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Anatomy 2
Exam 2: Vessels of the head and neck (11pts)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Principal artery which supplies the head and neck. | Common Carotid Artery |
| Arises deep to the sternoclavicular joint from the brachiocephalic trunk | R. Common Carotid Artery |
| The longer _______ arises from the arch of the aorta between the brachiocephalic to its right and left subclavian to its left. | L. Common Carotid Artery |
| A fascial sheath enclosing the CCA, internal jugular vein, and vagus verve. | Carotid Sheath |
| Both CCA terminate at the level of the _________ when each CCA ends by bifurcating into an ____________ | upper border of the thyroid cartilage; external & internal carotid artery. |
| CCA passes in front of the __________. CCA can be compressed against the carotid tubercle. | anterior tubercle of C6 transverse process (AKA carotid tubercle). |
| Begins opposite the superior border of the thyroid cartilage at the level between the 3rd and 4th cervical vertebrae. | External Carotid Artery |
| The branches of the External Carotid Artery arise in the following order _______________ | (SALFOPSM) 1) Superior Thryroid aa 2) Ascending Pharyngeal aa 3) Lingual aa 4) Facial aa 5) Occipital aa 6) Posterior Auricular aa 7) Superficial Temporal aa 8) Maixillary aa |
| Vessel has adjacent thyroid & parathyroids, larynx muscles | Superior Thyroid Artery |
| The Superior Thyroid Artery consist of the following branches ____________ | a) anterior thyroid br. b) posterior thyroid br. c) infrahyoid br. d) sternocleidomastoid br. e) superior laryngeal br. f) cricothyroid br. |
| Smallest branch of External Coratid Artery, off its posterior surface | Ascending Pharyngeal Artery |
| Branch of the ECA, that supplies following structures pharyngeal mm., *palatine tonsil, prevertebral mm., *tympanic cavity, *dura | The Ascending Pharyngeal Artery |
| The Ascending Pharyngeal Artery consist of the following branches | a) pharyngeal brs. b) palatine br. c) prevertebral br. d) inferior tympanic e) *meningeal br. |
| Branch passes through foramen lacerum to dura | Meningeal Branch of Ascending Pharyngeal Artery |
| Ascends deep to digastric tendon and hyoglossus m. Is the Principal supply to tongue and *floor of the mouth, also supplies *palatine tonsil | Lingual Artery |
| The Lingual Artery consist of the following branches ________ | a) suprahyoid br. b) dorsal lingual aa. c) sublingual a. d) deep lingual a. |
| cervical course which carries it close to the pharynx where it is the *principal blood supply to the palatine tonsil, then crosses the mandible (palpable) to ascend lateral to the angle of the mouth alongside the nose, terminates as the *angular artery. | Facial Artery |
| Vessel supplies facial mm. & tissues, submandibular gland & soft palate | Facial aa |
| The Cervical Branches of the Facial Artery consists of _________ | 1) ascending palatine 2) **tonsillar a. 3) glandular brs. 4) **submental a. 5) muscular brs. |
| branch supplies palantine tonsil and root of tongue | Tonsillar aa (cervical branch) |
| Branch supplies muscles of mandible, chin, and lower lip | Submental aa (cervical branch) |
| From the facial artery, name the facial branches | 1) **Inferior Labial aa 2) **Superior Labial aa 3) **lateral nasal aa 4) **Angular aa ((5) Muscular branches)) |
| Branch that supplies lower lips | inferior labial a. |
| Branch supplies upper lip, nasal septum, & ala of nose | Superior Labial a |
| Branch supplies ala & dorsum of nose | Lateral Nasal Artery |
| Supplies lacrimal sac & orbicularis oculi; clinically an important anastomosis occurs with dorsal nasal br. of ophthalmic a. | Angular a. |
| Vessel from posterior surface of External Carotid Artery, closely related to hypoglossal nerve near its proximal part. *Supplies back of Scalp | Occipital a |
| Occipital artery consist of __________ | a) muscular brs. capitis b) sternocleidomastoid a. c) auricular a. d) meningeal a. e) **descending br. f) terminal brs |
