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Dass Final
Stack #184814
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 2 Inferences that link Sample Characteristics and population parameters | Estimation Procedures and Tests of Hypotheses. |
| Principal Disadvantage of Unstructured Questions | Potential for Interviewer Bias is HIGH |
| (T/F) Content Analysis can be Profitably Employed in the Analysis of Structured Questions | FALSE |
| In Constant Sum Scaling, if an attribute is twice as important as some other attribute | It receives TWICE AS MANY POINTS |
| SRS (Sampling Technique) | Stratified Random Sampling; Grouping members of the population into relatively homogeneous subgroups before sampling. |
| Common Use of Rank-Order Scaling | Measure PREFERENCE for BRANDS/ATTRIBUTES |
| Price Levels, Package designs and Advertising Themes are examples of _______ Variables | INDEPENDENT |
| Filter Questions | Enable Researcher to FILTER OUT RESPONDENTS who ARE NOT ADEQUATELY INFORMED |
| Dichotomous Questions | CLOSED-ENDED Question w/ ONLY TWO RESPONSE ALTERNATIVES (Typically Yes/No) |
| Problem with results of Questionnaires | HIGH POTENTIAL for RESPONSE ERROR |
| Element (Respondent) | Object that possesses the Information Sought by Researcher & about which Inferences are to be made. |
| Step in Sampling Design Process that is Concerned With: Number of Variables, Nature of Analysis & Completion Rates | Determining SAMPLE SIZE (Step 4) |
| Double-Barreled Question | Single Question that ATTEMPTS to COVER TWO ISSUES (ex: Coke Question) |
| Type of Sampling that DOES NOT allow direct generalizations to a specific population, usually because the population is not defined explicitly. | Convenience Sampling |
| 3 Causes of Extraneous Variables & Control Tactic that can Greatly Reduce its occurrence. | History, Maturation & Experimentation; RANDOM SAMPLING/Matching |
| Cluster Sampling & 3 Types | Target Population is First divided into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subpopulations, (CLUSTERS) Then Random sample of clusters is selected, based on a probability sampling technique such as SRS. (One-Stage,2-Stage & Multi-Stage) |
| Non-Probability Sampling | CANNOT be used to infer from the sample to the general population. Any generalizations obtained from a non probability sample must be filtered through one's knowledge of the topic being studied. |
| Types of Non-Probability Sampling (4) | Convenience, Snowball, Case Study, QUOTA |
| “Describe your college experience” and “What is your occupation?” are _____ questions. | Unstructured (Open-Ended) |
| 1. O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 X O6 O7 O8 O9 O10 The above design is an example of a _____. | Time Series Design |
| Implicit Assumption | Questions worded so that the ANSWER IS DEPENDANT upon IMPLICIT ASSUMPTION about what will happen as a consequence. (ex: Are you in favor of a balanced budget?-> SHOULD READ: Are you in favor of a balanced budget IF IT WOULD RESULT IN AN INCREASE IN TAXES? |
| Implicit Alternative | An Alternative that is NOT EXPLICITLY EXPRESSED in the options (ex: Do you like to fly when traveling short distances?-> IMPLICIT ALTERNATIVE= OR DRIVE? |
| (T/F) Unstructured questions can suffer from order or position bias. | FALSE; Position Bias=Increased likelihood to chose a response due to it's POSITION (More Likely to chose Beg. or End Response) |
| (T/F) It is a good practice to employ only experienced interviewers to conduct pretests. | FALSE |
| Continuous Rating Scale | (GRAPHIC SCALE) Respondents rate the objects by placing a mark at the appropriate position on a line that runs from one extreme of the criterion variable to the other. |
| Stapel Scale | UNIPOLAR rating Scale with TEN categories numbered from -5 to +5, WITHOUT a NEUTRAL POINT (zero). (This scale is usually presented vertically.) |
| Which itemized rating scale takes longer to complete than other itemized rating scales because respondents have to read each statement? | Likert Scale |
| Balanced vs. Unbalanced Scales | Balanced Scales give EQUAL Amount of + & - Response Options; Unbalanced give more of ONE or the other. |
| (T/F) Only Proportionate Transformations of the form y = bx, where b is a positive constant are allowed When Designing Interval Scales. | FALSE |
| Comparative Scales | Involve DIRECT COMPARISON of TWO or MORE STIMULUS OBJECTS; Must be INTERPRETED in RELATIVE TERMS and have ONLY ORDINAL or RANK ORDER properties. |
| Respondents are asked to allocate 100 points to attributes of a toilet soap in a way that reflects the importance they attach to each attribute | Constant Sum Scaling |
| Internal Validity* | Whether the cause-and-effect relationships found in the experiment can be GENERALIZED.(Did manipulation of the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE ACTUALLY CAUSE the OBSERVED EFFECTS on DEPENDENT variable?) |
