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Anatomy Unit 5
chapters 20-21
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The major calyces of the kidney converge to form this enlarged channel | renal pelvis |
| This is the basic histological and functional unit of the kidney | nephron |
| Diuretics affect the urine in this way | Increase the urine flow |
| 1 Renal corpuscle 2 Collecting duct 3 Loop of henle 4 Distal tubule 5 Proximal tubule Arrange the parts in order as fluid flows from the filtration membrane through the nephron | 15432 |
| Water leaves the nephron by this mechanism | Osmosis |
| The urinary bladder can contain 1 liter of urine, but discomfort becomes noticeable when the volume exceeds 500 mL | true |
| These substances normally cannot pass through the filtration membrane | Hemoglobin |
| Putting a patient with hypertension on a low sodium diet would have this effect | Reduces the osmolality of the blood ADH secretion is inhibited Produces dilute urine and elevated water Reduces blood volume and blood pressure |
| This statement best describes principal cells in the distal tubules and collecting duct | Respond to ADH and aldosterone |
| This trigaular of the urinary bladder is between the two ureters posteriorly and the urethra anterior | trigone |
| The juxtaglomerular cells of the ___________ and the macula densa cells of the ______________ for the juxtaglomerular apparatus | Afferent arteriole (going into the glomerulus) , distal tubule |
| Drinking a large amount of beer results in this | Decreased urine osmolality Increased urine in volume |
| A decrease in systemic blood pressure results in dilation of the afferent arterioles which prevents a decrease in renal blood flow and filtration pressure | true |
| This condition reduces filtration pressure in the glomerulus | Constrict the afferent arterioles |
| The urinary bladder is lined with this tissue | Transitional epithelium |
| Intracellular fluid | Has a lower concentration of sodium ions than extracellular fluid |
| The major effect of acidosis is the ______________ of the nervous system wheras a major effect of alkalosis is the __________ of the nervous system | Depression, hyperexcitability |
| Reduced elimination of co2 from the body results in this | Respiratory acidosis |
| An increase in blood carbon dioxide levels is followed by an ______ in H+ and a ___________ in blood pH | Increase, decrease |
| Aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by angiotensin II and this | Elelvated blood k+ ions |
| All causes of metabolic acidosis except | Ingestion of sodium bicarbonate |
| This substance is necessary for the transport of Ca+ ions across the wall of the intestinal tract | Vitamin D |
| Hyperventilation due to emotions | Respiratory alkalosis |
| A decrease in blood pressure has this effect | Results in increased aldosterone secretion |
| The reaction between CO2 and H2O is catalyzed by | Carbonic anhydrase |
| These statements about the secretion of atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) are true except: | Decreases water loss Works through sodium wasting Lowers blood pressure Puts sodium in the urine |
| Hyprosecretion of ADH causes this | Diabetes insipidus |
| Mr. has an E. coli infection that produces severe diarrhea and causes metabolic acidosis. The following effects are observed: | Blood pH decrease Increase respiratory rate to combat the acidosis H+ are secreted into the urine |
| The chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are most sensitive to changes in blood concentration of | oxygen. |
| The inflation reflex is activated when stretch receptors are stimulated during inspiration. | True |
| Changes in the respiratory system that accompany aging are | thickened mucus. slowed swallowing reflex. cilia become less active or vanish. |
| In bronchopulmonary dysplasia, the lungs newborns inflamed and scarred. Most infants recover,die.experimental treatment cultures stem cells from umbilical cord. stem cells give rise to type II cells, give rise to more type I cells. In this treatment | the type II cells secrete surfactant and the type I cells form the respiratory membrane. |
| Carbon monoxide bonds to hemoglobin more effectively than does oxygen. | true |
| The intensity (volume) of a vocal sound is a result of the | force of air passing over the vocal cords. |
| Of the respiratory air volumes listed, which one has the largest volume? | vital capacity |
| The force that moves air into the lungs during inspiration comes from the | atmospheric pressure |
| "I'm going to hold my breath until I turn blue and stop breathing and die and it will be all your fault!" shrieked the 6-year-old at her father. The child was unable to carry out her threat because | increased CO2 and hydrogen ion concentration and decreased oxygen concentration stimulate chemoreceptors. |
| The first event in inspiration is | the diaphragm moves downward and the external intercostal muscles contract. |
| The right lung has ______ lobes; the left lung has ______ lobes. | superior, middle, and inferior; superior and inferior |
| When plasma glucose concentration exceeds the renal plasma threshold, | glucose appears in the urine. |
| Kidney stones are least likely to be composed of | chlolesterol |
