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psych/soc MCAT
psych & soc terms for new mcat_more soc than psych
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| illusion of vulnerability | creating optimism and encouragement of risk-taking |
| collective rationalization | ignoring warnings against group ideas |
| illusion of morality | believing group decisions are moral |
| excessive stereotyping | stereotypes constructed from group not normal to individual |
| pressure for conformity | pressure by group to conform, viewing individual as disloyal |
| self-censorship | keeping in opposing views from group |
| illusion of unanimity | falsely agreeing with group |
| mindguards | members have role of protecting group |
| assimilation - culture | individual's or group's behavior resemble that of another group |
| ethnic enclaves | China town/little Italy |
| anticipatory socialization | preparing for future change in status, occupation, living arrangements, relationships |
| resocialization | getting rid of old behaviors to favor new ones |
| norms | rules of society that define acceptable behavior; behavior, speech, dress, home life |
| mores | observed social norms |
| social control | norms provide this that governs behavior |
| taboo | socially unacceptable |
| folkways | norms that believe a certain behavior is polite, like shaking hands after tennis match |
| sanctions | penalites for misconduct to maintain social order |
| deviance | violation of norms |
| stigma | don't like HIV patients b/c have HIV |
| labeling theory | labels affect that person's self-image and how others perceive that person |
| differential association theory | deviance learned through others |
| aka for conformity | majority influence |
| normative conformity | desire to fit in for fear of rejection |
| internalization | changing personal behavior to fit in |
| indentification | accepting other's ideas w/out question |
| experimental example of conformity | Zimbardo's prison experiment |
| compliance | behavioral change due to direct request |
| foot-in-the-door technique | small request made, gains compliance, larger request made |
| door-in-the-face technique | large request made, if refused, a smaller request made |
| lowball technique | requestor gets commitment from individual, then raises cost of commitment; apply to money, time or effort |
| that's not all technique | individual makes an offer, before making decision told another deal even better |
| obedience | directly changing behavior in response to an authority |
| experiment showing obedience | Milgram; teacher/learner "please continue, no other choice" |
| primary socialization | childhood; initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes |
| secondary socialization | learning appropriate behavior w/in small groups in society. outside home based on rules of specific social environment |
| attitude | expression of + or - feelings towards place, person, scenario |
| affective (attitude) | attitude refers to way person feels toward something, emotional component of attitude |
| behavioral (attitude) | way person acts with respect to something |
| cognitive (attitude) | way individual thinks about something |
| four functions that attitudes serve | functional attitudes theory: knowledge, ego expression, adaptation and ego defense |
| knowledge, function of attitude | provides consistency and stability |
| ego-expressive | allow to communicate and solidify identity |
| adaptive, function of attitude | one will be accepted if normative values are demonstrated |
| ego-defensive, function of attitude | protect self-esteem or justify actions that know are wrong |
| learning theory | attitudes develop through different ways of learning |
| elaboration likelihood model | separates individuals on continuum, uses processing of persuasive information |
| central routine processing | deep thinking, elaborative thinking |
| peripheral route processing | do not elaborate in processing |
| social cognitive theory | people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing behaviors in others; behavior NOT learned by trial and error |
| Bandura's triadic reciprocal causation | personal factors/behavioral factors/environmental factors |
| statuses | positions in society used to classify others |
| three types of status | ascribed, achieved, master |
| ascribed status | given involuntarily, due to factors like race, ethnicity, gender and family background |
| achieved status | status gained by result of one's effort or choices, like being a doctor |
| master status | status which individual most identified |
| role | set of beliefs, values, attitudes, norms that define expectations for those who hold status |
| role performance | carrying out of behaviors associated with given role |
| role partner | person with whom one is interacting |
| role set | various roles associated with status |
| role conflict | difficulty in satisfying requirements or expectations in multiple roles |
| role strain | diff in satisfying multiple requires in same role |
| role exit | dropping one identity for another |
| group | 2+people sharing similar characteristics and sense of unity; belonging and acceptance |
| peer group | group by association of self-selected equals interests, age, and status |
| family group | not self-selected but determined by birth rank, adoption or marriage |
| in-groups | groups individual belongs |
| out-groups | individual competes with |
| reference groups | groups establish terms which individuals evaluate themselves |