| Branch runs caudal in posterior neck; important in helping to establish collateral circulation in the event of an *occlusion of the *common carotid or *subclavian arteries by anastomosing with __________ | Descending branch of occipital aa; (vertebral artery, costocervical trunk, thyrocervical trunk) |
| Vessel from posterior surface of External Carotid Artery | Posterior Auricular Artery |
| Branches of the Posterior Auricular Artery __________ | a. muscular & glandular b. stylomastoid br. c. auricular br. d. occipital br. |
| The smaller of the two terminal branches of the External Carotid Artery; begins in the substance of the parotid gland. Supplies *TM joint, masseter, temporalis, parotid, scalp, etc. | Superficial Temporal Artery |
| Superficial Temporal Artery consist of the following branchs __________ | a. **transverse facial a. b. middle temporal a. c. zygomaticofacial a. d. anterior auricular a. e. frontal br. f. parietal br. |
| Branch supplies Parotid gland, Masseter, Skin | Transverse Facial aa |
| The Maxillary Artery consist of three portion _________ | Mandibular, Pterygoid, Pterygopalatine portion |
| Branch enters mandibular canal to supply teeth of mandible, has mental & incisor branches | Inferior Alveolar aa. |
| This branch via foramen spinosum to dura | middle meningeal a. |
| Branch supplies *molars & *premolars maxilla, gums, maxillary sinus | posterior superior alveolar a. |
| Branch via infraorbital foramen to mm. & skin in this area | Infraorbital a. |
| Branch supplies canine & incisors of maxilla, maxillary sinus | anterior superior alveolar a. |
| Branch via greater palatine foramen to roof of mouth | greater palatine a |
| Branch via lesser palatine foramen to soft palate & palatine tonsil | lesser palatine a. |
| Branch via sphenopalatine foramen to paranasal sinuses & nasal septum | sphenopalatine a. |
| Principal source of blood to the brain, both usually being necessary for normal brain function. Collateral circulation will *not usually develop to the extent necessary to replace a completely blocked ICA. | Internal Carotid Artery |
| _______supplies 80 - 90% of the Cerebral Hemisphere, whereas the ________ supplies 10 - 20%. | ICA system, vertebral-basilar system |
| ICA gives off no branches in the neck and begins at the _________ | bifurcation of CCA (level C3 - C4 vertebrae). |
| At the origin of ICA is a *bulbous dilation called ______, which functions in regulation of systemic blood pressure. In the bifurcation of the CCA lies the ________, a minute body 2-3 mm. that is sensitive to 02 & C02 changes | the carotid sinus, carotid body |
| The Internal Carotid Artery is usually divided into 4 portions _____________ | Cervical Portion, Petrous Portion, Cavernous Portion, Cerebral Portion (of ICA) |
| What vessel arises in the _________of the neck overlapped by the sternocleidomastoid and crossed by _________. It then ascends in the neck deep to the posterior digastric. | Internal Carotid Artery, carotid triangle, hypoglossal nerve |
| a space bounded anteroinferiorly by the __________, anterosuperiorly by the __________ and posteriorly by the __________ | (carotid triangle) superior belly of omohyoid, posterior belly of the digastric & stylohyoid, sternocleidomastoid |
| ___________is usually found anteromedial at first, then lateral to the ICA higher in the neck, while the __________ lies lateral to the ICA. | external carotid artery, internal jugular vein |
| The ICA cont. up the neck in carotid sheath passing ant. to superior cervical ganglion, symp. trunk, prevertebral mm, and TP's of cervical vertebrae. Ascends in the neck, passes __ to the wall of the pharynx & palatine tonsil. Cervical part ends at the __ | close, carotid canal |
| In the petrous portion of the temporal bone, the ICA is within the carotid canal. The artery has a horizontal course & lies adjacent to the middle ear (tympanic cavity) & it is separated from the ___of the inner ear and the ___ by a thin piece of bone. | cochlea, trigeminal ganglion |
