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Bio Test 3
Comparative Biology Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Plants are the ______s in every ecosystem. | Producers |
| Plants purify the air by releasing _______ and taking up ______ ________ during photosynthesis. | Oxygen, carbon dioxide |
| Plants play a role in the production of _____ and human ________. | Fuel, nutrition |
| A _____ is an organism capable of converting light energy into chemical energy. | Plan |
| A plant is an organism capable of converting ______ energy into ______ energy. | Light, chemical |
| Plants are ______cellular. | Multicellular |
| Plants have cell walls made of _______. | Cellulose |
| Some organisms have plantlike characteristics but are not classified as plants. Name three examples of these. | Bacteria, Protists, Fungi |
| In what three ways do plants differ from organisms with plant-like characteristics? | 1. Alternation of generations and multicellular, dependent embryos 2. Multicellular- haploid gametangia 3. Apical meristems |
| Plants alternate between two multicellular stages: _______ and ________. | Gametophyte and sporophyte |
| _________s are haploid and produce haploid gametes by mitosis. | Gametophyte |
| __________s are diploid and produce haploid spores by meiosis. | Sporophytes |
| A __________ is an organ or cell in which gametes are produced that is found in many multicellular protists, algae, fungi, and the gametophytes of plants. | Gametangia |
| The egg gametangia is known as __________. | Archegonia |
| The sperm gametangia is known as _________. | Antherida |
| The ______ ________, or growing tip, is a tissue found in the buds and growing tips of roots in plants. Its main function is to begin growth of new cells in young seedlings at the tips of roots and shoots | Apical meristem |
| Land plants can be informally grouped based on the presence or absence of ______ tissue. | Vascular |
| Most plants have vascular tissue; these constitute the ______ plants. | Vascular |
| Nonvascular plants are commonly called __________s. | Bryophytes |
| Seedless vascular plants can be divided into two major groups: ______s and _______s. | Lycophytes, pterophytes |
| Club mosses and their relatives belong to the __________ group. | Lycophyte |
| Ferns and their relatives belong to the _______ group. | Pterophyte |
| A ____ is an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat. | Seed |
| Seed plants can be divided into two main groups: __________s and _______s. | Gymnosperms, angiosperms |
| __________s contain the “naked seed” plants, including the conifers. | Gymnosperms |
| __________s contain the flowering plants. | Angiosperms |
| _________s are ubiquitous, meaning that they are found everywhere. | Prokaryotes |
| Prokaryotes are microscopic, but _________. | Numerous |
| True or false: Prokaryotes can be seen with the naked eye. | False, they are microscopic. |
| ________ of seed plants allowed for permanent settlements. | Domestication |
| Prokaryotes are mostly unicellular, but sometimes form _______s. | Colonies |
| Prokaryotes are divided into two domains: _______ and ______. | Bacteria, archaea |
| Prokaryotic cells have a variety of shapes. What are the three most common shapes? | 1. Spheres (cocci) 2. Rods (bacilli) 3. Spirals |
| What are the surface structures of the prokaryote? | Capsule, cell wall, fimbriae, pili, flagella |
| The _____ _____ maintains cell shape, protects the cell, and prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment. | Cell wall |
| Bacteria contain ___________, a network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides. | Peptidoglycan |
| _____-________ bacteria have simpler walls with a large amount of peptidoglycan. | Gram positive |
| _____-_______ bacteria have less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that can be toxic. | Gram negative |
| ______ contain polysaccharides and proteins but lack peptidoglycan. | Archaea |
| Archaea contain polysaccharides and proteins but lack _________. | Peptidoglycan |
| A ______ is a polysaccharide or protein layer external to the cell wall. | Capsule |
| Hair like appendages found in some bacteria which allow them to stick to their substrate or other individuals in a colony. | Fimbriae |
| _____ are longer than fimbriae and allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA. | Pili |
| In prokaryotes, _____ allow for motility (taxis) | Flagella |
