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Week 4-7 Class 113
Animal disease 113
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Virus | is a very tiny simple organism. Not considered alive. Unable to metabolize, grow or repoduce on its own. Must take over a host cell that provides these functions to survive. |
| Obligate intracellular parasite | hijacks the host cells structrue in order to reproduce(replicate) the virus depends on the cell to provide a habitat , energy and materials for reporduction |
| Virus classification | 1. Shape- Icosahedral, Helical or complex 2. RNA or DNA-composition genitic material 3. Envelope vs Nonenvelope |
| Capsid( virus ) | what surrounds the RNA or DNA core |
| Envelope virus | external membrane that surrounds the Capsid , can be destroyed by common disinfectants, freezing and thawing |
| Non-envelope virus | No membrane surrounding the Capsid, difficult to destroy, EX: Parvo, Panluk Calicivirus |
| Virus treatment | Antibiotics DO NOT WORK the bodys natural immune system will take care of it, but rest, lots of fluids , eating well helps |
| How to prevent a Virus attack | Vaccination, proper nutrition, hygiene, stress reduction, screening and quarantine of new animals |
| Virus Shapes/ Capsomeres | Helical, Icosahedral,(multi faceted ) Complex ( is multifaceted with a stem and spiderlets at the end ) |
| Primary Infection -viruses | is the viral infection that damages the cells |
| Secondary infection- viruses | when bacteria move in and increase the numbers , shows clinical sign such as, pus discharge from eyes and nose |
| Fungi/Fungus | not a plant or an animal made up of yeast(Candida), mold mushroom, mold on bread . larger than Virus and Bacteria, plant like that lack chlorophyll substance converts sunlight into energy, they cannot make food, so they have to absorb it from host |
| Fungal transmission | by micorscopic spores in the air or soil, first noticable on the skin or inhaled into the lungs |
| Superficial infection of fungus | mild and non life threatening- ringworm |
| Systemic infection of fungus | can cause life threatening diseases like Coccidioidomycosis, Blastomycosis or Histoplamosis |
| Why fungus spreads | when atibiotics are introduced into the system, it kills the bacteria that keeps a fungus(yeast) in check, the fungus will grow causing mild irriation, until the bacteria has a chance to grow back |
| Zygomycetes | bread mold, fast growing terrestrial, largely saprophytic. fungi are the largest group of fungi, they grow on dead organic matter such as fallen trees, cow patties, dead leaves, and even dead insects and animals. |
| Basidiomycetes | exist as spores and parasites of plants. |
| Ascomycetes | saprophytes and parasites |
| Coccidioidomycosis fungus | Valley fever is an infection caused by fungus,lives in the soil southwestern US, Mexico and centeral/south america. trasmitted by breathing the spores from the air. symptoms are cough, fever,shortness of breath, headache, night sweats, muscle or joint |
| Blastomycosis fungus | fungal infection with flu like symptoms , serious if infection spreads from the lung to other organs |
| Histoplasmosis fungus | lives in soil especially an area with a lot of bird droppings. |
| Ringworm/Tinea fungus | is a fungus, that symptoms show up on the skin as an itchy red ring rash. |
| Areas Ringworm are found | Feet as athletes foot, Groin as jock itch, scalp as tinea capitis, hands as tinea manuum, Also toenails and fingernails |
| Sporotrichosis | is an infection caused by fungus that lives in soil,plants, decaying vegitation. Cuts on the skin is the most common form of infection. shows up as small nodules. will be red, pink or purple, it will eventually become larger and may look like an open sore |
| Mycosis | fungal disease |
| Fungus structure | cell wall distingushes it. contains a nigtrogenous substance known as Chitin. multicellular, has branches known as Hyphae, a mass of Hyphae is called Mycelium. cells contain nuclius, oranelles, mitochondria , endoplamsic reticulum, lysosomes, centrioles |
| Fungi Reproduction | 4 ways depending on enviroment and type. 1. budding 2. fragmentation 3. Production of spores asexually 4. production of spores sexually |
| Fungi budding | on cell that divides into 2 seperate cells |
| Fungi fragmentaion | reproduces by forming hyphae, that break off and start growing as new cells |
| Fungi Sexually | two types of cells called gametes(reproductive cells) are produced, a male and female |
| Spores | tiny single cells that are usually very resistant to environmental changes |
| Protozoa | Proto-First Zoa-animals, not easily defined because the discription is so varied. has many shapes, sizes and make up. only commonality is they are unicellular eukaryotic organisms |
