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Industry and Nation
20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 20.4, 22.1, 22.2, 22.3, 22.4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Charles Townshend | Lord who urged farmers to grow turnips which restored exhausted soil |
| Jethro Tull | Invented new mechanical device, the seed drill, to aid farmers by depositing seeds in rows rather than scattering them wastefully |
| Thomas Newcomen | Inventor of the steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of mines |
| James Watt | Improved Newcomen's engine |
| Abraham Darby | Used coal to smelt iron or separate iron from its ore and also removed impurities from coal which meant better-quality and less expensive iron |
| Anesthetic | Drug that prevents pain during surgery |
| Enclosure | Process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers |
| Smelt | Separate iron from its ore |
| Describe how the Industrial Revolution changed daily life, becoming a turning point in history | The rural way of life began to disappear, transportation advanced, and cities began to grow and grow |
| Identify three causes of the population explosion in Europe | Declining death rates, better hygiene/sanitation and medical care, as well as the agricultural revolution |
| Explain the impact of steam power | Key power source fro technology during industrial revolution |
| Explain the impact of improved iron | Better-quality and less-expensive and it was able to be used more widely on projects such as railroads |
| John Kay | Inventor of the flying shuttle which was helpful but eventually the weavers worked so fast that they outpaced the spinners |
| James Hargreaves | Inventor of the spinning jenny which allowed multiple threads to be spun at the same time |
| Richard Arkwright | Inventor of the waterframe which used water power to speed up spinning |
| George Stephenson | Developed steam-powered locomotives to pull carriages along iron rails |
| Capital | Wealth to invest in enterprises such as shipping, mines, railroads, and factories |
| Factory | Places that brought together workers and machines to produce a large number of goods |
| Turnpike | Privately built roads that charged a feee to travelers who used them |
| Describe four factors that helped bring about the Industrial Revolution in Britain | Resources, new technology, economic conditions, political and social conditions |
| How did the Industrial Revolution transform the textile industry? | It led to the putting-out system which led to new inventions and eventually factories |
| Three examples of how transportation improved in the early 1800s | Turnpikes, railroads, steamships |
| Bessemer Process | Process to purify iron ore and produce steel |
| Alfred Nobel | Inventor of Dynamite to use for destruction and was to his dismay eventually used in warfare he also earned a fortune which he used to fund the Nobel prize awards |
| Micheal Faraday | Invented the first simple electric motor and the first dynamo or machine that generates electricity |
| Thomas Edison | Inventor of the first electric lightbulb |
| Henry Ford | American car maker that made cars that reached 25 miles per hour and also began to use the assembly line to mass-produce cars |
| Orville and Wilbur Wright | Two bicycle makers who designed and flew a flimsy airplane introducing air transportation |
| Guglielmo Marconi | Inventer of the radio which gave the world a new way to communicate specifically using Morse's dot-and-dash code |
| Alfred Krupp | Inherited steelmaking business form his father and bought up coal and iron mines to create a monopoly |
| Dynamo | Machine that generates electricity |
| Interchangeable Parts | Identical components that could be used in place of one another |
| Assembly Line | When workers add parts to a product moving along a belt from one work station to the next |
| Stock | Shares in companies |
| Corporation | Businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock |
| Cartel | An association to fix prices |
| How did the Industrial Revolution spread in the 1800s? | New means of communication |
| How did technology help industry expand? | It allowed for industries to become more advanced as well as faster allowing for a bigger business |
| How did the need for capital lead to new business methods? | In order to get this capital they had to find new ways to make it which is how they eventually figured out stock markets and monopolies |
| Luddite | Rioters in England who were named after Ned Ludd who supposedly destroyed machines |
| John Wesley | Founder of the Methodist Church because he knew that people needed a personal sense of faith and he urged Christians to improve their lot by adopting sober and moral ways |
| Methodism | Church that preached sermons and hymns promising forgiveness and a better life to come which they shared with people living in the city |
| Urbanization | The movement of people to cities |
| Tenement | Multistory buildings divided into crowded apartments |
| Labor Union | Worker's organizations who had the right to bargain with employers for better wages, hours, and working conditions |
| Describe life in the new industrial city | It was very smelly, crowded, and very unsanitary |
| What were the main characteristics of factory work? | They worked very hard and for 12-16 hours on jobs in horrible working conditions and they ran on strict schedules |
| What special problems did factory work create for women? | They were gone from their houses for more than 12 hours a day giving them no time to be a caretaker of the house or a mom |
| How did the conditions of early industrial age improve? | Labor unions were created, new factories opened creating jobs, wages rose, and train fare decreased |
| Thomas Malthus | Wrote about population and the economy and said that eventually the population would outpace the food production and encouraged people to have fewer children |
| Iron Law of Wages | Written by David Ricardo and pointed out that when wages were high, families had more children but more children meant a greater supply of labor which led to lower wages and more unemployment |
| John Stuart Mill | Believed that actions and their effects decided whether or not that action was worthy he believed in individual freedom but also wanted the government to help the working class whom he eventually got political power |
| Utopians | People who tried to build self-sufficient communities in which all work was shared and all proper was owned in common with no class system |
| Karl Marx | German philosopher who came up with the idea of communism and wrote the communist manifesto |