| Prokaryotic cells usually lack complex ____________. | Compartmentalization |
| In prokaryotes, _________s may become specialized for specific functions. | Membranes |
| The prokaryotic genome has (more/less) DNA than the eukaryotic genome. | Less |
| Most of the prokaryotic genome consists of a _______ chromosome. | Circular |
| True or false: The circular chromosome of the prokaryotic genome is surrounded by a membrane. | False, it is not surrounded by a membrane |
| Some species of bacteria have smaller rings of DNA called _______s. | Plasmids |
| Prokaryotes reproduce quickly by _____ ______ and can divide every 1–3 hours. | Binary fission |
| Prokaryotes reproduce quickly by binary fission and can divide every _-_ hours. | 1-3 |
| What are the three key features of prokaryotic reproduction? | Small Reproduce through binary fission Short generation times |
| Binary fission (does/does not) result in genetic variation. | Does not |
| Prokaryotes have considerable genetic variation. What are the two factors that contribute to this genetic variation? | Mutation, genetic recombination |
| The combining of DNA from two sources is known as ______ _________. | Genetic recombination |
| Prokaryotic DNA from different individuals can be brought together by what three processes? | 1. Transformation 2. Transduction 3. |
| _______ occurs when a prokaryotic cell take up and incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding environment. | Transformation |
| __________ is the movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria). | Transduction |
| _________ is the process where genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells. | Conjugation |
| Briefly describe the process of conjugation. | A donor cell attaches to a recipient by a pilus, pulls it closer, and transfers DNA |
| Prokaryotes can be categorized by how they obtain energy and carbon. What are the two divisions of prokaryotes? | Autotrophs Heterotrophs |
| ________s are organisms that can produce their own food from the substances available in their surroundings using light (photosynthesis) or chemical energy (chemosynthesis). | Autotrophs |
| _________s cannot synthesize their own food and rely on other organisms -- both plants and animals -- for nutrition. | Heterotrophs |
| What is the energy source of chemoautotrophs? | Inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), or ferrous iron (Fe2+) |
| What types of organisms do chemoautotrophs consist of? | Certain, unique prokaryotes (for example, Sulfolobus) |
| What are the carbon sources of chemoautotrophs? | Carbon dioxide (CO2), bicarbonate (HCO3-), related compounds |
| ____________s are able to synthesize their own organic molecules from the fixation of carbon dioxide. | Chemoautotrophs |
| What is the energy source of photoautotrophs? | Light |
| What types of organisms do photoautotrophs consist of? | Photosynthetic prokaryotes, plants, certain protists |
| What are the carbon sources of photoautotrophs? | Carbon dioxide (CO2), bicarbonate (HCO3-), related compounds |
| ___________s are capable of synthesizing their own food from inorganic substances using light as an energy source. Green plants and photosynthetic bacteria belong to this group. | Photoautotrophs |
| What is the energy source of photoheterotrophs? | Light |
| What is the carbon source of photoheterotrophs? | Organic compounds |
| What types of organisms do photoheterotrophs consist of? | Certain aquatic and salt-loving prokaryotes |
| What is the energy source of chemoheterotrophs? | Organic compounds |
| What is the carbon source of chemoheterotrophs? | Organic compounds |
| ___________s are organisms that use light for energy, but cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source. | Photoheterotrophs |
| What types of organisms do chemoheterotrophs consist of? | Many prokaryotes and protists, animals, fungi, some plants |
| ____________ are unable to synthesize their own organic molecules. Instead, these organisms must ingest preformed carbon molecules, such as carbohydrates and lipids, synthesized by other organisms. | Chemoheterotrophs |
| Prokaryotic metabolism varies with respect to _______. | Oxygen (O2) |
| ______ _____s require O2 for cellular respiration. | Obligate aerobes |
| _______ _______ are poisoned by O2 and use fermentation or anaerobic respiration. | Obligate anaerobes |
| ________ ___________ can survive with or without O2. | Faculative anaerobes |
| Archaea do not have _________ in their cell wall. | Peptidoglycan |