| Protozoa environment | found in moist environments virtually everywhere. extremely adaptable. Must be able to aquire and metabolize nutrients from their environment. |
| Osmotrophy -protozoa | to absorb |
| Phagotrophy-protozoa | ingest solid material |
| Photosynthetic-protozoa | capture energy from the sun and convert it into usable chemical energy |
| Symbosis- protozoa | implies a physiological dependency of one organism on another and not just a close physical association |
| Commensalism-protozoa | benificial to both organisms but has no affect on the other |
| Mutualism-protozoa | a special form of cimmensalism in which both organisms dreive some benefit and have become dependant on each other |
| Parasitism-protozoa | a relationship in which on organism(parasite) benefits at the expense of the other(host) |
| Motatlity | the ability to move |
| Cilia | subcellular sturctures covering the organism that propel it through a fluid medium, like oars |
| Flagella | long whip like stucture that moves with a wave like beat which is propogated through their length |
| Dyneins | motor proteins which convert chemical energy into a mechanical energy |
| Ameba protozoa | crawl along a solid substance, by projecting out a false foot/psuedopodium and pulls itself along |
| Protozoan sexuallity | asexual and sexual. sexual produces fusion of gametes, oppostie mating types will pair and exchange genetic material . Asexually is that it will split with identical make up on the new cell. |
| Canine Parvovirus (CPV) | highly infectious and extremely deadly, it attacks and divides host cells rapidly and spreads quickly. it has a very short incubation period, about 4-7 days. some strains can stretch into a few weeks. |
| CPV-transmission | is spread by shedding the virus, which is contacted through fecal matter.infecion depends on 3 factors, host vitality( is your dog healthy) virulence of the virus(including how many particles the host has been exposed to) and environmental factors |
| Parvo symptoms | lethargy, diahhrea is severe or bloody, vomiting, not eating, fever. A drop in white blood cell counts is the first indication if parvo is suspected |
| Parvo transportation | readily carried on shoes, clothing, tools rodents and flies , CPV is able to survive in freezing temperatures |
| Parvo risk | depends on your dogs immune experience the dog has had the virus before. has the dog been vaccinated, infected, how many past exposures and how strong the dog is by means of nurtition, stress ect |
| Parvo shedding | an infected dog sheds 35 million viral particles per ounce of stool. it only takes average 1000 particles to infect |
| Who is most at risk for Parvo | puppies, especially if the mother has not been vaccinated. they have immature immune systems |
| Colostrum | secretes from the mother into her milk in the first 2 days. it transfers her antibodies into her babies |
| Incubation peroid of Parvo | INCUBATION IS 3-7 DAYS BEFORE PUPPY SEEMS ILL |
| Life line of Parvo | enters the body through the mouth as the puppy cleans itself or eats food off the ground. the virus seeks out the closest rapidly dividing group of cells. Lymph nodes of the throat fits this requirment. after a few days so much virus has been produced |
| Fluid therapy-parvo treatment | one of the first measures to take, since vomiting and diarrhea cause severe dehydration. |
| Antibiotics- parvo treatment | since the GI tract is damaged, anitbiotics can be given as a shot or in the IV bag. Cefazolin, Baytril, Ampicillin, Gentamycin, Amikacin, Trimethoprin-sulfa and Chloramphenicol are the names of the antibotics used. Cefazolin being the hospital favorite |
| ELISA Test | a simple test to check for parvo, a stool sample is obtained |
| Cleaning suspected Parvo areas | Bleach is the best product to use |
| Parvo prevention | vaccinations are the best preventitive for dogs. |
| Canine Distemper Virus in dogs CDV | Closely related to human measles, a virus that attacks the respiratory system first, then the neurological system |
| Distemper transmission and infection | infects through coughing or other body secretions like urine. enters by mouth or nose. from 24 hrs to day 6 the virus has infected lymph nodes of the lung, spleen, stomach, small intestines, and liver. 2 weeks the virus enters the epithelial cells |
| Confirming distemper | almost impossible because the virus attacks every system, the vet must look at the history of the illness, taking urinary bladder tissue after death is easy "distemper inclusion bodies" are visable in the tissue. taking samples from the pink part of the |
| Treatment for distemper | Is all about immuntiy,supportive care while patient mounts its own immune response.Neurologic distemper is difficult to treat but can live with the effects of neurodistemper. killing is only an option for progressive, incpacitating neurological disease |
