family, the division of labor, gender) which exist in order to fulfill some set of functions (reproduction of the human race, production of goods, etc) |
| Sex Role Theory | Talcott Parson's theory that men and women perform their sex roles (as breadwinners, wives/mothers) because the nuclear family is the ideal arrangement in modern societies, fulfilling the function of reproducing workers |
| Psychoanalytic Theories (of Gender/Sex) | relies on biological determinism (i.e. biological differences determines behavior and causes gender differences) theorists include Sigmund Freud, Nancy Chodorow, Carol Gilligan, Melanie Klein, and Jacqueline Stevens |
| Conflict Theories (of Gender/Sex) | claim that gender, not class, was the driving force of history believed that the root of all social relations stemmed from unequal gender relations. gender inequality is about POWER inequalities |
| Microinteractionist Theories (of Gender/Sex) | gender as process gender is created in interaction gender is something you 'do' |
| Black Feminist Theories (of Gender/Sex) | gender cannot be examined on its own but must be analyzed alongside the intersections of race and class |
| Postmodern Theories (of Gender/Sex) | challenges the idea of gender categories (men/women) stating that these categories are a result of Western cultural logic and not a universal construct |
| Middle-Range Approaches (to Gender/Sex) | middle-range theories (introduced by Robert Merton) are theories that connect our lived experience to larger social forces |
| Homosexual | the social identity of a person who has sexual attraction to and/or relations with other persons of the same sex |
| Social Construction of Sexuality | sexuality is a social construction meaning that it is shaped by social factors and not biological or natural but created through society |
| Sexism | occurs when a person's sex or gender is the basis for judgment, discrimination, and hatred against him or her |
| Sexual Harassment | an illegal form of discrimination involving everything from inappropriate jokes on the job to outright sexual assault to sexual 'barter.' all intended to make women feel uncomfortable and unwelcome, particularly on the job |
| Glass Ceilings | an invisible limit on women's climb up the occupational ladder |
| Glass Escalator | the promotional ride men take to the top of a work organization, especially in female dominated professions |
| Opting Out | refers to married women opting out of the labor force and returning to full-time motherhood |
| According to some sociologists, what happens when the number of women in a given profession starts to increase? | Fewer men enter the profession and it eventually becomes dominated by women. |
| “Opting out” refers to a perceived trend among middle-class, career women to ________ | leave the workforce and concentrate on being wives and mothers. |
| While policies that overtly discriminate against women have mostly been removed from the workplace, covert barriers still exist. These covert barriers are often called ________ | the glass ceiling. |
| Feminists argue that gender matters because ________ | it structures social relations between people. |
| Talcott Parsons’s sex role theory proposed that a healthy, harmonious society exists when women and men ________ | play distinctive roles that fulfill specific societal needs. |
| ________ is a nearly universal system involving the subordination of femininity to masculinity. | patriarchy |
| Which of the following theories is associated with the idea that gender is a process—a product of our everyday social interactions? | microinteractionist theory |
| In Western history, the binary sex system with which we are familiar _______ | replaced a “one-sex” model in the mid-eighteenth century. |
| Which of the following statements offers an essentialist explanation for gender differences? | Women are overrepresented in professions such as nursing, teaching, and social work because they are inherently more nurturing and caring than men. |
| How might a sociologist describe the difference between homosexuality and homosexual behavior? | Homosexuality is a certain social identity, whereas homosexual behavior is an activity that is not necessarily tied to a social identity. |
| Your introductory sociology professor believes that gender roles serve a purpose in society to fulfill certain functions. What type of theoretical background is your professor espousing? | structural functionalism |
| Michel Foucault argued that the development of homosexuality as a social identity was related to ________ | the development of states and scientific disciplines and a desire in both arenas to monitor and categorize people and their behavior. |
| Which of the following jobs could be described as a “pink-collar” job in the United States? | hotel maid |
| Which of the following statements is most closely associated with a conflict theory approach to gender studies? | Men benefit economically from women’s inferior position in the family and the workplace |
| What does the term “glass escalator” refer to? | men’s comparatively quicker rise to leadership positions, especially in feminized jobs |
| Gender studies explores the relationship between ________ | nature and nurture |
| Sexuality refers to ________ | desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior. |
| Some black feminists challenged the notion that ________ | all women experience oppression in the same way. |
| Biological determinism is ________ | a line of thought that explains social behavior in terms of biology. |
| What does the example of the nadle in Navajo tribes teach us about gender? | Concepts of gender are not absolute and unchanging. |
| John Money | turned David reimer into a girl because of the bad circumcision. but david never felt comfortable as a girl so john money was wrong in thinking that sexual reassignment was the right move. |
| Michael Kimmel |
Created by:
liviwasserman