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Botany
Anthophyta
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Receptacle | part of pedicel/peduncle where flower parts are attached |
| Peranth | Outer two whores.consists of sepals,petals,tepals,stamens |
| sepals. | outermost whorl.showy or green scales. |
| calyx | all sepals collectively |
| Petals | inside sepals.Attract pollinators.usually showy.(latin for Steelplate). |
| corolla | all petals collectively |
| Tepals | sepals and petals that look alike. inorder to distinguish between the two whorel look at location of sepals/petals.flowers with tepals do not lack either petals or septals,and are complete |
| Stamens | filament+anther.Produce pollen. |
| Androeclum | all male parts collectively(latin for man cave). |
| Carpel | intermost whorl,stigma(x1),style(x1),ovary(x1).simple pistil.compound pistil with fused carpels. |
| Gynoecium | all female parts collectively |
| Adnation | fusion of unlike wholrs(stamens to petals) |
| connation | fusion of like whorls(petals to petals). |
| Hypogynous | super ovary.sepals,petals,filaments are connected below the ovary |
| epigynous | inferior ovary.speals,petals,filaments are connected above the ovary.ovary embedded in receptacle. |
| Perigynous | type of super ovary inwhich sepals,petals,filaments emerge from below ovary,but fuse to form a hypanthium(cup like structure) that surrounds ovary.give appearance of inferor ovary |
| Complete | Single flower w/all whorls.Sepals,petals,stamens,carpels. |
| incomplete | a flower lacking at least one whorl |
| perfect | flower with bothe androceia+gynoecia |
| imperfect | unisex flower.Missing either androceium or gynoecium |
| Can flowers be incomplete and perfect? | yes |
| can flowers be imperfect and complete? | no |
| monoecious | (in one house).staminate flowers and carpellate flowers on the same plant.imperfect flowers only.ex corn |
| Dioecious | (in 2 houses) staminate flowers on one plant with carpellate flowers on another plant. |
| Actinomorphic | regular.radial symmetry |
| Zygomorphic | bilaterally symmetry |
| Isobilateral | capable of being divided into symmetrical halves along 2 different planes |
| Infloresence | clusters of flowers on the same plant |
| Peduncle | stalk on an infloresence along which flowers or pedicles are produced |
| Pedicle | stalk of individual flower in an inflorescenes |
| Types of inflorescenes | solitary,spike,raceme,penicle,corymb,umble,capitulum/head, catkin,sapadix |
| solitary | one flower born on a single peduncle(Tulip) |
| Spike | flowers sessile to peduncle.corn |
| Raceme | flowers on a non-branching pedicel that arise from a peduncle |
| Panicle | flowers on a branching pedicel that arise from a peduncle.compound raceme |
| Corymb | flat topped racemem.pedicles not attached at the same point on the peduncle |
| Umbel(single+compound) | flat topped or round.pedicles all arise from apex of peduncle |
| Capitulum/head | dense and sessile flowers.daisy.sunflowers. |
| Catkin | for wind dispersal.elongate pendulous spike.unisexual.willow,oak,alders. |
| sapadix | spike of flowerws subtended bt a leafy spathe.Arum family.Jack in the pulpit,skunk cabbage,calla lilly |
| Pollination | transfer of pollen from anther to stigma |
| Fertilization | union of sperm and egg |
| Pollen(microgametophyte)development | four groups of sporogenous cells are produced as another develops.each group of cell are surrounded by a layer of steril cells that develop into a pollen sac. |
| Tapetum | inter most layer of the pollen sac,which aids lipids to the pollen grain |
| Pollen grain | tube(vegetative) cell.generative cell divides to produce 2 sperm nuclei. |
| Megagametophyte development | occurs in the ovule,there can be >1 ovule/carpel.in early development of the ovule a megasporocyte(2n)develops inside the nucellus(2n). |
| Funiculus | connects each ovule to the ovary |
| What does the megasporophyte divide into | megaspores(1n) via meiosis that are lined in a row but 3 die.megaspores furthest from micropyle survives and develops as the nucellus disintegrates. |
| Once the nucellus inside the megaspore divides mitotically 3 times to produce 8 nuclei what happens? | 3 nuclei migrate to chalazal end(top).3migrate to the micropyle end(2 synergids,1egg).2 fuse together to form the polar nuceli(n+n)=creation of embryo sac |
| chalazal end | antipodals |