| Name the branches of the Petrous part of the ICA? | Caroticotympanic aa; Artery of the pterygoid canal |
| _________ represents the ICA within the *Cavernous Sinus which is _________ course. While in this dural venous sinus it rests on the carotid groove of the sphenoid bone, located just lateral to the sella turcica. | Cavernous Part (of ICA), U-shaped curved course |
| In the Cavernous part the ICA is in the dural venous sinus, resting on the carotid groove of the sphenoid bone. It has a close relationship to several cranial nerves. Which are ________ | Oculomotor, trochlear, opthalmic brch. of trigeminal, abducens |
| Lies closest to ICA may be affected first by pressure from an aneurysm of the artery | Abducens (CN) |
| Name the branches of the *Cavernous part of the ICA | 1) Cavernous 2) Hypophyseal 3) Meningeal |
| Supplies trig, ganglion, walls of cavernous and inferior petrosal sinuses | Cavernous aa |
| branch supplies one or two small vessels to the hypophysis | Hypophyseal aa |
| branch supplies dura of anterior cranial fossa | Meningeal aa |
| What part of the ICA begin perforates the inner layer of dura just medial to the anterior clinoid process between the oculomotor and optic nerves as it passes posteriorly to divide into its terminal branches: the ______ and ________. | Cerebral Part; Anteiror, Middle cerebral arteries |
| This artery enters the orbit by passing through the *Optic Foramen below the optic nerve within the nerve's dural-arachnoid sheath, then comes to lay between optic nerve and lateral rectus muscles. | Ophthalmic Artery |
| The cerebral portion of ICA has following branches _________ | 1) Ophthalmic artery 2) Choroidal artery 3) Posterior communicating artery 4) Middle cerebral artery 5) Anterior cerebral artery |
| Some important branches of the ophthalmic artery are ____________ | 1) Central artery of the retina 2) Lacrimal a 3) [supraorbital, supratrochlear, dorsal nasal, and palpebral aa.] 4)ciliary arteries |
| Passes within center of optic nerve to enter eye. Supplies retina. Intracranial pressure or arterial disease may be observed with an ophthalmoscope. | Central Artery of the Retina (Ophthalamic Br) |
| Branch supplies lacrimal gland, eyelids, and conjunctiva | Lacrimal a. (Ophthalamic Br) |
| *anastomotic branches with the external carotid system over the face and supplies scalp, permits the ophthalmic artery to be a source of retrograde blood flow to the circulus arteriosus in the event of an occlusion | "supraorbital, supratrochlear, dorsal nasal, and palpebral aa." (Ophthalamic Br) |
| Circulus arteriosus is also known as ________ | Circle of Willis |
| Arises from ICA or first part of middle cerebral immediately after origin of the ophthalmic a. | Choroidal artery (Supplies *choroid plexus of lateral ventricle, etc) |
| Internal Carotid Artery gives this branch off just before dividing into its terminal brs. The artery forms an anastomosis with the posterior cerebral br. of the basilar artery. Supplies walls of 3rd ventricle and medial thalamus | Posterior communicating artery |
| Largest branch (and a terminal branch) of the ICA. It runs in the lateral cerebral fissure and forms anastomoses with anterior and posterior cerebral arteries. Suppplies lateral surface of temporal, frontal, and parietal lobes | Middle cerebral artery |
| ____________ is smaller of the two terminal branches. The vessel communicates with the contralateral artery via the _______. Anterior cerebral artery travels in the longitudinal cerebral fissure curving up and around the corpus callosum. | Anterior cerebral artery, anterior communicating artery |
| Following restriction to flow of one or both ICAs the following collateral arteries come into importance __________ | Posterior communicating arteries, Ophthalmic arteries, Anterior communicating artery, Small Collaterals |
