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Psych Exam #2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Consciousness | Awareness of self and environment |
| Name the states of consciousness in each category: spontaneous, physiologically induce, and psychologically induced. | Spontaneous = daydreaming, drowsiness, dreaming. Physiologically = hallucinations, orgasm, oxygen or food starvation. Psychologically = Sensory deprivation, hypnosis, and meditation. |
| What is the illusions of control? | The tendency for human beings to believe they can control or at least influence outcomes that they really have no control of at all. |
| What are the benefits of the illusion of control? | If we were aware of how little control we actually have in day to day life, we would freak out and not be able to function well (if at all) in a task as simple as driving a car. |
| What are the cost of the illusion of control? | It may cause insensitivity to feedback, impeded learning, and predispose toward greater risk taking. |
| What is the main enforcer of the illusion of control? | Overconfidence. When actions that we take turn out the way we want them, we gain confidence. For example, if your favorite team always wins when you where your lucky jersey, you believe it actually does something and repeat that same behavior. |
| What might a person experience if their visual perception track was impaired but their visual action track was not? | Blindsight |
| Define blindsight | A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experience it. |
| Explain what causes blindight | Our vision is a dual-processing system. A visual perception track enables us to recognize things and plan future actions. A visual action track guides our moment-to-moment movements. |
| In the video of the "color changing card trick" and the person asking for directions swap, what phenomenon did we observe? | Change blindness |
| Define and explain change blindness | Failing to notice changes in the environment. Our ability to attend is much more than we believe. |
| "That trick wouldn't have fooled me." What is this an example of? | Hindsight bias |
| Define hindsight bias. | the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. Also known as the "I-knew-it-all-along" phenomenon. |
| Research has shown that brain activity increases no more than 5% when we are intently focused on an activity. What conclusions can you draw from this? | Consciousness accounts for only a small part of what the brain does. |
| What is dual processing? | the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks. |
| Explain dual processing. | Perception, memory, thinking, language, and attitude all operate on 2 levels = a conscious deliberate "high road" and an unconscious, automatic "low road". We know more than we know we know. |
| When observing the hollow face illusion, why do people reach for the speck on the face inside the inverted mask? | the visual processing center constructs the illusion of the face pointing towards me, but the sensory motor cortices recognize the actual position of the speck. What their conscious mind doesn't know, their hand does. |
| During a robbery, the bank teller is so distracted by the weapon that she fails to recognize what the robbers looked like. What is this an example of? | Selective attention |
| Define selective attention | when our awareness focuses on a minute aspect of all we are experiencing. |
| Define and give an example of change blindness | Failing to notice changes in the environment. For example, the video where the person asking for directions swapped with a completely different person and the other person failed to notice. |
| Define and give an example of choice blindness. | when someone fails to notice when they are presented with something different than what they chose and then comes up with reason to defend their choice. The jam flavor preference and picture choosing video both show this phenomenon. |
| The pop-out phenomenon illustrates that some stimuli almost inevitably trigger... (explain) | selective attention. bigger, bright, or different in any way, objects demand our attention. |
| The two examples discussed of the jam preference and picture preference illustrate what phenomenon? | Choice blindness |
| How do you explain choice blindness (in relation to the jam and picture examples)? | Our overconfidence bias or post-rationalizing allows us to maintain our illusion of control (and we like it that way!) The brain is designed to make sense of things, so when they don't, we make something up and make it seem to ourselves that it is right. |
| Explain the circadian rhythm. | The biological clock or our regular body rhythms (temperature, wakefulness,etc.) that occur on a 24-hour cycle. |
| What are hypnagogic sensations? | Also known as hallucinations, these occur during NREM-1 sleep. They are sensory experience that occur without a sensory stimulus. |
| Give some examples of hynpagogic sensations. | Floating, falling, bright light, paralysis, voices. |
| Why might a hypnagogic sensation make believe believe that they had been abducted by aliens or some other similar feeling? | These sensations may later be incorporated in to our memories. When someone has experience a bright light and then a sense of floating. Our brain wants to make sense of that, so we relate it to something we have seen in a movie or experience before. |
| What effect would living somewhere where the sun shines 6 months out of the year have on someone? | Impaired circadian rhythms, loss of sleep, stress, impaired memory, psychotic episodes, decrease in melatonin production. |
| Describe the relationship between stress and sleep. | Stress interferes with sleep, lack of sleep increases stress, stress impairs sleep....and so on. |
| List the 5 prevailing theories about why people sleep. | Protection, recuperation, memory consolidation, creativity and problem solving, growth and physical performance. |
| If someone tells you that they never dream, what would your educated response be? | Everyone dreams. Not everyone remembers it. |
| Dreams occur in what stage of sleep? | REM |
| Authors, therapists, and others say that memories of sexual abuse, childhood education, and satanic ritual abuse have been recovered with the aid of hypnosis. What do you make of this? | When experience hypnosis, people are in a highly suggestive state which makes it very easy to create false memories. You can't recover memories, only create new ones. |
| List the 2 prevailing theories about hypnosis. | Social phenomenon and divided consciousness. |
