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Grade-8-Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Personification | Giving human qualities to an animal, object, or idea. |
| Onomatopoeia | Use of words that imitate their meaning with their sound. |
| Simile | A comparison of two unlike things that have some quality in common using the words like or as. |
| Metaphor | A comparison of two unlike things that have something in common. |
| Idioms | An expression that has a meaning different from the sum of the meanings of individual words. |
| Hyperbole | An extreme exaggeration. |
| Alliteration | When the beginning of a word is repeated closely after. |
| Foreshadowing | The use of hints or clues to suggest what will happen later in the literature. |
| Flashback | An action that interrupts to show an event that happened at an earlier time which is necessary to better understanding. |
| Cliche | An over-used phrase or expression. |
| Irony | An implied discrepancy between what is said and what is meant. |
| Denotations | Refers to the literal meaning of a word, the "dictionary definition." |
| Roots | Roots help you understand words. They will also help you make sense of the often confusing English spelling conventions. |
| Affixes | An affix is added to the root of the word to change its meaning. |
| Cognates | Are words in two languages that share a similar meaning, spelling, and pronunciation. |
| Synonyms | Words that mean the same or have a similar meaning. |
| Antonyms | Words that mean the opposite of the word. |
| Symbolism | Symbolism is the use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities by giving them symbolic meanings that are different from their literal sense. |
| Inferences | When we take our background knowledge and put it together with what we read and get a solid understanding of something that we know has happened without the author telling us. |
| Drawing Conclusions | When we come up with something that happens at the end of a story not told to us by the author. |
| Characters | The plot revolves around these- can be human, animals, or others. |
| Protagonist | The leading character, hero, or heroine of a drama or other literary work. |
| Antagonist | The adversary of the hero or protagonist of a drama or other literary work. |
| Conflict | The struggle found in fiction, may be internal or external and is best seen in man vs man, nature vs man, etc. |
| Points of View | The perspective from which a story is told. |
| Voice | Personality of the author coming through the writing of the story. |
| Tone | An attitude of a writer toward a subject or an audience. It is generally conveyed through the choice of words or the point of viewpoint of a writer on a particular subject. |
| Compare and Contrast | Author style and different texts, techniques to understand why author’s choose specific words, dialogue, form, rhyme, rhythm, and voice- also to understand the author’s style |
| Identify and Ask Questions | Asking questions as you read that help to make story more clear and easy to understand. |
| Main Idea | Able to identify the main idea of what a story is about along with plot elements. |
| Plot | This is what the whole story is about. Contains exposition, conflict, rising action, climax, falling action, and theme. |
| Exposition | At the introduction of a story- it includes the characters and setting. |
| Character | The main people in the story - the story revolves around these. |
| Setting | Where and when the story takes place - can be more than one place. |
| Conflict/ Main Problem | This is the main problem in the story - the focus of the story is solving this problem/ issue. |
| Rising Action | These are all the events that happen in the story that lead up to the highest point of action in the story. |
| Climax | Highest point of action or interest in the story - usually the turning point. |
| Falling Action | After the climax events that happen in the story that tie up loose ends and finishes the story. |
| Resolution | Solving the conflict - no more problems |
| Theme | What lesson or message the author is trying to teach us in the story. |
| Clarifying | Makes the meaning of the text clearer by asking yourself questions, rereading, and/or restating the passage |
| Making Inferences | Giving a logical guess based on facts or evidence presented using prior knowledge to help you understand the deeper meaning of a text. |
| Recognizing Authors Purpose | Is the author trying to persuade, inform, discourage, scare, “woo” you, or be poetic? Figure out what the message is the author is trying to send. |
| Making Connections | When you make connections between something you already have prior knowledge of and the new knowledge from the text. |
| Drawing Conclusions | Adding up the information you have learned from the reading to make your own assumptions about the outcome of a situation. |
| Visualizing | Creating mental pictures (also known as “visions” or “mind movies”) from the information given to you in a text or story. |
| Elaborating | Analyze and further explain what you’ve just read by relating it to what you already know from your experiences as a person and/or as a reader. |
| Compare and Contrast | Taking two objects, living things, ideas, locations, written passages, or experiences and finding the similarities and/or differences between them. |
| Summarizing | Taking larger selections of text and reducing them to their bare essentials: the gist, the key ideas, the main points that are worth noting and remembering. |
| Questioning | Questions with different purposes can be asked and answered before, during, and after reading. |
| Using Context Clues | Using surrounding an unknown word to determine its meaning. |
| Making Predictions | Using the text to guess what will happen next. Then the reader confirms or rejects their prediction as they read. |
| Informational/ Nonfiction Texts | When reading informational text, you should look at how the information is presented. Informational text is designed to convey factual information. |
| Organizational Text Structures | Organizational patterns used to break information down into parts that can be easily understood by the reader. |
| Cause and Effect | Why something happened and the result of it happening. |
| Sequential Order | Describes the order or tells the steps to follow to do something or make something. |
| Description | Describes a topic, idea, person, place, or thing by listing its features, characteristics, or examples. |
| Compare and Contrast | Shows how two or more things are alike and/or different. |
| Chronological Order | Time order in which events occur. |
| Main Ideas and Details | Key concept and information that supports the concept. |
| Text Features | Physical features of the text that highlight the important content. |
| Organizational Text Features | table of contents, index, glossary, appendix, atlas, and gazatter |
| Print Text Features | title, headings, subheadings, bold or highlighted print, italics, underlining, font, bullets, and captions |
| Graphic Text Features | illustrations, sidebars, maps, charts/tables, time lines, and graphics/graphic organizers |
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