| permit blood flow from the vertebral-basilar system to flow via the circulus arteriosus (circle of Willis) into the ICAs. | Posterior communicating arteries |
| Assume an occlusion, by their connections with external carotid system vessels on the scalp, can retrogradely help fill the ICAs | Ophthalmic arteries |
| Assume an occlusion, this branch permits flow from one ICA to the contralateral ICA. | Anterior communicating artery |
| Small _____ such as the ______ of ICA anastomosing in the middle ear with tympanic brs. of the external carotid system. | collaterals, caroticotympanic br. |
| a circular anastomosis between ICA and Vertebral-Basilar System which is situated at the base of the brain in the interpeduncular fossa surrounding the optic chiasma, pituitary, etc. | Circulus Arteriosus (circle of Willis) |
| Circulus Arteriosus (circle of Willis) has an anastomosis between _______ & _______ | ICA, Vertebral-Basilar System |
| Circulus Arteriosus (circle of Willis) consist of the following branches _________ | 1) anterior cerebral a. with anterior communicating br. 2) ICA (cerebral part) 3) posterior communicating a. 4) posterior cerebral a. |
| Begins at jugular foramen as the continuation of the sigmoid dural venous sinus. The 2 drain blood from maj. of the head & neck. Descends in carotid sheath, lies first post. then lat. to the ICA & vagus nerve. travels deep to the sternocleidomastoid mm | Internal Jugular Vein (IJV) |
| Just before Internal Jugular Vein terminates, it joins the subclavian to form the brachiocephalic vein and often shows a second dilation called _________ | Inferior jugular bulb. |
| Name the tributaries to the Internal Jugular Vein | 1) *inferior petrosal sinus 2) pharyngeal veins 3) *common facial vein 4) *lingual vein 5) superior and middle thyroid veins |
| The IJV terminates by joining the _______ to form the ______ | Subclavian, Brachiocephalic |
| A subcutaneous vv variable in size & course, arises w/in the substance of parotid gland by union of post. auricular vv & portion of retromandibular vv, travels inferiorly superficial to sternocleidomastoid mm & accompanied in part by great auricular n. | External Jugular Vein |
| The EJV arises by union of the ____ & a portion of the ___, then travels inferiorly. As it travels downward, it is accompanied in part of its course by ____ | posterior auricular vein, retromandibular vein, great auricular nerve |
| How is Cervical triangle formed? | Formed by the posterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, anterior edge of trapezius, and clavicle |
| The EJV terminates in the ______ by joining the ______. | posterior cervical triangle, [subclavian or internal jugular vein] |
| *Tributaries to the EJV are _________ | a) transverse cervical v. b) suprascapular v. c) anterior jugular v. |
| Begins in suprahyoid region & descends in surface of supra & infrahyoid mm. Above sternum, joins contralateral AJV via jugular venous arch. After uniting across midline, each AJV curves laterally empty in terminal part of external jugular / subclavian v. | Anterior Jugular Vein |
| Just above the sternum, the AJV joins the contralateral AJV via a __________ | jugular venous arch |
| Veins of the face consist of ________ | retromandibular vv, superficial temporal vv, maxillary vv. external jugular vv, common facial vv |
| The retromandibular vein is formed by the union of _______&______. It ends by draining into the _______&_______ | superficial temporal vv & maxillary vv.; external jugular vv & common facial vv |
| These veins occupy channels within the diploe of the cranial bones. They communicate with meningeal veins, pericranial veins, and sinuses of the dura mater. | DIPLOIC VEINS |
| Begin in dura mater and communicate with the superior sagittal sinus and other cranial sinuses. | MENINGEAL VEINS |
| Correspond to cerebral and cerebellar veins & drain into dural venous sinuses | Veins of Brain |