| Main Testing Effect | When a PRIOR OBSERVATION affects a LATTER OBSERVATION |
| Loss of Test Units while the experiment is in progress. | Mortality |
| Semantic Differential Scale | UNIPOLAR rating Scale with TEN categories numbered from -5 to +5, WITHOUT a NEUTRAL POINT (zero). (ex: Sears is: Weak-----------Powerful) |
| (T/F) Likert Scale does not require a pretest of the adjectives or phrases to ensure bipolarity. | FALSE |
| Advantages of Likert Scale | Suitable for mail, telephone, or personal interviews, EASY to CONSTRUCT/ADMINISTER & Respondents Readily understand how to use |
| Complete enumeration of the elements of a population or study objects | Census |
| 3 Types of Error Linked to Respondent's inability to Remember | Recall, Telescoping & Omission |
| TE= O1 - O2; This Formula Measures the Treatment Effect for Which Experimental Design Type? | Post-Test Only Control Group Design |
| The data obtained by using a Stapel scale can be analyzed in the same way as a_____. | Semantic Differential Scale |
| SAMPLE | SUBGROUP of the elements of the POPULATION selected for participation |
| Nominal Scale | Values of the scale have NO 'NUMERIC' meaning (ex: Gender) |
| Interval Scale | NUMBERS REPRESENT MAGNITUDE of DIFFERENCE btwn. objects |
| Ordinal Scale | NUMBERS REPRESENT RELATIVE POSITION w/ NO CONSIDERATION for MAGNITUDE of DIFFERENCE |
| Ratio Scale | NUMBERS indicate magnitude of difference and there is a FIXED ZERO POINT (RELATIVE POSITIONING) |
| Concept that General Questions SHOULD PRECEDE Specific Questions. | Funnel Approach |
| 2 Disadvantages of Comparative Scales | ORDINAL Nature of Data & Inability to Draw Generalizations Past the Two Objects Compared. |
| (T/F)The disadvantages of comparative scaling include the fact that :The resulting data are generally assumed to be interval or ratio scaled. | FALSE |
| Statistical Experimental Design that is used to measure Effects of two or more independent variables at various levels and to allow for interactions between variables. | FACTORIAL DESIGN |
| (XO = XT + XS + XR) In the true score model shown above, XT represents _____. | TRUE SCORE of Characteristic |
| Major Advantage of Snowball Sampling | SUBSTANTIALLY increases the likelihood of locating the DESIRED CHARACTERISTIC in the population. |
| Contrived Observation | Respondents' behavior is observed in an ARTIFICIAL ENVIRONMENT, (ex: test kitchen) |
| Internal Validity* | Whether the manipulation of the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE ACTUALLY CAUSED the OBSERVED EFFECTS on the DEPENDENT variables. |
| Selection Bias | Refers to the IMPROPER ASSIGNMENT of test units to TREATMENT CONDITIONS |
| 3 Measures of Scale VALIDITY | Content, Criterion & Construct |
| True Score Model | Provides a framework for understanding the accuracy of measurement. (XO = XT + XS + XR) (XO=Observed Score, XT=True Score, XS=Systematic Error, XR=Random Error) |
| Reliability | Extent to which measures are FREE FROM RANDOM ERROR,(XR) (If XR = 0, the measure is perfectly reliable.) |
| Validity | EXTENT to which differences in observed scale scores REFLECT TRUE DIFFERENCES among objects on the characteristic being measured, (rather than systematic or random error.) |
| Discriminant Validity (Type of Construct Validity) | Extent to which a measure DOES NOT CORRELATE with other constructs from which it is supposed to differ. |
| Nomological Validity (Type of Construct Validity) | Extent to which the scale correlates in THEORETICALLY PREDICTED ways with measures of different but related constructs. |
| Construct Validity | Addresses the question of what construct or characteristic the scale is, in fact, measuring. |
| 3 Types of Construct Validity | Convergent, Discriminant & Nomological |
| Branching Questions should be ordered so that | CANNOT ANTICIPATE what additional information will be required. |
| Extent | GEOLOGICAL BOUNDARIES |
| 3 Decision Factors in Choice Btwn. Probability and Non Probability Sampling | 1.) Nature of Research, 2.)Variability of Population 3.) Other Statistical/Operational Considerations |
| When choosing between Probability & Non Probability Sampling Techniques, How important is Population Size | NOT AT ALL |
| Random error | Represents TRANSIENT FACTORS that affect the observed score in different ways each time the measurement is made |
| Elements WITHIN A CLUSTER should be as _____ as possible, BUT CLUSTERS THEMSELVES should be as _____ as possible. | Heterogeneous, Homogeneous |
| Disproportionate Stratified Sampling | Size of the Sample from each stratum is proportionate to the relative size of THAT STRATUM & to the STANDARD DEVIATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION of the characteristic of interest among all the elements in that stratum. |
| Proportionate Stratified Sampling | Size of the Sample drawn from each stratum is PROPORTIONATE to the relative size of that stratum in the TOTAL POPULATION |
Created by:
derekabc123