| Describe the social phenomenon theory of hypnosis. | Like actors caught up in their roles, subjects begin to fell and behave in ways appropriate for a "good hypnotic subject:". The more they like and trust the hypnotists, the more they allow that person to direct their attention and fantasies. |
| Describe the dual processing theory of hypnosis. | a special state of dissociation - a split between different levels of consciousness. Viewed as a vivid form of everyday mind split, similar to doodling while listening to a lecture or typing the end of a sentence while starting a conversation. |
| What process appears to be occurring when hypnotized subjects appear to be immune to pain? How does this happen? | Selective attention. Hypnosis doesn't block sensory input, but may block our attention to those stimuli. |
| The effects of a psychoactive substance depends on what else besides just the chemical involved? Give an example. | Expectancy effects: the user's expectations of the substance influence their behavior. When people believe that alcohol affects social behavior in certain ways, they believe that after consuming alcohol they will act accordingly. |
| Alcohol is classified as a depressant. Why do people think of it as a stimulant? | Alcohol slows brain activity that controls judgment inhibitions. Without judgment inhibition, an drunk individual might be more to prone to loud, obnoxious behavior and may appear very full of energy and "stimulated". |
| When alcoholics are sober, they say that drinking and driving is definitely wrong but after drinking, they drive home. Explain and discuss the loss of judgment and inhibitions that occurs. | Intoxicated people often make decisions that they wouldn't normally make, and don't even realize what they're doing. |
| Name and define the basic categories of psychoactive durgs. | Depressants: reduce neural activity and slow body functions. Stimulants: excites neural activity and speeds up body functions. Hallucinogenics: distort perceptions and evoke sensory images int he absence of sensory input. |
| Name 3 specific substances in each category: depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogenic. | Depressant: alcohol, heroine, benzodiazepines. Stimulants: meth, cocaine, nicotine, and caffeine. Hallucinogenics: Marijuana, LSD, PSP. |
| What is the difference between blacking out and passing out? | When blacking out, a person is active but with impaired judgment. Black out interferes with short term memory functions. Subjects won't remember the 6 honest serving men. Passing out is a loss of consciousness, a temporary coma. |
| What are the basic characteristics of withdrawal symptoms, especially from long-term us? | Your body is trying to achieve homeostasis (balance). If your body has become used to the presence of a substance, removing that will results in an imbalance. The predominant withdrawal symptoms of a substance are usually the opposite of the effects. |
| List the 8 potential dangers of ecstasy use. | Dehydration, overheating, increased blood pressure, on-going depressed mood, slowed thought process, suppressed immune system, disrupted sleep, and death. |
| What are the flaws in the defense of marijuana because "it's natural". | It's not really natural, it undergoes a tremendous increase in potency from it's natural state. Natural doesn't mean good necessarily. Hemlock, poison oak, bears, spiders, snakes are all natural but aren't considered good by most people! |
| List 4 kinds of evidence that demonstrate the biological influences of addiction. | Adoption studies, twin studies, genetic studies. |
| What is the main thing to note when assessing substance dependence? | Continued use despite negative consequences. |
| When a tendency is described it should be understood that... | a tendency is not a rule! |
| Mens' tendency toward serving and protecting is a response to the hormone..... | testosterone |
| Women's tendency toward tend and befriend is a responseto the hormone... | oxytocin. |
| Why does the text state that parenting matters? What difference does it make? | Parenting plays a huge roll in a child's religious beliefs, values, manners, attitude towards others, political views, and habits. |
| Name and describe the 3 types of infant temperament. | Easy: cheerful, relaxed, and predictable. Difficult: irritable, intense, unpredictable. Slow to warm up: tends to resists or withdraw from new people and situation. |
| What is an evocative reaction? | Environments can trigger gene activity. Gene and scene dance together. |
| Give an example of an evocative reaction. | Siblings raised in different families that both have a gene for a short-temper.1 kid is raised in a stressful, high-energy environement and 1 is raised in a calm, slow-paced, quieter family.The1st child is more like to short-temper. |
| Describe and define the epigenetics effect. | Predisposal toward certain fears and behaviors that are considered adaptive. Environmental factors such as diet, drugs, and stress can affect the epigenetic molecules that regulate gene expression. |
| Give an example of the epigenetics effect. | Experimenters observe two groups of mice, those that got attention from their parents and those that didn't and the phenotypes were different. |
| Give some examples of how you could enrich a child's environment: | free-time, outdoors, artistic activities, read, pet, older-younger sibling help. |
| Describe what is meant by "pruning process". | This refers to the normally occurring process that change and reduce the number of neurons, synapses, and axons that exist within the brain and nervous systems. |
| What is an individualist culture? | A culture that views higher priority to personal goals and define their identity mostly in terns of personal attributes. |
| What is the social learning theory? | The idea that children copy their parents modeling of behaviors. |
| What is gender identity? | The sense of being male or female. |
| What is a collective culture? | Have deeper, more stable attachments to their family, clan, or company. They tend to place less value on expressing a consistent, unique self-concept, and more on tradition and shared practices. |
| Explain what factors might affects the fact that men tend to be more physically aggressive and women tend to be more relationally agressive. | Greater intimacy of female social patterns lead to a greater chance of sharing and passing along personal information.Males aggression tend to come from a desire for control, dominance, power, and leadership. |
| Give some eamples of relational agression. | Gossip, back-stabbing, exclusion. |
| What is the biological imperative? | the needs for living organisms required to perpetuate their existence. |
Created by:
EffieSL