| Provention of distemper | vaccinate, vaccinate vaccinate |
| Clinical signs of Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) | Respiratory, ocular, GI, Neurologic, dermatologic |
| Respiratory signs of distemper | nasal and occular discharge, coughing, Dyspena( diffuculty breathing) Pneumonis. Occular signs are inflammation, dry eye, sudden blindess or impairment |
| GI signs of distemper | anorexia( loss of appetite) Vomiting, Dyspena( difficutly breathing) Diarrhea( may be bloody) |
| Neurological signs of distemper | may occure with no or mild history or signs, usually will occur withing 1-3 weeks after systemic signs,could be months later, may include seizures, weakness or paralysis, visibular signs ( loss of balance)Myoclonus( twitching muscles) Hypersensitivity |
| Dermatological signs of distemper | pustular dermatitis( skin rash ) nasal and digital hyperkeratosis(thickening of the nose and footpads) |
| Pathology of distemper | Leukopenia( decrease of white bloodcells) Thrombocytopenia ( decreased platelets) |
| Infectious Canine Hepatitis (ICH) | affects the liver, kidneys and eyes |
| Adenovirus (CAV-1) | a viral particle that causes hepatitis, a pathogen canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1) capable to damage cells throughout the body especially the kiver, kidneys and eyes. |
| ICH mode of infection | picked up through contact with urine infected with CAV-1. it can remain in a kidney for up to 1 year.enters through the nose or mouth and starts in the tonsils before moving to the lymph nodes then moves to bloodstream to attach the organs |
| Cytotoxic ( a virus toxic to living cells ) | the viral particles are cytoxic, which is why they are capable of doing so much damage. |
| ICH mortality rate | it is not always fatal. but when it is, death is usually the result of massive hemorrhage, fluid leakage from a severly damaged liver, and central nervous system trauma which trigger siezure and coma. |
| Early signs of ICH | Leukopenia(low white bloodcells) jaundice( pale gums, tongue and nose that are yellow in color) Blue eye (viral particles in the eyes, may eveolve to glaucoma) |
| ICH test | a urinalysis and blood test may be run to detect the viral antibodies. treatment is supportive.. |
| Help to prevent ICH | CAV-2 vaccine may help, there is no vaccine for 1. very resistant particle, can last several days in a normal room temp, will inactivate after 5 minutes w/ temps at 120 degrees, steam cleaning is a good option. or chemical disinfection with sodium hydrox |
| Canine Coronavirus Virus (CCV) | Highly contagious intestinal disease , which replicates itself in the upper 2 thirds of the small intesine and local lymph nodes. , considered generally mild, unless paired with other infections. |
| CCV symptoms | a single vomiting, and a few days of diarreha(liquid, yellow-green or orange) may occure. anorexia and depression. mild respiratory may present. puppies with protracted diarrhea and dehydration are most at risk. |
| Transmission of CCV | exposure to feces from infected dogs, shreds from feces for up to 6 months. |
| Tracheobronchitis ( kennel cough) ITB | a bacterial infection, infectious respiratory disease Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease complex(CIRDC) may include sneezing, nasal and occular discharge. |
| Feline Panleukopenia FPV | Like DOG Parvo, is a highly contagious and potentially fatal disease, and is caused by feline parvovirus, an unenveloped DNA virus that is viable for months to years in a dark moist environment, you can not "wait it out" |
| FPV transmission | Incubation is 3-14 days and is shed from all body fluids, could shed from 2-6 weeks post recovery. althought fecal transmission is the most common. Fomites are also huge transmission factors. |
| Feline Panleukopenia clincal signs | Vomiting, fever, dehydration, diarrhea ( less common that vomiting) Cerebellar disease or other neurological and ocular complications. sudden death |
| Panleukopenia disinfection | this is a long living virus. Bleach at a 1:32 ratio should be applied daily on every surface and anything you or the cat came in contact with. Potassium Peroxymonosulfate, |
| Panleukopenia Prevention | vaccinations !! or having a previous infection. risk of spread is reduced with thurough cleaning of all areas and the level of proximity. Euthanasia of infected cats where there is no or limited quarentine space is also used. |
| Feline Infectious Peritonitis FIP | a viral disease of cats caused by the Coronavirus, this virus gets mutated after infection resluting in FIP, mutation seems to be related to the cats immune levels. it is infectious but NOT contagious. |
