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soc 100 ch. 7
soc 100 ch.7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| stratification | structured SOCIAL INEQUALITY or, more specifically, SYSTEMATIC INEQUALITIES between groups of people that arise as intended or unintended consequences of social processes and relationships. (ex. how gender affects rate of pay in employment) |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau (his view on inequality) | believed mankind as NATURALLY pure and good. believed society caused social problems, specifically believed private property was the primary source of social ills. 2 forms of inequality - physical (or natural/born) and social (created by society) |
| Social Equality | a condition wherby NO differences in wealth, power, prestige, or status based on nonnatural conventions exist |
| Social Inequality | result of privileges and uneven access to resources |
| Scottish Enlightenment (view on inequality) | Adam Ferguson and John Millar saw inequality as a good thing and necessary believed inequality arises when private property emerges (similar to Rousseau's belief) .so inequality is a result of surplus |
| Thomas Robert Malthus (his view on inequality) | wrote "An Essay on the Priciniple of Population as It Affects the Further Improvement of Society". believed inequality was good because it stopped overpopulation |
| Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (his view on inequality) | believed in the master-slave or master-servant dialectic |
| dialectic | two-way relationship, both parties need the other; mutually dependent |
| Four Standards of Equality | 1. ontological 2. equality of opportunity 3. equality of condition 4. equality of outcome |
| Ontological Equality | the notion that everyone is created equal in the eyes at birth |
| Equality of Opportunity | the idea that inequality of condition is acceptable so long as the rules of the game remain fair. everyone has an equal chance at the start. its up to you what you do in the middle but everything is fair from the beginning. |
| Equality of Condition | the idea that everyone should have an equal starting point |
| Equality of Outcome | a position that argues each player must end up with the same amount regardless of the fairness of the 'game' |
| Free rider problem | the notion that when MORE THAN ONE person is responsible for getting something done, the incentive is for each individual to shirk responsibility and hope others will pull the extra weight |
| Four Ideal Types of Social Stratification plus One | 1. Estate System 2. Caste System 3. Class System 4. Status Hierarchy System 5. Elite-Mass Dichotomy System |
| Estate System | POLITICALLY based system of stratification characterized by LIMITED social mobility. inequality is written into LAWS ex. feudal Europe from medieval era through 18th century, American South before the Civil War |
| Caste System | RELIGION-BASED system of stratification characterzied by NO social mobility. social status is hereditary; you are born into a specific class and cannot move classes |
| Class System | ECONOMICALLY based system of stratification characterized by relative categorization and somewhat loose social mobility. important theorists Karl Marx and Max Weber |
| Karl Marx's view on inequality | in capitalist society there are two classes the bourgeoisie and proletariat. the bourgeoisie EXPLOIT the proletariat so that they (the bourgeoisie) can make more profit. |
| bourgeoisie | the capitalist class or the employers |
| proletariat | proletariat |
| Contradictory Class Locations | the idea that people can occupy locations in the class structure which fall between the two 'pure' classes ex. managers may be both seen as bourgeoisie and proletariat |
| Status Hierarchy System | a system of stratification based on SOCIAL PRESTIGE; ability for a lot of social mobility. relies on how status groups are perceived in society; status groups could be any community united by a shared lifestyle |
| Elite-Mass Dichotomy System | system of stratification that has a GOVERNING ELITE, a few leaders who broadly hold the power of society |
| Meritocracy | a society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability, and achievement |
| Socioeconomic Status (SES) | an individual's position in a stratified social order; typically sociologists use income, education, and occupation as measures |
| Income | money received by a person for work or from returns on investments |
| Wealth | a famiy's or individual's net worth (that is, total assets minus total debts) |
| Upper Class | the economic elite; associated with income, wealth, power, and prestige |
| Middle Class | no clear definition on middle class but it is often used to refer to individuals with nonmanual labor jobs (i.e. professional or white collar jobs) that pay significantly above the poverty line |
| Poor | working poor as employed but still do not earn enough to get them above the poverty line; the nonworking poor or underclass are able to work but are not employed |
| Globalization | the rise in the trade of goods and services across national boundaries as well as the mobility of businesses and labor through immigration globalization is thought to be a reason for rising income and wealth inequality in the U.S. |