| primary group | interactions direct, close bonds warm, personal, intimate |
| secondary group | interactions superficial, few emotional bonds |
| 2 major groups by Tonnies | Gemeinshcaft und Gesellschaft; community & society |
| interaction process analysis | technique for observing, classifying, and measuring interactions small groups |
| system for multiple level observation of groups (SYMLOG) | based on belief 3 fundamental dimensions of interaction: dominance vs.submission; friendliness vs. unfriendliness; instrumentally controlled vs. emotionally expressive |
| group conformity | individuals compliant with group goals no matter what |
| groupthink | like group conformity but when members begin to focus on ideas generated w/in group, ignoring outside ideas |
| network | describes observable pattern of social relationships among individuals and groups |
| immediate networds | dense strong ties |
| distant networks | loose ties |
| organizations | groups setup to get to specific goals w/in a structure and culture |
| characteristic institution | basic organization of society; changes throughout history |
| bureaucracy | rational political organization, administration, discipline and control |
| iron law of oligarchy | democratic or bureaucratic systems shift to being ruled by elite group |
| McDonaldization | shift in focus towards efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control in these societies |
| self-presentation | process of displaying oneself to society through culturally accepted behaviors |
| impression management | intentions to make another perceive a certain way about a person, place or thing |
| basic model of emotional expression | Darwin; emotional expression involves a number of components |
| appraisal model | accepts that there are biologically predetermined expressions once an emotion is experienced, but cognitive antecedent to emotion expression |
| social construction model | there is no biological basis for emotions; emotions based on experiences and situational context alone |
| display rules | cultural expectations of emotions and when and how emotions are expressed |
| cultural syndrome | beliefs, attitudes, norms, values, behavior among members of same culture organized around a central theme |
| impression management | attempts to influence how others perceive us |
| tactical self | person we market to others |
| dramaturgical approach | Goffman's description of impression management |
| 3 parts of impression management | authentic self; ideal self; tactical self |
| 2 parts of dramaturgical approach | front stage (puts on a front) & back stage (free to act however) |
| communication | includes speech, writing, signals, behavior |
| verbal communication | communicate through words, written or spoken |
| nonverbal communication | communication intentionally or unintentionally w/o words |
| animal communication | any behavior of one animal that affects behavior of another animal; visual cues/barring teeth |
| golden ratio | 1.618:1. humans attracted to individuals with certain body ratios |
| self-disclosure | sharing one's fears, thoughts and goals |
| reciprocal liking | people like others better when they believe a person likes them |
| proximity | just being physically close to someone playing a role in attraction |
| mere exposure effect or familiarity effect | people prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently |
| amygdala | part of brain for associating stimuli and corresponding rewards or punishments; telling us whether or not something is a threat |
| ______ important in managing the limbic system that manages ______ & _______ | prefrontal cortex manages limbic system that manages emotion & stress |
| cognitive neoassociational model | we are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions |
| 4 main types of attachement styles | secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized SAAD or DAAS or DASA |
| secure attachement | child addicted to adult; unhappy when adult leaves; prefers caregiver |
| avoidant attachement | caregiver little or no response; child shows no preference over caregiver or stranger |
| ambivalent attachment | caregiver inconsistent; child does not consistently rely on caregiver; aka anxious-ambivalent attachement |
| disorganized attachment | no clear pattern; erratic behavior, social withdrawal from caregiver; red flag for abuse |
| social support | perception one is cared for by social network |
| emotional support | listening, affirming, empathizing with someone's feelings |
| esteem support | more affirming qualities and skills of a person |
| material support | aka tangible support; any type of financial or material contributions to another person; making a meal for a friend |
| informational support | providing information that will help someone |
| network support | social support that gives someone a sense of belonging |
| foraging | seeking out and eating food, biologically driven, |
| hypothalamus | hunger sensation control - later induces/ventromedial takes away |
| mating system | organization of a group's sexual behavior |
| mate choice, or intersexual selection | selection of mate based on attractiveness |
| mate bias | how choosy members of species are while choosing a mate |
| direct benefits of mate choice | providing material advantages |
| indirect benefits of mate choice | promoting better survival in offspring |
| 5 mechanisms of mate choice | phenotypic bias, sensory bias, Fisherian or runaway selection, indicator traits, genetic compatibility |