| Special membranes allow _________s to function in extreme conditions. | Archaea |
| Special __________s allow archaea to function in extreme conditions. | Membranes |
| What are the three types of archaea? | 1. Halophiles 2. Thermoacidophiles 3. Methanogens |
| This type of archaea live in highly saline environments. | Halophiles |
| This type of archaea thrive in very hot, acidic environments. | Thermoacidophiles |
| This type of archaea live in swamps and marshes and produce methane as a waste product. They are strict anaerobes and are poisoned by O2 | Methanogens |
| Prokaryotes function as _________s, breaking down dead organisms and waste products. | Decomposers |
| An ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact. | Symbiosis |
| A relationship between two species of organisms in which both benefit from the association. | Mutualism |
| A relationship between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm. | Commensalism |
| A non-mutual symbiotic relationship between species, where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host. | Parasitism |
| Experiments using prokaryotes have led to important advances in DNA technology. For example, _______ is used in gene cloning. | E. coli |
| Experiments using prokaryotes have led to important advances in DNA technology. For example, E. coli is used in ____ ________. | Gene |
| Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used to produce ________ _______. | Transgenic plants |
| _________ ___________ is used to produce transgenic plants. | Agrobacterium tumefacians |
| __________ is a waste management technique that involves the use of organisms to remove or neutralize pollutants from a contaminated site. | Bioremediation |
| _______s aid in the production of antibiotics, vitamins and hormones. | Prokaryotes |
| ________s aid in the production of fuel from bio wastes. | Prokaryotes |
| Protists are ___________s. | Eukaryotes |
| Eukaryotic cells have ________s and are more complex than prokaryotic cells. | Organelles |
| _________ cells have organelles and are more complex than prokaryotic cells. | Eukaryotic |
| Seed plants fall into two groups: | Gymnosperms, angiosperms |
| Protists are known as the "_____ ___ group." | Catch all |
| ______s exhibit more structural and functional diversity than any other group of eukaryotes. | Protists |
| In protists, reproduction is done through both ______ and ______ means. | Sexual, asexual |
| There are three protist groups based on _______. | Nutrition |
| There are three protest groups based on nutrition. What are they? | Heterotrophic Saprophytes Autotrophic |
| Protozoa (unicellular organisms) are __________ (protist group). | Heterotrophic |
| Fungus-like organisms such as slime mold and water mold are _________s (protist group). | Saprophytes |
| Organisms that use photosynthesis, such as algae, are ___________ (protist group). | Autotrophic |
| The animal-like protists are known as __________. | Protozoa |
| Protozoa are classified based on _________. | Locomotion |
| What are the four groups of protozoa based on locomotion? | Flagellates Amoeboid Ciliates Apicomplexa |
| Flagellates move via _________. | Flagella |
| Flagellates live in ______ environments. | Moist |
| Trichonympha, trypanosomes, and Giardia are examples of ________s. | Flagellates |
| Trichonympha is an example of a _________ flagellate. | Mutualistic |
| Trypanosomes and Giardia are examples of _________ flagellates. | Parasitic |
| Amoeboids move via ___________s. | Pseudopods |
| _________s are cellular extensions in which cytoplasm flows. | Pseudopods |
| Free-living amoeba and Entamoeba hystolitica (parasitic) are examples of _________s. | Amoeboids |
| Ciliates use _____ for movement. | Cilia |
| _____ beat in an organized, rhythmic manner. | Cilia |
| Paramecium are examples of ________ . | Ciliates |
| Non-motile parasites belong to the protozoa group ________. | Apicomplexa |
| Apicomplexa have a _____-like stage in their life cycle. | Spore |
| Plasmodium, the parasite which causes malaria in humans, is an example of ___________. | Apicomplexa |
| Decompose remains Look like cottony growths on dead or living fish Cause mildew on fruits and vegetables Caused the Irish potato blight What do these things refer to? | Water mold |
| Move like amoeba Digest dead organic matter Can be several cm wide Can be a variety of colors What do these things refer to? | Slime mold |
