Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Psychology
Chapter 9,10,11,12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. | Motivation |
| a response of the whole organism; involving bodily arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience | Emotion |
| emphasizes inborn, genetic factors in motivation; behaviors found in almost all members of a species. | Instinct Theory |
| emphasizes a physiological need (a lack or deficiency) that creates a drive toward a behavior that will satisfy the need; once homeostasis is reached, the motivation decreases. | Drive -Reduction Theory |
| organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain an optimal level of arousal (When underaroused, the mind wanders.) | ArousalTheory |
| motivation results from external stimuli that “pull” the organism in certain directions (hunger, apple pie) | Incentive theory |
| motivation directly affected by how we interpret or think about our own and other’s actions, also expectancies are important | Cognitive Theory |
| Lower motives must be met before higher ones (focus on physiological and safety needs first then on self esteem and self actualization) | Biopsychosocial Theory ( Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs) |
| Bodily arousal occurs within the Autonomic Nervous System (sympathetic and parasympathetic systems) | Physiological |
| Emotional reactions are very individual and tend to be based on one’s | Cognitive |
| Although we can talk about our emotions, we more often express them nonverbally; facial expression, gestures, body position, and the use of touch, eye gaze, and tone of voice. | Behavioral |
| Subjective experience orf emotion follows our bodily arousal (“I feel sad because I am crying” ) | James-Lange Theory |
| Arousal and our subjective experience of emotion occur simultaneously (“I’m crying and feeling sad at the same time”) | Cannon-Bard Theory |
| Schachter and Singer’s theory that physical arousal and cognitive labeling (or interpretation) of that arousal produce our subjective experience of emotion (in order to experience emotion, we must be physically aroused and cognitively label it) | Two- Factor Theory |
| the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging | Stress |
| unpredictable large scale events such as wars, natural disasters, famines | Catastrophes |
| getting married, divorce, graduation, birth of children, loss/gain of job (long term studies indicate that people recently widowed, fired, or divorced are more disease prone) | Significant life changes |
| little things that add up (long lines in a store, traffic, etc) | Daily Hassles |
| s adaptive response to stress in three stages-alarm, resistance, before exhaustion sets in. | General adaptation syndrome (GAS) |
| The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes combine to affect our immune system and health | Psychoneuroimmunology |
| Competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.( had the most problems with coronary heart disease) | Type A Personality |
| Easy-going, relaxed people. | Type B Personality |
| The perception that chance or outside forces BEYOND our personal control determine our FATE. | External LOC |
| the perception that we CONTROL our own fate Optimism and pessimism, laughter as medicine, social support (research on pets), finding meaning. | Internal LOC |
| Managing stress-aerobic exercise, relaxation and meditation, spirituality and health. | Internal LOC |
| An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting | Personality |
| These attempt to explain iINDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES by examining how unconscious mental forces interplay with thoughts feelings and actions. | Psychoanalytic Perspective |
| Theory of PERSONALITY discusses 4 key concepts | Sigmund Freud |
| saw BEHAVOIR as more than unconscious processes, he believed that BEHAVIOR is purposeful & goal-directed. Came up w/ the Inferiority complex-feelings of inferiority develop from early childhood experiences of helplessness & incompetence | Alfred Adler |
| Emphasized unconcious processes, but believed that the unconscious contains POSITIVE & SPIRITUAL motives as well as SEXUAL and AGGRESIVE forces. | Carl Jung ( YOONG) |
| Created from Individual experiences | Personal unconscious |
| A reservoir of inherited, universal experiences that all humans share. The collective conscious is made up of archetypes-images/patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior | Collective unconscious |
| blended psychology- COMBINED HERS as well as Freud, Jung, and Adler’s theories. Argued mainly with Freud’s ideas of female personality & claimed he had male biases & misunderstandings. Ex.“PENIS ENVY” in a power sense. Cultural inferiority rather than bio | Karen Horney (HORN-eye) |
| IMPORTANCE OF SELF- the most important component of personality is the self-what a person comes to identify as “I” or “me”; Self-concept-all the information & beliefs u have regarding your own nature, unique qualities, & typical behaviors; Emphasized UN | Carl Rogers |
| Developed Humanistic Psychology. | Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow |
| Like Rogers, he believed there is basic goodness to human nature & a tendency toward SELF ACTUALIZATION-inborn drive to develop all one’s talents & capabilities; it involves understanding one’s own potential, accepting oneself & others as unique individu | Abraham Maslow |
| We have different levels of awareness or consciousness:(Conscious and Unconscious) | Levels of consciousness |
| Three interacting mental structures: (ID, EGO, SUPEREGO) | Personality Structure |
| source of INSTINCTUAL energy ,works with pleasure principle & concerned w/ immediate gratification | ID |
| Deals w/ reality by controlling the ID & satisfying the SUPEREGO , REALITY PRINCIPLE | EGO |
| "CONSCIENCE" part of personality that incorporates parental & societal standards for morality , MORALITY PRINCIPLE | SUPEREGO |
| According to FREUD ,a boy's sexual desire toward his mother & feelings of jealousy & hatred for the rival of father. | Oedipal Complex |
| According to FREUD ,a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage ,in w/c complex were unresolved. | Fixation |
| emphasize iINTERNAL EXPERIENCES (feelings/thoughts) & the individual’s own feelings of basic worth; personality/behavior depend on how we perceive the world, not on traits, unconscious impulses, or rewards/punishments; to understand a human being you hav | Humanistic Perspective |
| Instead of explaining the personality and individual traits, trait theorists are concerned with describing them. | Trait Perspective |
| Disorganized (organized) ,careless (careful), Impulsive (disciplined) | Conscientiousness |
| Ruthless ( soft-hearted ), suspicious( trusting ), uncooperative ( helpful ) | Agreeableness |
| Calm (anxious) , secure ( insecure ) , self satisfied ( self pitying) | NEUROTICISM ( Emotional Stability vs. Instability) |
| Practical ( imaginative ), prefers routine ( prefers variety ) Conforming (Independent ) | Openness |
| Retiring(Sociable), Sober ( fun-loving ) , reserve (affectionate) | Extraversion |
| view behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context | Social Cognitive |
| cheerful, friendly children tend to become cheerful, friendly adults, but it is also true that a fun-loving jokester can suddenly be serious and respectful at a job interview.” | Social Cognitive |
| Theories of PERSONALITY specially focused on in many ways our individual traits & thoughts interact w/ our SOCIAL WORLD as we move from one situation to another. | Albert Bandura |
| scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. | Social Psychology |
| The tendency, when analyzing another’s behavior, to overestimate the influence of personal traits and underestimate the effects of the situation. | Fundamental attribution error |
| Feelings often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events. | Attitude |
| the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request | Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon |
| set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave | Role |
| We act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) clash | Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
| Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.(Asch’s experiments on conformity and Milgram’s experiments) | Conformity |
| An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members; usually involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action | Prejudice |
| A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. | Stereotype |
| -unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members. | Discrimination |
| tendency to believe that the world is just and people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. | Just-world Phenomenon |
| the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame | Scapegoat Theory |
| The tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races. | Other-Race-Effect |
| any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally. | Aggression |
| culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations. | Social Script |
| (geographic nearness) | Proximity |
| physical attractiveness | Attraction |
| (friends and couples are more likely to share attitudes, beliefs, and interests, also age, religion, race, education, intelligence, smoking behavior, and economic status) | Similarity |
| Revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others. | Self -disclosure |
| Unselfish concern for the welfare of others | Altruism |
| The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present pg 364 “best odds of helping someone occur when..” | Bystander effect |
| perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas. | Conflict |
Created by:
sunflowersplace