| FIP Mortality rate | 100% death rate, this global inflammation leads to failure of the infiltrated organs, fevers, unresponsive to anitbotics, this leads to death |
| How can an infectious disease NOT be contagious | FIP is a syndrome that is a reaction to the infection with the Feline Coronavirus. Cats who become infected with the Coronavirus essentially get the flu and never developes into anything else. however some cats react with this devastating syndrome |
| FIP Wet form | includes accumulation of thick yellow fluid in the belly or chest |
| FIP Dry form | is more insidious leading to death over a much longer period, ( often years) |
| Feline Enteric Coronavirus | a virus comon wherever cats are housed, transmission is by shedding in feces (litterboxes) active infection lasts several weeks to a few months. it enters through the mouth of nose. the cat can be reinfected after recovery. Can lead to FIP |
| Symptoms of Coronavirus | the cats may or may not seem to become ill, some infected cats do not shed the virus. |
| Killing the Coronavirus | household disenfectants will kill this immediately, the virus will die in room temperature within 48 hours.but can survive in carpet for 7 weeks |
| some known facts of Coronavirus | enteric coronavirus attacks intestinal cells and creates GI upset, as long as the infection is confined to the GI tract the cat will NOT get FIP |
| Macrophage | a cell that consumes infected material, packing it in special structures that it floods with acids, digestive enzymes.Any virus killed by this process and its components are then used by the immune system helping mount a specific immunological reaction. |
| Pyogranuloma | is special immunologic tissue, created by the macrophage to mount an attack on the virus. but ends up producing heaps of ineffective macrophages and immunological proteins |
| Feline Upper Respiratory Disease Complex | is a term used to describe a condition affecting the mouth, nasasl passages, sinuses, and upper airway in cats and kitten, causes 80-90% of the cases are caused by Rhinotracheitis or Calicivirus |
| How Rhinotracheitis is spread | Contact, Airborne,Vectors, Fomites and In Utero thru Contact with the discarge from the eyes, nose of an infected cat, usually with cat to cat contact, or Fomites-bedding, good dishes, hands. People are Vectors spreading cat to cat or Airborn by sneezing. |
| Feline Rhinotracheitis FRV- Herpes virus | is a Herpes virus, most severe of all upper respiratory infections, it affects the Nose, eyes throat and sinus areas. it inflames and infects these areas upper respiratory because it involves breathing |
| Other names for Rhinotracheitis | FHV-1(feline herpes virus-1)FVR( feline viral Rhinotracheitis)FRV(feline rhinotracheitis virus) |
| Rhinotracheitis Virus is | an active disease that attacks and grows in the upper respiratory system. |
| Rhinotracheitis symptoms | 1-3 days after infection, severe sneezing is the first symptom, will become depressed, feverish, anorexic, form a thick mucus discharge from nose and eyes, eyes may be swollen and maybe drool. symptoms may last 2 weeks. muscle or joint soreness |
| FRV and bacterial infection | at somepoint bacteria will also infect the same areas because of the damange the virus caused. Opportunist infection, has same fashion as the virus and will be permanenetly remain and flare up time and again |
| Who is a candidate for FRV | very young and old. how many times exposed, it gets worse the more they get it. presence of other diseases. FIV, FIP and FVL make a cat more susceptible. Nutrition, Stress and Genetics. |
| FRV Carriers, Active and Latent Disease | 80% of previously infected cats will become CARRIERS. after recovering from first infection. Latent- disease present but not active. The Major trigger this into relapse is STRESS. Active carrier is a cat is currently going through the disease. |
| Incubation of FRV | 1 week is the usual time frame from triggering event to production of active, shedding virus and possible illness. it takes another 2 weeks to go thru acive phase, sometimes the only sign is eye ulcers or swelling around eyes or mild, persistant sneezing |
| Diagnosing FRV | based on clinical symptoms they see. if needed a swab from throat to positively identify Herpes Virsus 1 that causes FRV |
| How to treat FRV | supportive care for the sysmptoms, antibotics will be administerd as well due to the bactieral infections that happens in conjunction with this virus. |
| Prevention of FRV | 2 part program. 1) Vaccination 2) Management- since sneezing causes the virus to spread all over cleaning and disinfecting are necessary to reduce the load of the viru, also seperating the sick ones from the healthy ones. |
