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chapter 21
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| why must glucose levels be maintained at all times? | because the brain depends on GLUCOSE AS IT ENERGY SOURCE. fuel fatty acids and used for energy |
| How are the nutrients transported and stored? | the body must store nutrients during periods of FOOD intake. THEN BREAKDOWN stores between periods of meals |
| Explain the concepts of negative energy balance and positive balance. | Negative balance Energy intake < energy output Need to obtain energy from stores |
| Explain the concepts of negative energy balance and positive balance. | Positive balance Energy intake > energy output Energy in excess of output gets stored |
| Energy Input | ENERGY UTILIZATION + ENERGY OUT the energy content of a nutrient is usually expressed in calories per gram of the substance burned. |
| Energy Output | energy released during oxidation or other catabolic reactions takes two forms: heat and work. |
| basal metabolic rate (BMR) | is the rate of energy expenditure of a person who is awake, is lying down, is physically and mentally relaxed, and has fasted for at least 12 hours. REPRESENTS RWEQUIREMENT FOR PUUMPING BLOOD AND TRANSPORTING IONS |
| Which cell types stores most glycogen in the body | glucose |
| What is the fate of any excess glucose in the liver? | stored in the liver, muscle, and fat cells and convert to energy storage molecules. |
| What is a VLDL? | Convert glucose to fatty acids, then to triglycerides which are packaged into very low density lipoproteins (VLDL); and transported to body cells and adipose tissues. |
| Compare and contrast absorptive and post-absorptive state: | Absorptive state 3–4 hours following meal Nutrients in bloodstream plentiful from absorption |
| Compare and contrast absorptive and post-absorptive state: | Postabsorptive Between meals Energy stores must be mobilized |
| primary energy source | Absorptive state :GLUCOSE |
| Metabolism During the Postabsorptive State | Within a few hours Primarily a catabolic state Energy input < output Glucose spared for nervous system Other tissues use fatty acids or other sources for energy Stored nutrients broken down and mobilized |
| Metabolism During the Absorptive State | anabolic state the majority of reaction involves synthesis of macromolecules Energy input > output as nutrients absorbed Glucose = primary energy source for cell Excess nutrients taken are stored Liver and muscle store glycogen |
| Carbohydrates | consumed in many diff forms, monosaccharides, glucose Usable carbohydrates Glucose = energy Glycogen = stores energy Polysaccharides to membranes Inside cells, glucose can be oxidized for energy or be converted to glycogen for storage. |
| lipid | process of catabolizing fats for energy is a little more complex than with carbohydrates or proteins. |
| Triglycerides | Triglycerides are transported into the bloodstream in lipoproteins (which are small protein- and-lipid-containing particles). Once they reach their target cells, lipids must leave the lipoprotein before they can enter inside the cells. |
| Lipoprotein lipase is the enzyme that will break down the triglyceride into fatty acids and monoglycerides; | |
| The fatty acids are then taken up by nearby cells, and the monoglycerides remain in the bloodstream and are eventually metabolized in the liver/ | |
| fatty acids may be oxidized for energy or combined with glycerol to form a brand new triglyceridewhich would be stored as fat droplets in the cytosol in adipocytes. | |
| proteins | amino acids rather than whole proteins are transported in the bloodstream. |
| Amino acids once in the cell can be used for making proteins, or can be catabolized for energy by proteolysis | |
| Catabolism of cellular proteins to generate energy, in starvation only. | |
| hormonal regulation (insulin vs. glucagon) | |
| 10. Can glycogen in a skeletal muscle fiber be used by that fiber? Can it be used for other skeletal muscle fibers? Can it be used to elevate blood glucose? And why? | No, No , the glucose formed by glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle reamins in the cell |
| 11. What is the primary energy source for brain in a daily life? And in starvation? | Glucose , proteins |
| 12. What is the normal blood glucose level | 70–100 mg/dL |
| What is hyPERglycemia | glucose > 140 mg/dL; often indicative of diabetes mellitus |
| HyPOglycemia? | glucose < 60 mg/dL |
| 13. What are the actions of insulin? Think about 3 nutrients: CHO, lipid, and proteins. | BUILD UP ENERGY STORES AND BREAK DOWN GLUCOSE FOR ENERGY STORAGE BY GLUCONEOGENISIS |
| 14. How does insulin decrease plasma glucose level? | Increase glucose uptake by cells deacrease catabolism |
| 15. What are the actions of glucagon | Mobilization of energy stores Glycogenolysis Lipolysis & Synthesize of new energy sources Gluconeogenesis Catabolic hormone |
| How does glucagon increase plasma glucose levels? | Increase gluconeogenesis & glycogenolysis in liver. 2). Increasing lipolysis in adipose tissue. Â |
| 16. What factors increase the secretion Glucagon? | Secretion increases during postabsorptive state Sympathetic nervous system Epinephrine |
| Insulin factors in secretion | Secretion increases in absorptive state Increase glucose in plasma Increase amino acids Parasympathetic Nv Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) |
| 17. What are the effects of growth hormone? | on in children GH on bone, cartilage and soft tissue results from the actions of SMATOMEDINS |
| How does growth hormone promote growth? | Promote growth Increases cell size (hypertrophy) Increases cell number (hyperplasia) Increase size of some cells Increase bone length and thickness |
| What are the effects of growth hormone on metabolism? | DEACREASE GLUCO, FATTY ACIDS & AMINO ACIDS INCREASE GHRH, SLEEP , EXCERSISE, STRESS AND CIRCADIAN RYTHEM |
| define insulin-like growth factors (somatomedins). Which organ secretes it? | LIVER |
| 19. What factors stimulate growth hormone secretion? | GHRH in hypothalamus stimulates GH release from anterior pituitary GHIH (somatostatin) inhibits GH release SLEEP, EXCERSISE, STRESS, CIRCADIAN RYTHM |
| 20. Which one is the most abundant form of thyroid hormone secreted into blood: T3 or T4? | T4 |
| Which one is the most potent on the tissue: T3 or T4? | T3 |
| 21. What are the actions of thyroid hormones? Also, think about its permissive and synergistic effects with growth hormone and sympathetic system. | raise the bodyâs BMR increase the rate of oxygen consumption and energy Increase heat production: calorigen stimulating energy utilization, increase energy mobilization. lycogenolysis;.,lipolysis, protein synthesis |
| 22. What is the stress hormone? | cortisol |
| 23. What are the actions of cortisol? | Mobilizes energy stores Cortisol suppresses immune response Increases gluconeogenesis; Decreases uptake of glucose, amino acids, and protein synthesis. Consequence: plasma concentrations of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids rise. |
Created by:
cristall18