| How do autotrophic protists (algae) obtain energy? | Photosynthesis |
| Algae may have ________ pigments. | Accessory |
| Algae requires _____ environments- no cuticle present. | Moist |
| Algae are ______ in structure. | Diverse |
| Algae lack _______ tissues. | Vascular |
| ______ have no true leaves, stems, or roots. | Algae |
| Red algae are reddish in color due to an accessory pigment called _________, which masks the green of chlorophyll | Phycoerythrin |
| Red algae are typically found in ____, ______ waters. | Warm, tropical |
| Red algae are mostly ______cellular. | Multicellular |
| __________ is obtained from red algae. | Carrageenan |
| _______ algae are the largest and most complex algae. | Brown |
| All brown algae are ______cellular. | Multicellular |
| Most brown algae are (freshwater/marine). | Marine |
| ______ algae include many species commonly called “seaweeds.” Examples include giant seaweeds called kelps that live in deep parts of the ocean | Brown |
| The algal body is plantlike but lacks true roots, stems, and leaves and is called a _______. | Thallus |
| The rootlike _______ anchors the stemlike stipe, which in turn supports the leaflike blades. | Holdfast |
| The rootlike holdfast anchors the stemlike _____, which in turn supports the leaflike blades. | Stipe |
| The rootlike holdfast anchors the stemlike stipe, which in turn supports the leaflike _______s. | Blades |
| _______s make up the largest group of algae. | Diatoms |
| Diatoms are ____cellular algae. | Unicellular |
| Diatoms are unicellular algae with a unique glass-like wall of ______ ______. | Hydrated silica |
| Diatoms usually reproduce _______ly. | Asexually, |
| ______s are a major component of phytoplankton and are highly diverse. | Diatoms |
| Diatoms are a major component of __________ and are highly diverse. | Phytoplankton |
| Diatoms are _________ in shape. | Geometrical |
| Fossilized diatom walls compose much of the sediments known as ________ _______. | Diatomaceous earth |
| Dinoflagellates are mainly ___cellular. | Unicellular |
| Dinoflagellates are _________, meaning they have two flagella. | Biflagellate |
| Why is the nucleus unusual in dinoflagellates? | Chromosomes are usually visible |
| In dinoflagellates, the cell is reinforced by _______ _____s. | Cellulose plates |
| Dinoflagellates are abundant components of both marine and freshwater ___________. | Phytoplankton |
| __________ are abundant components of both marine and freshwater phytoplankton. | Dinoflagellates |
| Some ________s are bioluminescent. | Dinoflagellates |
| Toxic “red tides” are caused by _______ blooms. | Dinoflagellate |
| Reproduction is commonly ______ in dinoflagellates. | Asexual |
| The second largest group of algae is _____ algae. | Green |
| ______ algae is the most diverse group of algae. | Green |
| Green algae are named for their grass-green ________s. | Chloroplasts |
| Green algae consists of Chlorophyll A and B, as in _____ plants. | Land plants |
| Most green algae live in ______ water. | Fresh |
| Most green algae live in fresh water, while few like _____ live in marine habitat. | Ulva |
| Protists are found in diverse _______ environments. | Aquatic |
| Protists may play what three roles? | Producer Symbiont Parasite |
| Many protists are important _______s that obtain energy from the sun. | Producers |
| Excess algae growth may be dangerous to aquatic __________. | Biodiversity |
| Dinoflagellates nourish _____ polyps that build reefs. | Coral |
| Dinoflagellates nourish coral polyps that build _____s. | Reefs |
| Wood-digesting protists digest cellulose in the gut of _______s. | Termites |
| Some protists are parasitic. For example, ________ causes malaria. | Plasmodium |
| ______ _______ is a dinoflagellate that causes fish death. | Pfiesteria shumwayae |
| ________ ______ is a protist that causes sudden oak death. | Phytophthora ramorum |
| How do land plants obtain enough water? | Through their roots which anchor the plant in place and absorb water and minerals. |
| Land plants have roots to anchor the plant in place and absorb _____ and ________s. | Water, minerals |
| A _______ system is one in which the primary root becomes the main root of the plant with minimal branching consisting of secondary, smaller lateral roots. | Taproot |
| A ______ root is usually formed by thin, moderately branching roots growing from the stem. | Fibrous |
| What three things prevent excess water loss in land plants? | 1. Cuticle 2. Multicellular gametangia (sex organs) 3. Resistant coat on spores |