| Feline Calici Virus ( caleecee) FCV | a very small virus, Upper respiratory infects, nose, eyes, throat and sinus and Lungs. least severe of the 2 viruses ( Rhono being worst.) |
| FCV is an Active disease- symptoms | symptoms may range from nothing at all to severe pneumonia. Ususally mouth ulcers might include tongue and lips.difficulty breathing, clean nose discharge, sneezing, fever, anorexia ,drooling. limping,stiff walk from muscle, joint soreness-strain specific |
| Who is a candidate for FCV | very young or old. amount of virus exposure, which strain of the virus, presence of ther diseases, nutrition, genetics, size of cat population |
| Latent and Carrier of FCV | Carrier-a cat that has gone through the disease and is recovered. There is no time limit and can continue for weeks or years. ALL cats are carriers of Calici there are NO LATENT forms of this disease |
| How FCV is spread | it makes its entrance through the mouth, nose or eyes, so direct contact, Indirect- airborne due to sneezing, Fomites, Vectors. a cat can become infected directly and indirectly at the same time. Calici can survive for 8-10 days |
| Calici Diagnosis | is based on clinical symptoms they see, ulcers in the mouth, possibly drooling due to ulcers, eye and nose discharge and sneezing |
| Calici Prevention | Vaccinations using cross immunity because there is many strain.Immunity is not affective due to the variey of strains to this virus. Managment cleaning and disinfecting contaminated areas, seperating sick cats and kittens |
| Calici Treatment | supportive care would depend on the symptoms and anitbiotics due to the bacterial infection that forms becuase of the damage to the affected areas |
| Feline Immunodeficency Virus FIV | is a Lentivirus, or slow virus. in the same family as the retrovirus FeLV |
| What is a Retrovirus | named because of how it behaves within cells. FeLV and FIV are retroviruses. they produce an enzyme , reverse transcriptase, which permits them to insert copies of their own genetic material into the cells they have infected. FIV is an elongated virus |
| Reverse Transcriptase RT | (RT) is an enzyme used to generate complementary DNA (cDNA) from an RNA template, a process termed reverse transcription. It is mainly associated with retroviruses. |
| Commonality of FIV | approx 1.5 to3 % of US cats are infected with FIV, these rates rise up to 15% for in cats that are sick or at high risk of infection becuase biting is the nost efficient means of transmission, free roaming aggressive males are most frequently infected. |
| how is FIV spread | primarily through BITEwounds. cats in stable households without rough play are at little risk. on rare occations a mother may transmit to kittens during the birthing or through the milk, sexual contact is not a major means like in humans. |
| FIV's what it does to a cat | infection eventually lead to a state of immunity deficiency that stops a cats ability to fight other infections. Bacteria, viruses, protozoa,fungi that might not affect healthy cats may cause severe illness,the secondary infections responsible for death |
| Signs of FIV | virus carried to lymph nodes and reproduces white blood celss called T-Lymphocytes. poor coat, anorexia, inflammation of mouth, gums. skin and baldder infection.lots of diarrhea, later severe wasting,cancer,seizures and neurological instances |
| FIV diagnosis | an antibody test will dected FIV |
| Positive FIV test | this virus is ever present in the body, and cannot eliminate it. infected mothers transfer antibodies to nursing kittens.so they may have positive test results for months. so kittens should be retested every 60 days |
| Negative FIV test | indicates that antibodies directed againt FIV have not been detected, and mostly implies that the cat is not infected. it could take 8-12 weeks after infection for it to be detected, should be retested every 60 days after exposure to an infected cat. |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | tests are designed to detect short segments of a viruse genetic material. Although these tests look promising, the false positives and false negatives are to high to be considered reliable. |
| Infection control of FIV | is to prevent their exposure all household cats should be free of the virus, do not incoporate an infected cat into you house if you have other cats. Vaccinations are good, but a cat will always show anitbody positive tests even though they dont have it |
| 1 cat has FIV, others dont in household | you may not know you have a FIV cat until years later. When you find out about the illness, have the rest of your cats tested. if the home was not relaxed or there was rough play the other may have gotten FIV. If there was no aggression they may be safe |
| How to manage FIV cats | confined indoors, spayed or neutered, feed good diets, do not feed them uncooked food,wellness visits every 6 months weight loss is a first sign. |
