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Bio III Exam 2
Phylum Echinodermata
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the terms used to describe the top and bottom surfaces of the echinoderm? | Oral and aboral |
| What is the name of the pore that is the opening to the water vascular system of echinoderms? On which side of the body is it typically found? | The madreporite ; the aboral side |
| The endoskeleton of echinoderms is typically made of what material? What is the name of the plate-like structure (sub structure) of the endoskeleton? If the plates are fused together, what are the endoskeletal remains of the animal called? | calcium carbonate ; dermal ossicles ; the test |
| Are echinoderms protostomes or deuterostomes? | Deuterostomes |
| What are the three synapomorphies of phylum echinodermata? | An endoskeleton, pentaradial symmetry in adults, and a water vascular system |
| If the plates of the echinoderm endoskeleton are not fused together, they can be stiffened or relaxed using what special connective tissue? | Catch connective tissue |
| What are the two main components of the tube feet? Which one is on the inside of the body? Of what system are tube feet a sub-structure? Are tube feet found in all echinoderms? | The ampulla and the podium ; the ampulla ; the water vascular system ; yes |
| What are the feeding strategy categories of echinoderms? | Mass feeding, deposit feeding, suspension/filtration feeding, predation |
| What are the names of the two stomachs found in sea stars? Which one is closer to the outside of the body? | the cardiac stomach and the pyloric stomach ; the cardiac stomach |
| What is the name of the digestive gland that does the majority of the digestive process (found in sea stars)? | the pyloric cecum |
| How are tube feet used in feeding? | Sea stars use them to pull open bivalve shells. Also they are used in suspension feeding and can grab food sources like detritus or small animals. They can also secrete mucus onto substrates to form a "ball" of food and mucus that is moved into the mouth. |
| What is the name of the structure in sea stars and basket stars that attaches to the arms in the middle of the animal? | the central disc |
| Give the order of the structures of the water vascular system, from the point at which water enters, in order. Which structure appears in pairs? | Madreporite, stone canal, ring canal, radial canal, lateral canal, tube foot ; lateral canals |
| What are the five classes of phylum echinodermata, and what are the types of animals that make up each? | asteroidea - sea stars ; holothuroidea - sea cucumbers ; crinoidea - sea feathers and sea lilies ; ophiuroidea - basket stars and brittle stars ; echinoidea - sea urchins and sand dollars |
| What is the main difference in the body structure of sea stars as opposed to brittle stars? | Brittle stars have clearly jointed appendages from the central disc, sea stars' appendages have a region of fusion beyond the central disc. |
| What are the three main structures found on the skin of asteroidea? | Spines, skin gills (dermal branchiae), and pedicellariae |
| Are asteroidea dioecious or monoecious? Can they reproduce asexually? If so, how? | dioecious ; yes ; fragmentation (if the animal is cut in half, each half can in some cases generate a new individual). |
| What is one of the main sources of food for the sea urchin? What part of the food do the urchins typically eat, and why is this important? | kelp ; they chew on the holdfast ; this destroys kelp forests |
| Which group of echinoidea have a mouth with five teeth that is sometimes retractable? What is the name of this structure? Which group does not have this structure, and feeds by suspension? | sea urchins ; aristotle's lantern ; sand dollars |
| Are echinoidea monoecious or dioecious? Is reproduction asexual or sexual in adults? Is this different in larvae? | dioecious ; sexual ; larvae can reproduce asexually via budding/fission. |
| Briefly describe the nervous system of echinodermata | Nerve rings with a nerve net (a decentralized nervous system) |
| Briefly describe the circulatory system of echinodermata | There isn't one |
| Briefly describe the sensory organs of echinodermata | Eyespots at the ends of each arm in some species, statocysts in some species |
| How are respiration and circulation of nutrients facilitated in echinodermata? | diffusion |
| Is digestion considered extracellular in echinoderms? | yes |
| What is different about the digestive tract of ophiuroidea compared to asteroidea and holothruoidea? | It is incomplete, there is no anus |
| What is the name of the "multipurpose anus" in holothuroidea? What else does it do? | the cloaca ; it also allows water to enter the respiratory trees, where oxygen is removed. |
| What do sea cucumbers do as a defensive mechanism? | The can expel sticky red tubules that entangle the animal and that can contain toxins. They can also eviscerate themselves, further hampering a predators advances. |
| What is the name of the respiratory structure of holothuroidea? | The respiratory tree |
| What is a keystone predator? | A predator whose feeding activities are integral in controlling the population of another species, sometimes indirectly (e.g., sea stars are keystone predators due to the effect on the populations of urchins and thus kelp forests). |
| Can sea cucumbers reproduce via regeneration/fission? Are adults dioecious? | yes ; yes |
| What is the structure that sand dollars use to create water currents for feeding? What is the body fluid they use to trap food particles prior to ingestion? | Cilia ; mucus |
| Are echinoids monoecious or dioecious? | Dioecious |
| Sea stars evert their stomachs and excrete enzymes into their bivalve prey, liquifying their meal. What is the feeding strategy category of this group of echinoderms? What is the other animal that uses a similar strategy? | Mass feeder (not a liquid feeder due to the endogenous enzymes) ; the spider |
| A predator that can have drastic ecological consequences resulting from its feeding habits is known as what type of predator? | A keystone predator |
| Do echinoids move via their tube feet or their spines? How is this possible? | They have muscular control of their spines, which they use for locomotion instead of their tube feet. |
| In lancelets, what is the name of the opening that ejects the water that has been brought in through the mouth and passed over the gill slits? | The atriopore |
| On the oral side of the arm of the sea star, what is the name of the groove that exists between the tube feet, that runs the length of the arm? | The ambulacral groove |
| On the sea star, what is the fleshy circular area surrounding the mouth? | The peristome |
| When observing the oral side of a dissected sea star, how are the gonads and the pyloric ceca positioned relative to each other? | The pyloric cecum will be deep to the gonads, and will extend the length of each arm, on both sides of the ambulacral ridge. The gonad will be on top of the pyloric cecum, on both sides of the ridge, but will not extend the entire length of the arm. |
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