| A waxy layer covering the surface of all plant parts exposed to air: | Cuticle |
| Land plants can be informally grouped based on the presence or absence of _______ tissue. | Vascular |
| Most plants have vascular tissue; these constitute the ________ plants. | Vascular |
| Nonvascular plants are commonly called _________s. | Bryophytes |
| Seedless vascular plants can be divided into two groups: | Lycophytes and Pterophytes |
| Club mosses and their relatives are ____phytes. | Lycophytes |
| Ferns and their relatives are ______phytes. | Pterophytes |
| A ____ is an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat. | Seed |
| Seed plants can be divided into two groups: ________, the "naked seed" plants, and _________, the flowering plants. | Gymnosperms, angiosperms |
| The "naked seed" plants, including conifers, are ______sperms. | Gymnosperms |
| The flowering plants are ______sperms. | Angiosperms |
| Small leafy plants that usually grow in moist locations and forests or on edges of rivers etc, are known as _______s. | Bryophytes |
| _______s are an intermediate group between green algae and vascular plants. | Bryophytes |
| Bryophytes are an intermediate group between ______ algae and ______ plants. | Green algae, vascular plants |
| Bryophytes are (vascular/nonvascular) plants. | Non-vascular |
| Bryophytes lack _____ and ______ that are present in vascular plants. | Xylem, phloem |
| Bryophytes have an alternation of _______ in life cycles with the gametophyte dominant. | Generation |
| True or false: Some bryophytes are aquatic. | False. Even though some may live around water, none are aquatic. |
| Bryophytes are represented by three phyla of small herbaceous (nonwoody) plants: | Liverworts, hornworts, mosses |
| Liverworts belong to phylum __________. | Hepatophyta |
| Hornworts belong to phylum __________. | Anthocerophyta |
| Mosses belong to phylum __________. | Bryophyta |
| What are the two types of liverworts? | Thalloid, leafy |
| A short, thin filament found in fungi and in certain plants and sponges that anchors the growing (vegetative) body of the organism to a substratum and that is capable of absorbing nutrients: | Rhizoid |
| The flattened, lobed blades of certain liverworts are known as ______. | Thalli |
| In ______ liverworts, growth is prostrate and one-celled rhizoids on the lower surface anchor plant. | Thalloid |
| In thalloid liverworts, growth is _______ and one-celled ______s on the lower surface anchor the plant. | Prostrate, rhizoids |
| ______ liverworts have no midrib, often have folds or lobes, and have cells containing oil bodies. | Leafy |
| In ________s, gametophytes are rosette-like and branching is not obvious. | Hornwort |
| In hornworts, _________s are rosette-like and _______ is not obvious | Gametophytes, branching |
| Hornworts have cells with only one large _________. | Chloroplast |
| In hornworts, thalli have pores and cavities filled with _______ that often contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria. | Mucilage |
| In hornworts, mature _________s look like miniature greenish-blackish rods. | Sporophytes |
| Gametophytes are haploid and produce haploid gametes by _______. | Mitosis |
| Sporophytes are diploid and produce haploid spores by _______. | Meiosis |
| Mosses are divided into three classes: | 1. Peat mosses 2. True mosses 3. Rock mosses |
| _____ mosses are largest and look like green algae except for the slanted cross walls. | True |
| Sporophytes of ____ mosses are red to brown spherical capsules that are raised on the stalk and form large, densely packed clumps. | Peat |
| Leaves of moss gametophytes have blades nearly always one ____ thick, except at midrib, and never lobed or divided. | Cell |
| Leaves of moss gametophytes have blades nearly always one cell thick, except at _____, and never lobed or divided. | Midrib |
| Leaves of moss gametophytes have blades nearly always one cell thick, except at midrib, and never _____ed or ______ed. | Lobed, divided |
| Cells of mosses usually contain numerous _________. | Chloroplast |
| Most seedless vascular plants are _____sporous. | Homosporous |
| All seed plants and some seedless vascular plants are ______sporous. | Heterosporous |
| An _______ is a haploid structure or organ producing and containing male gametes. | Antheridium |