| Social Mobility | the movement between different positions within a system of social stratification in any given society, OR the possibility of society members changing their social position in the social hierarchy |
| Structural Mobility | mobility that is inevitable from changes in the economy |
| Status-Attainment Model | approach that ranks individuals by socioeconomic status (SES), including income and educational attainment, and seeks to specify the attributes characteristic of people who end up in more desirable occupations |
| Max Weber’s concept of class | grouping people according to the value of their property or labor in the commercial marketplace |
| The income gap between high-income and low-income individuals | increased dramatically over the last 30 years. |
| benefits of wealth | Well being lower stress levels better health political influence longer life |
| 1/5 of the worlds population | lacks shelter |
| More then 1/5 | lacks safe water |
| 1/3 of the worlds people | are without electricity |
| More 2/5 | lack adequate sanitation |
| global inequality has | increased dramatically in the past 500 years |
| Exchange mobility | occurs when people essentially trade positions- the number of overall jobs stays the same, with some people moving up into better jobs and other moving down into worse ones |
| An ascription based stratification system | is one in which the allocation of rank depends on the characteristics a person is born with |
| An achievement based stratification system | is one in which the allocation of rank depends on a persons accomplishments. |
| Which of the following standards of equality was key to the arguments of civil rights leaders in the 1960s? | equality of opportunity |
| Which of the following is an example of an asset? | piece of property |
| Michael Hout’s interview on the value of a college degree explains some of the difficulties for certain families to send their children to college. According to Hout, what is one source of difficulty? | The cost of college is increasing, and a larger proportion of costs are borne by individuals and families rather than states. |
| Socioeconomic status can best be defined as ________ | an individual’s position in a stratified social order. |
| What has the pattern in income growth among low-, middle-, and high-income earners in the United States over the past 30 years looked like? | Income growth for high-income individuals has far outpaced that of middle- and low-income individuals. |
| Of the following social theorists, whose ideas about private property and social conflict could be said to align most closely with those of Karl Marx? | Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
| Tina believes that inequality is necessary to keep Earth’s population in check. Her view is most consistent with the views of which theorist? | Robert Malthus |
| In responding to surveys asking them to rank various occupations according to status, people place more emphasis on the ________ of the position than the position’s ________ | educational requirements, income level |
| The ________ is a politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility. | estate system |
| The decline in manufacturing jobs and the growth of service-sector jobs over the last 30 years has created opportunities for what kind of mobility? | structural mobility |
| Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel’s theory about inequality is called ________ | the master–slave dialectic |
| A meritocracy is ________ | a society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability, and achievement |
| How did the post–World War II economic boom contribute to a blurring of the lines between the middle class and the working class? | Higher wages for working-class whites gave these individuals greater access to markers of a middle-class lifestyle, such as home ownership, a college education for their children, and more leisure activities. |
| Stratification can best be defined as ________ | systematic inequalities between groups of people that arise as intended or unintended consequences of social processes and relationships. |
| NOT a reason Sachs gives for inequalities between many countries in Africa and many countries in the rest of the world? | Many Africans resisted globalization, as aspects of it threatened their traditional ways of life. |
| Why do the three partners who own a small graphic design business fit into what Erik Olin Wright calls contradictory class locations? | The fact that they own their own business puts them in the capitalist class, but they do not control the labor of others. |
| Which of the following is a religion-based system of stratification? | caste system |
| Your friend Gabriel is wearing a t-shirt that says, “Ask me why I support affirmative action.” When you ask him, he says he believes everyone deserves an equal starting point. What type of equality is Gabriel arguing in favor of? | equality of condition |
| C. Wright Mills sees the consolidation of power among a small number of institutions and leaders as ________ | harmful to the interests of the masses. |
Created by:
liviwasserman