| Pass through various foramina and openings in the cranial wall and establish anastomoses between the sinuses of the dura inside the skull and veins on exterior of skull. | EMISSARY VEINS |
| Channels situated between the inner and outer layers of the dura. Drain blood from brain and cranial bones | Venous Sinus of Dura Mater |
| Located in the SUPERIOR EDGE OF THE FALX CEREBRI and terminates by draining into the CONFLUENCE OF SINUSES. The confluence of sinuses then drains into the transverse sinuses. | Superior Sagittal Sinus |
| Where is the confluence of sinuses located? | located adjacent to the internal occipital protuberance |
| The Superior Sagittal Sinus is located in the _______ and terminates by draining into the _______ | superior edge of the falx cerebri, confluence of sinuses |
| This sinus runs in the INFERIOR FREE EDGE OF THE FALX CERBRI. Posteriorly, it is a tributary of the straight sinus. Another tributary of the straight sinus in this area is the great cerebral vein. The straight sinus drains into the confluence of sinuses. | Inferior Sagittal Sinus |
| Tributaries of the straight sinus are _________ | Inferior Sagittal Sinus, Great Cerbral Vein (of Galen) |
| The sinus is derived from the left and right marginal sinuses which unite around the foramen magnum to form ________, which runs upward in the BASE OF THE FALX CERBELLI to join the confluence of sinuses. | Occipital Sinus |
| Begin at confluence of sinuses & run laterally in POSTERIOR EDGE OF TENTORIUM CERBELLI. It dips inferior to tentorium cerebelli to form sigmoid sinus, takes S shaped course to jugular foramen then sigmoid sinus empties into IJV. | Transverse and Sigmoid Sinuses |
| Large venous spaces on each side of the hypophyseal fossa. They are connected to each other, anterior and posterior of the hypophysis, by ANT. & POST. INTERCAVERNOUS SINUSES. Cranial nerves III, IV, ophthalmic br. of V, and VI pass through the sinus. | Cavernous and Intercavernous Sinuses |
| Leave the cavernous sinuses and run along the ANTEROLATERAL MARGINS OF THE TENTORIUM CERBELLI, then empty into the sigmoid sinuses. | Superior Petrosal Sinuses |
| Also originate at the cavernous sinuses, but run below the level of the superior petrosal to empty into the superior bulb of the internal jugular vein. | Inferior Petrosal Sinuses |
| Name all the venous sinuses of the dura mater | 1. Superior Sagittal Sinus 2. Inferior Sagittal Sinus 3. Occipital Sinus 4. Transverse and Sigmoid Sinuses 5. Cavernous and Intercavernous Sinuses 6. Superior and Inferior Petrosal Sinuses |
| Supplies choroid plexus of latera ventricle, etc. | Choroidal artery |
| Supplies walls of 3rd ventricle and medial thalamus | Post. communicating artery |
| What branches does Post. Communicating artery anastomose with? | Middle Cerebral aa & Posterior Cerebral Br of the Basilar Artery |
| Supplies the lateral surface of temporal, frontal, and parietal lobes | Middle Cerebral Artery |
| Branch runs in the lateral cerebral fissure. | Middle Cerebral Artery |
| Middle cerebral artery forms anastomosis with what branches? | Anterior & Posterior Cerebral Artery |
| Supplies medial aspect of frontal & parietal lobes, corpus callosum, cingulate gyrus, etc. | Anterior Cerebral Artery |
| Anterior Cerebral Artery communicates with contralateral artery via the _________. | Anterior Communicating Artery |
| Travels in the Longitudinal Cerebral Fissure curving up and around the corpus callosum. | Anterior Cerebral Artery |
| Assume occlusion of one ICA, name 2 other collateral of importance. | 1) Post. Comm aa 2) Ophthalamic aa 3) Anterior Comm aa 4) Small Collateral aa |
| The circle of Willis consists of the following ________ | 1) Anterior Cerebral a. with Anterior Comminicating Br 2) ICA (cerebral part) 3) Posterior Communicating aa. 4) Posterior Cerebral aa |
| The upper dilated portion of the Internal Jugular Vein which may project into the floor of the tympanic cavity | Superior Jugular Bulb |
| Draw Circle of Willis |
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