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PSYCH 225 Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What physical changes are experienced during early childhood? | Baby roundness goes away, limbs lengthen, grow 2-3in per year, gain 4-6 pounds, cartilage turns to bone faster and bones become harder |
| What is enuresis? | Repeated urination in clothing or bed |
| What are common causes of nightmares? | Staying up too late, eating a heavy meal too close to bedtime, overexcitement, and excessive stress |
| What are gross motor skills? Give an example | Larger movements using legs, arms, and core. Examples would be running or jumping |
| What are fine motor skills? Give an example | Smaller movements that use hands, wrists, fingers, etc. Examples include buttoning a shirt and drawing pictures |
| At what age are most children ready for organized sports? | Ages 6 and up |
| Define symbolic function. | Ability to use representations (words, numbers, or images) to which a child has attached meaning |
| According to Piaget, what is transduction/transductive reasoning? | Piaget believed that young children cannot reason logically about cause & effect |
| By what age can children classify by 2 criteria? | Age 4 |
| What is egocentrism? | Inability to consider another person’s point of view |
| Define conservation. | Awareness that two objects that are equal according to a certain measure remain equal in the face of perceptual alteration so long as nothing has been added or taken away from either object |
| Explain irreversibility. | Preoperational child’s failure to understand that an operation can go in two or more directions |
| What is social speech? | Speech intended to be understood by a listener |
| Describe Piaget’s beliefs about private speech | Piaget thinks it is a sign of cognitive immaturity |
| When are children most likely to use private speech? | When they are trying to solve problems or perform difficult tasks |
| Define emergent literacy. | Preschooler’s development of skills, knowledge, and attitudes that underlie reading and writing |
| Children become active media users at what age? | Age 3 |
| What is a compensatory preschool? Which compensatory program was discussed in class? | They are designed to aid children who would otherwise enter school poorly prepared to learn. We talked about Project Head Start |
| Describe what kindergarten is like today. | •It is more like first grade •Less time on self chosen activities •More time with worksheets and pre-reading |
| Define self-concept. | Sense of self; Descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one’s abilities and traits |
| What is gender identity? | Awareness, developed in early childhood, that one is male or female |
| Define gender roles. | Behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and traits that a culture considers appropriate for each sex |
| Explain gender roles for both genders | • Women: o Expected to devote their time to caring for the household and children o Compliant and nurturing • Men: o Providers and Protectors o Active, aggressive, and competitive |
| List different things (people, environment, etc.), which can influence gender differences. | • Parental expectations • Siblings • Friends of the same age • Media |
| How does the biological approach explain gender development? | Evidence of neurological, hormonal, and evolutionary explanations for some gender differences |
| How does the evolutionary approach explain gender development? | Gendered behavior has a purpose; Gender roles underlie the evolved mating and child-rearing strategies of adult males and females |
| What is identification? Which approach posits it as an explanation for gender development? | The process by which a young child adopts characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors of the parent of the same sex; Psychoanalytic Approach |
| Explain the cognitive approach to gender development. | •Gender actively search for cues about gender in their social world •Gender knowledge precedes gendered behavior |
| Define gender constancy. Which theory in the cognitive approach is it from? | •Awareness that one will always be male or female •Kohlberg’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory |
| Describe social learning theory’s approach to gender development. | Children acquire gender roles by imitating models and being rewarded for gender-appropriate behavior |
| Which gender of child has less freedom in their play and activities? For that gender, which parent is least likely to be accepting of “gender inappropriate” behavior? | •Boys •Fathers |
| What are inductive techniques (definition as well as examples)? | Designed to induce desirable behavior by appealing to a child’s sense of reason and fairness; Includes setting limits, demonstrating logical consequences of an action, explaining, discussing, negotiating, and getting ideas from the child about fairness |
| Define power assertion. | •Designed to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control •Demands, threats, withdrawal of privilege, and spanking |
| Explain withdrawal of love. | •Includes ignoring, isolating or showing dislike for a child |
| What are the four different parenting styles? | Authoritarian, permissive, authoritative, and neglectful |
| Authoritarian Parenting | oEmphasizes control and obedience oChildren tend to be more discontented, withdrawn, and distrustful |
| Permissive Parenting | oEmphasizing self-expression and self-regulation oChildren tend to be immature—the least self-controlled and least exploratory |
| Authoritative Parenting | oStyle blending respect for a child’s individuality with an effort to instill social values oChildren tend to be more self-reliant, self-controlled, self-assertive, exploratory, and content |
| Neglectful Parenting | oParents who focus on their needs rather than on those of their child oLinked with a variety of behavioral disorders in childhood and adolescence |