| phenotypic traits | measurable traits, like increased production and survival of offspring |
| sensory bias | development of a trait to match a preexisting preference that exits in the population |
| Fisherian or runaway selection | positive feedback mechanism where a particular trait has no effect on survival and becomes more and more prominent; peacock |
| indicator traits | signify good health and well-being |
| genetic compatibility | mechanism for reduced frequency of recessive genetic disorders in the population; attraction to others who have definitely different genes |
| empathy-altruism hypothesis | one explanation for relationship between empathy and helping behavior |
| evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) | game theory studies sex ratios in various species, where an ESS is adopted in a group and natural selection prevents altering strategies from arising; purpose in game theory is to be more fit than competitors |
| Hawk-Dove game | access to shared food resources; example of pure competition |
| 4 conclusions to game theory, not Hawk-Dove | altruism -/+; cooperation +/+; spite -/-; selfishness +/- |
| inclusive fitness | measure of organism's success in population; promotes idea that altruistic behavior improves fitness and success of species as a whole |
| social perception aka social cognition | tools to make judgements and impressions regarding other people |
| perceive | influenced by experience, motives, emotional state |
| target | person which perception is made |
| stereotypes | the expections, impressions, and opinions about characteristics of a member of a group; cognitive |
| prejudice | overall attitude and emotional response to a group; affective |
| discrimination | differences in actions toward different groups; behavioral |
| primacy effect | idea that first impressions are most important |
| recency effect | most recent information is the most important |
| reliance on central traits | individuals organize perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics of the target more relevant to perciever |
| halo effect | cognitive bias in judgements of specific individual can do no wrong |
| just-world-hypotheses | cognitive bias impression formation; good things happen to good people & bad things happen to bad people |
| self-serving bias | aka self-surving attributional bias: view success on internal factors and failure on external factors |
| self-enhancement | focus on the need to maintain self-worth and can be done through internal attribution of successes and external attribution of failures |
| attribution theory | tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people's behavior |
| two main categories for attribution theory | dispositional (internal) & situational (external) |
| dispositional (internal) attributions | those relate to the person whose behavior is being considered, including his or her beliefs, attitudes, and personality characteristics |
| situational (external) attributions | those that relate to features of the surroundings, threats, money social norms and peer pressure |
| consistency cue | consistent behavior of a person over time |
| consensus cues | extent to which a person's behavior differs from others |
| distinctivenss cues | extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across a series of scenarios; more varied then situational attribution explain it |
| correspondent inference theory | intentionality of a person's behavior; unexpected hurtful behavior explained with dispositional attribution |
| fundamental attribution error | we are generally biased toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions, especially in negative context |
| attribute substitution | when individuals must make judgements that are complex but instead they substitute a simpler solution or apply a heuristic |
| stereotypes | when attitudes and impressions are based on limited and superficial information about a person or a group of individuals |
| stereotype content model | classify stereotypes with respect to a hypothetical in-group using two dimensions: warmth and competence |
| paternalistic stereotypes | high warmth, low competence; low status, not competitive; group is looked down on (housewives, elderly people, disabled) |
| admiration stereotypes | high status, not competitive; high competencen, high warmth; in-group & close ally; group viewed wiht pride and other positive feelings |
| contemptuous stereotype | low status, competitive; welfare recipients, poor people; group viewed with resentment, annoyance or anger |
| envious stereotype | high status, competitive; Asians, Jews, rich people, feminists; low warmth high competence; jealousy, bitterness, distrust |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | expectations create conditions that lead to confirmation of those expectation |
| stereotype threat | concept of people being concerned or anxious about confirming a negative stereotype about one's social group - may cause to perform worse |
| prejudice | irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group or thing, prior to an actual experience with that entity |
| propaganda | ways large organizations create prejudices in others |
| power | ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite any obstacles, and ability to control resources |
| prestige | level of respect shown to a person by others |
| cultural relativism | perrception of another culture as different from one's own but with the recognition that the cultural values, mores and rules of a culture fit into that culture itself |
Created by:
Rocks2278