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Earthquakes
Lessons 1-3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why is it important to know where earthquakes are more likely to occur? | so you can be prepared |
| What are some hazards associated with the collapse of a building from an earthquake? | People could be in buildings or homes that collapse, cars could be driving on roads or bridges that crack, shift, or break apart, fires could occur from fallen power lines or ruptured gas lines |
| The movement of the earth's plates can create strong _____ that slowly ______ and _______ many rocks. | forces bend and fold |
| All rocks will _____. | break |
| Stress adds _____ to the rock in which this energy is _____ until it is released. | energy stored |
| When the rock changes _____ or breaks is when the stored energy is released. | shape |
| What happens at places where rock is under stress and breaks? | Energy is released and an earthquake is formed |
| What are 3 ways that force can cause stress on rocks? | tension, compression, shearing |
| How do forces acting on rock cause tension? | the stress force pulls on the crust making it thinner |
| How do forces acting on rock cause compression? | the stress force squeezes the rock until it folds or breaks |
| How do forces acting on rock cause shearing? | the stress forces pushes the rocks in two opposite directions |
| Explain what a fault is. | a break in the Earth's crust |
| Where do most faults occur? | plate boundaries |
| When enough stress builds up in the rock, the rock _____, creating a _____. | breaks fault |
| What are the three types of faults and the stress associated with each of them and the plate movement. | normal fault=tension=divergent reverse fault=compression=convergent strike-slip fault= shearing=transform |
| How can Earth's crust be changed over time? | Slowly, but cannot be observed directly |
| Folds are _____ in rock that form when _____ and _____ the Earth's crust. | bends compression thickens shortens |
| What kind of stress causes folding of the crust? | compression |
| What are three mountain ranges formed by folding? | Himalayas in Asia, Alps in Europe, and the central Appalachian Mountains in Pennsylvania. |
| Two types of folds are _____ and ______. | anticlines synclines |
| A fold in a rock that bends _____ into an arch is an _____. | upward anticline |
| A fold in a rock that bends _____ to form a V shape is a _____. | downward syncline |
| How are folded mountains formed? | The collision of two plates can cause compression and folding of the crust over a wide area. |
| The forces that raise mountains can also _____, or raise, _____. | uplift plateaus |
| Some plateaus form when________________________. | forces in Earth's crust push up a large, flat block of rock |
| Give a location of a plateau. | Colorado Plateau in the "4 Corners" region of Arizona, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico |
| Earthquakes are detected _____. | everyday |
| Some earthquakes are too _____ to notice while big earthquakes can __________, __________ and cause great damage. | small crack open the ground shift mountains |
| The ________________ cause earthquakes. | forces of plate movement |
| Plate movement produce _____ in Earth's crust, adding _____ to rock and forming faults. | stress energy |
| _____ increases along a _____ until the rock slips or breaks, causing an _____. | stress fault earthquake |
| When an earthquake occurs, a great amount of _____ is _____. | energy released |
| This energy comes in the form of ______. | seismic waves |
| The __ or ___ of the _____ depends on the material it passes through. | speed path wave |
| What does energy in an earthquake wave come from? | seismic waves |
| What releases the energy? | the breaking or slipping of rock |
| The _____ is the area within the Earth where rocks that are under stress begin to move resulting in an earthquake. | focus |
| The point above the focus located on the _____ of the Earth is called an _____. | surface epicenter |
| Most earthquakes begin in which layer of the Earth? | lithosphere (within about 100 kilometers beneath the Earth's surface) |
| _____ carry energy from the earthquake's _____. | seismic waves focus |
| Tell about P or Primary Waves | First to arrive and are the fastest, originate from the focus, the particle motion is left/right arrows, compress and expand the ground like an accordion, travel through solid, liquids and gases can damage buildings |
| Tell about S or Secondary Waves | Second to arrive after P waves, originate from the focus, the particle motion is side to side or up and down, can only move through solids, they shake structures violently |
| Tell about Surface Waves | moves slowly, originate from P and S Waves, particle motion is circular, can pass through solid, liquids, and gases can make the ground roll like ocean waves or shake buildings from side to side |
| Name the most destructive wave and why? | Surface waves because they can cause severe ground movements above the ground and is the slowest wave. The slower waves create more destruction |
| Earthquakes are waves of _____ that travel through and on the surface of the Earth. | energy |
| What does a seismograph measure? | seismic waves |
| Tell about the Modified Mercalli Scale. | It is a scale that has 12 steps and rates the amount of shaking from an earthquake by people's observations |
| Tell about the Richter Scale (magnitude scale) | It is a magnitude scale that rates the magnitude of small earthquakes based on the size of the earthquake's waves as recorded by seismographs |
| Tell about the Moment Magnitude Scale | It is a scale used to rate the total energy an earthquake releases by using data that geologists get from seismographs and other sources. |
| What does the Modified Mercalli scale indicate? | the amount of damage done by an earthquake |
| Which scale measures the amount of energy released by an earthquake? | the Moment Magnitude Scale |
| On which scale would an earthquake's strength vary from one place to another and why? | The Modified Mercalli Scale because the amount of shaking that people feel and the amount of damage vary from place to place |
| What do seismographs record information on? | seismogram |
| The seismogram is a pattern of lines which records an earthquake. The lines on the paper mark time. Why is it important to know the time of the vibration? | Scientists need to know the time difference between the arrival of P and S waves |
| What does the height of the lines represent? | The higher the line, the stronger the earthquake |
| What is an aftershock? | A smaller earthquake following the main shock of a large earthquake |
| Where do most earthquakes occur? | at plate boundaries |
| What region of the US has had the most earthquakes? | Western US |
| Where would you expect an earthquake to occur in the US and why? | California because there are many faults located in California |
| List 6 places from around the world that have had many earthquakes. | Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, New Zealand, Mexico, Alaska, California |
| What do all these earthquakes have in common? | They are all at edges of plates. |
| List 4 places that have not had many earthquakes and why? | Brazil, Greenland, Norway, Sweden, Russia, West Africa. They are not at plate edges. |
| What is the Ring of Fire? | A plate composed of the Pacific Ocean that has boundaries with many other plates. Plate boundaries form a ring around the Pacific Ocean. |
Created by:
Isabel Wallwork