| Utilitarianism | The idea that the goal of society should be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" of its citizens |
| Socialism | The people as a whole rather than private individuals would own and operate the farms factories railways and other large businesses that produced and distributed goods |
| Means of Production | Farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produced and distributed goods |
| Communism | Form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and employees as unavoidable |
| Proletariat | Working class |
| Describe the views of Adam Smith | He supported a free market with unregulated exchange of goods and services to help everyone |
| Describe the views of Thomas Malthus | He predicted that the population would outpace the food supply and recommended that people not have as many children |
| Describe the views of David Ricardo | He also encouraged people to not have as many children but more so because more children meant worse working conditions and lower wages |
| Contrast the approaches of utilitarians and socialists to solving economic problems | Utilitarians fought for a free market and individualism but with some government power whereas socialists wanted no government power but to overlook society as a whole |
| Describe Karl Marx's views of history | He said that all of history there has always been class struggles and that in order to stop conflict the class system needed to be destroyed |
| How have events challenged Karl Marx's view on history? | Instead of the class struggles splitting people up nationalism brought them together |
| Louis Pasteur | French chemist who was able to clearly show the link between microbes and disease and |
| Robert Koch | German doctor who identified thhe bacteria that cause tuberculosis |
| Florence Nightingale | British nurse who improved hygiene in hospitals |
| Joseph Lister | English surgeon who discovered how antiseptics prevent infection |
| Germ Theory | The theory that certain microbes might cause scientific infectious diseases |
| Urban Renewal | Rebuilding of poor areas of a city |
| Mutual-Aid Society | Self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers |
| Standard of Living | Measured quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society |
| Why did the rate of population growth increase in the late 1800s? | The death rate fell |
| Describe three ways that city life changed in the 1800s | Landscape was being renewed, sanitary conditions were being improved, urban aareas were made more liveable |
| What laws helped workers in the late 1800s? | All men were granted the right to vote and also were given the right to organize unions, also working conditions were improved, also some insurance was made |
| Atomic Theory | Developed by John Dalton that showed how different kinds of atoms combine to make all chemical substances |
| Charles Lyell | Author of Principles of Geology who offered evidence to show that the Earth had formed over millions of years, but he caused controversy in that his views did not agree with the bible |
| Natural Selection | Charles Darwin's theory that all plants and animals produce more offspring than the food supply can support and as a result members of each species constantly compete to survive and natural forces select species with the best physical traits for location |
| Social Darwinism | Not promoted by Darwin, but some people used his thoughts and applied them to human society wanting to "weed out" the weakest of humans |
| Salvation Army | Set up by Catherine and William Booth to spread Christian teachings and provide social services |
| Cult of Domesticity | The idea that the best women do nothing outside of being a mother and being a home maker (ex. sayings such as "home sweet home") |
| Temperance Movement | Campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages, women campaigned for this believing that alcohol threatened family life |
| Women's Suffrage | Women's right to vote |
| Racism | Belief that one racial group is superior to another |
| Social Gospel | Movement that urged Christians to social service |
| How did the social order change in industrial nations? | The middle class started to become more important and they started becoming higher up on the social ladder |
| Describe three values associated with the middle class | Strict code of etiquette, children were seen not heard, the perfect wife stayed at home |
| What were the main goals of the women's movement? | Women's suffrage and equality |
| Why did the women's movement face strong opposition? | They said that women were too emotion to vote and that women needed to be protected from politics as well as saying that a women's place was at home not government |
| Why did the ideas of Charles Darwin cause controversy? | It went against the bible |
| What services did religious organizations provide? | Social services such as schools, hospitals, etc. |
| Lord Byron | Romanticism writer who introduced a new kind of hero that was mysterious and melancholy |
| Johann Wolfgang von Goethe | Germany's greatest writer who wrote the dramatic poem Faust |
| Ludwig van Beethoven | German composer who combined classical forms of music with new sound and a modern orchestra |
| Charlotte Bronte | Author of Jane Eyre |
| Charles Dickens | English novelist who portrayed the lives of slum dwellers and factory workers including children |
| Gustave Courbet | French realist artist who only painted things seen in real life |
| Claude Monet | Impressionist painters who put colors side by side without blending sot that the human eye would mix them into new colors this created a fresh view on familiar subjects |
| Postimpressionists | Painters with a variety of styles such s painting with little dots or bright colors |
| Romanticism | Glorified nature and sought to excite strong emotions in their audiences |
| Realism | An attempt to represent the world as it was in art |
| Impressionism | Painting an event or thing based on the first impression of it rather than trying to paint it realistically |
| How did romantics respond to the Enlightenment? | They showed the flaws in industrialized society |
| Describe three subjects romantics favored | Nature, mystery, and heroes |
| How did Dickens and Ibsen explore realistic themes? | Through literature they illustrated how their society really was |
| How did photography influence the development of painting? | It led to impressionism because there was no longer to paint something as exactly as possible because it could be done with a camera |
Created by:
caroline_cole