| What is prosocial behavior? | Any voluntary behavior intended to help others |
| Define overt aggression. Which gender is more likely to display overt aggression? | •Aggression that is openly directed at a target •Boys |
| Explain relational aggression and specify which gender is more likely to use it. | •Aggression aimed at damaging or interfering with another person’s relationships, reputation, or psychological well being •Girls |
| What do young children consider to be important features in a friendship? | •Frequent positive experiences •Same gender and age |
| How much sleep does the average 9 year old need? 13 year old? Is this an increase or decrease from early childhood? | •10 hours a night= 9 year old •9 hours a night = 13 year old |
| Are children today more or less active than they used to be? | Less |
| What is rough-and-tumble play? When does it peak? | •Vigorous play involves wrestling, hitting, and chasing •Peaks in middle childhood |
| Which stage of Piaget’s cognitive development is associated with middle childhood? | •Concrete Operational Stage •Third stage of cognitive development |
| What cognitive advances are associated with the concrete operational stage? | •Better understanding of spatial relationships •Ability to use maps and models and communicate spatial information improves with age •Judgments about cause and effect improve |
| Define seriation | •Ability to order items along a dimension Ex) weight or color |
| Explain transitive inference. | •Understanding the relationship between two objects by knowing the relationship to a third object oEx) If a>b and b>c, then a>c |
| What is class inclusion? | •Understanding the relationship between a whole and its parts oEx) Bouquet of flowers- 7 rose and 3 carnations; are there more roses or flowers? |
| Which type of reasoning did Piaget believe was the only one concrete operational children were capable of? | Inductive reasoning |
| Define syntax | The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language |
| In non-English-speaking children, what is the most common native language? | Spanish |
| What is decoding? | Process of phonetic analysis by which a printed word is converted to spoken form before retrieval from long-term memory |
| What factors influence school achievement? | •Self-Efficacy Beliefs •Gender •Parenting Practices •Socioeconomic status •Peer Acceptance •Class size |
| Define intellectual disability | •Significantly subnormal cognitive functioning •Cognitive or mental retardation |
| What is dyslexia? | •Developmental disorder in which reading achievement is substantially lower than predicted IQ or age •Due to a neurological defect that disrupts recognition of speech sounds |
| Explain attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | •Syndrome characterized by persistent inattention and distractibility, impulsivity, lower tolerance for frustration, and inappropriate over activity •Some children are inattentive but not hyperactive; others show the reverse |
| What are representational systems? | •Third stage in development of self-definition oCharacterized by breadth, balance, and the integration of the assessment of various aspects of the self |
| Describe behavior characteristics of a prosocial child | •Acting appropriately in social situations •Are relatively free from negative emotion •Cope with problems constructively |
| Define internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Give an example of each | •Internalizing o Behaviors by which emotional problems are turned inward o Anxiety or depression •Externalizing o Behaviors by which a child acts out emotional difficulties o Aggression or hostility |
| What is coregulation? | Transitional stage in the control of behavior in which parents exercise general supervision and children exercise moment to moment self-regulation |
| What are common child reactions to parental divorce? | •Initially most are frightened to watch their family be disrupted •In the long run- they show more anxiety, depression, & antisocial behavior |
| What percentage of children live in single-parent homes? | 25% |
| How can a stepfather increase his chances of being accepted by a stepson? | Try to slowly become friends |
| What percentage of legal adoptions are by relatives? | 60% |
| Define open adoptions | Both parties share information or have direct contact with the child |
| Name several negative influences of the peer group | •Cliques •Reinforce prejudice •Foster antisocial tendencies: pressure to conform |
| What characteristics are common in popular children? | •Physically attractive •Athletic & academic ability •Good cognitive abilities, high achievers, good at solving social problems, help other children |
| How do boys and girls differ when it comes to friends? | •Girls o Care less about having many friends than about having a few close friends •Boys o Have more friendships, but they are less intimate and affectionate |
| Instrumental Aggression | Premeditated aggressive action that is carried out to achieve a certain goal Ex) a bully who forces other children to give him or her their lunch money |
| Overt Aggression | oBoys tend to use this oAggression that is openly directed at a target |
| Relational Aggression | oGirls tend to use this oAggression aimed at damaging or interfering with another person’s relationships, reputation, or psychological well being |
| How does viewing violent media affect aggression in children? | •Causal relationship between media violence and aggressive behavior •Observational learning, desensitization, enactive learning |
| What are some effects bullying has on the victim? | •Weak •Vulnerable •Defenseless |
| What is the most common type of emotional disturbance found during the elementary-school years? | Disruptive Conduct Disorder |
Created by:
gaudiop