| embryo sac | the 8-nucleate,7 celled megagametophyte |
| After pollination the generative cell divides to produce 2 sperm nuclei what happens | sperm nuclei travel down the tube cell to the micropyle.bothe nuclei first enter the same synergid and then double fertilization occurs |
| Double fertilization | 1 nucleus fertilizes the egg to produce a zygote.the other sperm cell"fertilizes" the polar nuclei producing 3n endosperm. |
| Endosperm | stores energy for developing embryo in the seed |
| Ovule becomes the | seed |
| Integument becomes the | seed coat |
| Ovary becomes the | fruit |
| Pericarp | ovary wall that becomes the thickened wall of the fruit.consists of an exocarp,mesocarp,endocarp |
| exocarp | outer layer |
| mesocarp | middle layer |
| endocarp | inner layer |
| Simple fruit | fruit is derived from a single pistil regardless of the number of carpels. |
| Fleshy fruits | consists of berry,drupe,pome,Hesperidium |
| Berry | many seeded and often with a soft skin(tomato,melon,cranberry) |
| Drupe | outer fleshy layer with inner stony layer(cherry,olive,plum) |
| Pome | fleshy part is derived from receptacle,core is the ovary.(Apple,pear) |
| Hesperidium | citrus fruits.Each section is an individual carpel |
| dehiscent | fruits that split open.consists of Follicle,Legume,capsule. |
| Follicle | ovary splits along one side of dehiscence(milk weed) |
| Legume | ovary split along 2 lines of dehiscence(bean) |
| Capsule | 2 or more fused carpels.sheds seeds in a variety of ways(poppy,iris) |
| Schizocarp | at maturity the ovary splits into separate carpels(maple) |
| Silicle/Silique | 2 carpelled ovary in which the ovary walls and seeds are attached to a central replum(mustard family) |
| silique | long and sleek |
| silicle | round and flat |
| Indehiscent | fruits that dont split open. |
| Achene | single seeded fruit.Seed lies free but is attached by funiculus.(sunflower) |
| caryopsis/grain | similar to avhene, but seed fused to fruit wall(rice,wheat,corn) |
| samara | winged achene(maple,ash) |
| nut | similar to achene, but with stony coat and often a bract.(acorn, hazelnuts). |
| Aggregate | many pistils/carpels from 1 flower.described as this of another fruit type. strawberries are this of achenes. Magnolias are this of follicles |
| Multiple | many flowers of an inflorescence that have coalesced into one fruit(pine apples). |
| Accessory fruit | Contains an important amount of tissue not derived from the ovary.(apple,pineapple). |
| Asexual reproduction segments. | Fragmentation,Apomixis |
| Fragmentation | separation of parent plant into parts that reform whole plant. |
| Fragmentation types | stolons,rizomes,tuber,bulbs,corms,adventitious roots,fractination,plantlets |
| plantlets | of leaf margin(Kalanchoe) |
| Stolons(runners) | lateral stem(spider plant) |
| Rhizomes | underground stem.(Rabbits foot fern) |
| Tuber | bulbous rizome(potato) |
| Bulbs | modified lead tissue(onion) |
| corms | swollen stem base(crocus,tulip bulb) |
| adventitious roots | form from the shoot or other part of the plant |
| root sprouts are found where? | in trees.(staghorn sumack,aspen) |
| Fractionatoin is found in what plant? | dessert shrub |
| Apomixis | a seed/spore production w/o meiosis or fertilization;analogous to formation of worker bees. types include apospory,apogamy |
| apospory | flowering plants.Diploid megaspore(embro sac) produced by mitosis and not meiosis.gives rise to diploid gametophyte.egg grows w/o fert to form genetically ID offspring.(Dandelions) |
| Apogamy | Pteridophytes.Spores produced by mitosis not meiosis.Spores give rise to a diploid gametophyte.Egg grows w/o fert into an adult sporophyte.(Ferns) |
| 2 major classes of anthophyta | Eudiocotyledones,Monocotyledones. |
| Eudioctoyledones | 2 cotyledones.Exalbuminous.flowering parts in multiples of 4 and 5.Netlike leaf venation.vascular bundles in a ring.true secondary growth. primitive,has tap root. pollen is triappertutate.sp=170,000 |
| Monocotyledones | one cotyledon.albuminous.flowering parts in multiples of 3.parallen venation,scattered vascular bundles.rare true secondary growth.more advanced.fibrous root.Pollen is monoapertutate.sp=65,000 |
| Minor classes of Anthophyta | arose before the split between monocots+diocots.include the following families:Magnolia,Laurei,Dutchmans pipe,black pepper,water lily. |
Created by:
ejohnson17