| A biochemical important in glomerulus formation in the embryo is | VEGF |
| Michael is 26 years old. He becomes dehydrated after a long run if he has not drunk enough. His infant son Sean, however, becomes dehydrated fairly frequently. This difference in susceptibility to dehydration is because | infant kidneys are less able to conserve water. |
| A renal corpuscle includes the | glomerulus and glomerular capsule. |
| An increase in urine volume is termed | diuresis. |
| The organs of the urinary system are | paired kidneys, paired ureters, a bladder and a urethra. |
| The efferent arteriole supplies blood to the capillary of the glomerulus. | false |
| At the renal plasma threshold | more glucose is in the filtrate than active transport can handle. |
| Inulin and para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) can be used to determine glomerular filtration rate and the rate of blood flow through the kidneys, respectively. | true |
| The first capillary bed associated with the nephron | filters |
| In which of the following regions of the nephron is water actively transported? | none of the above |
| Compared to the average adult male, the average adult female has | less water and more adipose tissue. |
| A strong acid is one that _____ and an example is _____. | ionizes more completely; HC1 |
| The thirst center in the hypothalamus is stimulated by _____ of the extracellular fluid, and is inhibited by _____. | an increase in the osmotic pressure; distension of the stomach by water |
| Prolonged vomiting, in which only the stomach contents are lost, leads to | metabolic alkalosis. |
| The ratio of intracellular to extracellular fluids in the body of an average male is | 2:1 |
| Thirst is triggered when total body water decreases by as little as | 1% |
| Maxwell has just finished a brutal 10 kilometer run. His body has | an increased production of carbonic acid and decreased pH of body fluids. |
| Which of the following would be most helpful in treating hypocalcemia? | Administering high doses of vitamin D and calcium salts |
| The buffer system in blood is formed by | hemoglobin binding hydrogen ions in red blood cells. |
| Acidosis is a pH of arterial blood | below 7.35 |
| An important stimulus for the secretion of aldosterone is | rising potassium ion concentration. |
| ventilation | movewhat makes the ment of air in and out of the lungs, breathing |
| external respiration | exchange of gases between the air in the lungs and the blood |
| internal respiration | exchange of gases between the blood and the body cells |
| cellular respiration | oxygen use and production of carbon dioxide by body cells as part of the process |
| what prevents the entry of large particles into the airways? | hairs in the nose |
| what divides the nasal cavity into two section? | nasal septum |
| what are the folds in the nasal cavity? | the nasal conchae |
| What are the names of the nasal conchae? | superior middle interior |
| where is the nasopharynx? | behind the nasal cavity above the mouth |
| where is the oropharynx? | behind the mouth connecting the nasal cavity to the mouth |
| where is the laryngopharynx? | below the epiglottis at the start of the espophagus |
| Which is the hole the glottis or the epiglottis? | the hole is the glottis the flap is the epiglottis |
| major events in expiration | diaphragm and external respiratory muscles relax, elastic tissues of the lung suddenly recoil and surface tension pulls in or on alveolar walls, tissues reconciling around the lungs increase the intra-alveolar pressure, air is forced out of the lungs |
| major events in inspiration | impulses the phrenic nerve 2 muscle fibers in the diaphragm contracting diaphragm moves down & the thoracic cavity expands intercostal muscles contract raising ribs intra alveolar prssure decreses atm greater than intra-alveloar prssure forces air in |
| tidal volume | the volume of air that enters or leaves during a respiratory cycle |
| inspiritory reserve volume | the forced maximal inspiration, 3000 mL |
| expiratory reserve volume | during a maximal forced expiration 1200 mL |
| air that remains | residual volume |
| total air | vital capacity |
| expiatory reserve + residual volume | functional residual capacity = 2300 |
| gas not exchanged in walls of passages | anatomic dead space |
| alveolar spaces that don't function | alveolar dead space |
| what is anatomic dead space + alveolar dead space | physiologist dead space |
| central chemoreceptors? | in ventral portions of the medulla oblongata near the origin of the vagus nerve, which responds to changes in pH indirectly |
| what happens with decreased O2 in peripheral receptors? | breathing rate and tidal volume vol rise increase alveolar ventilation |
| what is hemoglobin when combined with O2? | oxyhemoglobin |
| carbondioxide combing with hemoglobin | carbaminohemoglobin |
| what combines with water to make carbonic acid? | CO2 |
| what wastes do the kidneys secrete? | nitrogenous and sulfurous wastes of protein production |
| what hormones do the kidneys secrete? | erythropotietin (red blood cell formation) renin (blood pressure) vitamin D (calcium activation) |
| afferent arteriole? | goes towards the glomerulus |
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