| An _________ is a multicellular structure or organ of the gametophyte phase of certain plants, producing and containing the ovum or female gamete. | Archegonium |
| Heterosporous species produce _____spores, which give rise to female gametophytes, and ______spores, which give rise to male gametophytes | Megaspores, microspores |
| Bryophytes (non-vascular plants) accumulate _____ and ______ matter that is utilized by other organisms. | Mineral, organic |
| What is the ecological importance of bryophytes (non-vascular plants)? | They retain moisture and reduce flooding and erosion |
| What is the most important bryophyte to humans? | Peat mosses |
| For what four reasons is peat moss the most important bryophyte to humans? | 1. Soil conditioner due to high absorptive capacity 2. Poultice material due to antiseptic properties and absorbency 3. Fuel 4. Sphagnum is an important global reservoir of organic carbon |
| Vascular plants have two types of vascular tissue: | Xylem, phloem |
| In vascular plants, _____ conducts most of the water and minerals. | Xylem |
| In vascular plants, _______ conducts and distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products. | Phloem |
| Vascular tissue allows for increased ______. | Height |
| Possession of vascular tissue allows _____ _____ plants to grow tall. | Seedless vascular |
| In seedless vascular plants, ____ leaves developed. | True |
| In seedless vascular plants, roots that function in ______ and _______ developed. | Absorption, anchorage |
| In seedless vascular plants, ________s became progressively smaller. | Gametophytes |
| Seedless vascular plants have _______ed sperm and are usually restricted to moist environments. | Flagellated |
| Seedless vascular plants have flagellated sperm and are usually restricted to _____ environments. | Moist |
| There are four phyla of seedless vascular plants: | 1. Lycophyta- club mosses 2. Psilotophyta- whisk fern 3. Equisetophyta- horse tail fern 4. Polypodophyta- true ferns |
| Club mosses belong to phylum _________. | Lycophota |
| Whisk ferns belong to phylum _________. | Psilotophyta |
| Horse tail ferns belong to phylum _________. | Equisetophyta |
| True ferns belong to phylum _________. | Polypodophyta |
| What were the three major reproductive adaptations in the development of seed plants? | 1. Reduction of gametophyte 2. Seeds became important means of dispersal 3. Pollen eliminated liquid-water requirement for fertilization |
| Why were gametophytes reduces in the adaptation of seed plants? | Gametophytes of seed plants are microscopic, so they can exist within the sporophyte |
| Seeds enable their bearers to become the dominant ______s in most terrestrial ecosystems. | Producers |
| Lycophyta (club mosses) have two living major genera: | Lycopodium, selaginella |
| Lycophota (club mosses) are covered in _________s. | Microphylls |
| ______ is a type of plant leaf with one single, unbranched vein. | Microphyll |
| Gymnosperms means "_____ _____s." | Naked seeds |
| Angiosperm seeds are found in fruits, which are mature ______s. | Ovaries |
| The gymnosperms consist of four phyla: | Cycadophyta Gingkophyta Gnetophyta Coniferophyta |
| Cycads have large cones and palmlike leaves. They belong to the phylum _______. | Cycadophyta |
| Phylum _________ consists of a single species, Ginkgo biloba, a popular ornamental tree with high tolerance to air pollution. | Gingkophyta |
| Phylum gingkophyta consists of a single species, ______ ______, a popular ornamental tree with high tolerance to air pollution. | Ginkgo biloba |
| The phylum Gnetophyta comprises three genera which vary in appearance and range from tropical to desert. These genera are: | Gnetum Ephedra Welwitschia |
| Phylum ________ is by far the largest of the gymnosperm phyla and consists of evergreen conifers that can carry out photosynthesis year round. | Coniferophyta |
| _________s are seed plants with reproductive structures called flowers and fruits. | Angiosperms |
| _______s are the most widespread and diverse of all plants. | Angiosperms |
| All angiosperms are classified in a single phylum, ________, from the Greek anthos for flower. | Anthophyta |
| Angiosperms have two key adaptations: | Flowers and fruits |
| ________s are angiosperms that possess one embryonic seed leaf (cotyledon). | Monocots |
| _______s are angiosperms that possess two embryonic seed leaves (cotyledons). | Dicots |
| An embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed. | Cotyledon |
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