| Mortality rate in FIV cats | remember this is a slow kill disease, so cats can live years if they are healthy and recieve good care. if perisistent fever and weight loss are present its a much shorter survival time |
| How to disinfect house after FIV death | this virus will die within a few hours outside a cat. However the other diseases present in the cat will pose some threat. throughly clean all surfaces with bleach mix or household cleaner. vaccinate any new cat coming in. |
| Can FIV be transferred to Humans | NO it is similar to human HIV but it is NOT Zoonotic |
| When should I test for FIV | when you get any new cat, espically if you already have cats, if cat is sick, has recently been exposed to FIV cats, if you are considereing vaccinating your cat against FIV. |
| What is Feline Leukema Virus FeLV | a retrovirus like FIV, circular virus structure, is an immunodeficiency disease |
| Comonality of FeLV | 2-3% of US cat population, can go as high as 15% in cats that are ill, very young or high risk. |
| How is FeLV Spread | like its counterpart FIV, close contact through the saliva and nasal secretions, but also urine, feces and milk to babies from infected cats. it does not last long outside of the cats body a few hours only |
| Major risk of infection of FeLV | communal cats, outdoor cats and kittens |
| Affects of FeLV | common cause of cancer, may cause various blood disorders and lead to immune dificiency that hurts abiltiy to protect itself against other infections. Secondary bacterial, fungi, protozoan or viruses infections becuase of the FeLV now are serious |
| Signs of FeLV | slow disease, cat my take years to see signs, or recurring illness. anorixia, poor coat condition, enlarged lymph nodes,constant fever, pale gums, gingivitis and stomatitis, constant diarreha, skin and bladder upper respiratoy infections, seizues |
| 2 stages of FeLV | FeLV is present in the blood ( called Viremia) 1. Primary Vermia early stages, cats can mount an effective immune response to eliminate from bloodsteam. 2. Secondary Viremia-late stage presents persistent infection of bone marrow and tissue |
| Secondary Vermia | if a cat progresses to this stage it has passed the point of no return , the overwhelming majority of cats with this will be infected for life. |
| FeLV diagnosis | there are 2 that test for components that circulate in the bloodstream 1. ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay)detects both primary and secondary viremia. 2. IFA ( indirect immunoflourescent antibody assay) tests Secondary Viremia only. |
| Preventing FeLV | keep cats indoors, adopt only infection free, or keep them seperated, consider vaccination, if vaccinated it will show false positives for life |
| 1 cat has FeLV, others in house dont | unfortunalty infected cats dont show signs early, so the disease may have spread before symptoms show up. seprate immedatley , test all cats |
| Managing FeLV | confine infected cats to stop the spread, spay or neurter if not done. feed nutritional food, avoid uncooked food, they have parasites and other bacteria, schedule wellness visits every 6 months. Closley monitor health |
| FeLV mortality rate | infected cats can remiann in apparent good health for months, although most succumb to FeLV related disease in a few years of being infected. persistant weight loss, fever of cancer will shorten lifespan |
| Disenffecting after FeLV death | FeLV will not survive outside a cat for more than a few hours. howver its the underlying diseases that come along with FeLV that you need to worry about, clean with a bleach mixture, throw away or clean all items that the infected cat touched. |
| Is FeLV Zoonotic ? | No but its underlying infections may be transfered to people with AIDS, on immunosuppressive meds like Chemo, pregnant women very young or old |
| Zoonotic Disease and RABIES WEEK 7 | |
| Zoonosis -Zoonoses(pl) or Zoonotic | are diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans |
| Transmission of zoonotic diseases | 1. Direct or indirect contact with animals or their fluids/tissue. 2. Contamination of the environment from animals. 3. Vector biting infected animals and transmitting the organisms to humans |
| Current Zoonotic organisms | ther eare more than 250 ogranisims that are known to cuase zoonotic infections and appx 30-40 of these involve companion animals |
| Some Zoonotic diseases- Bacterial | plaque(flea is important) Lyme Disease( tick is vector)Cat scratch fever( flea is important for transmission) Leptospiraosis, Salmonella, Anthrax, Crucellosis, Tuleremina |
| Some Zoonotic diseases- Viruses | Rabies, Avian and Swine Flu, West Nile Virus( mosquito vector required) |
| Some Zoonotic diseases- Protazoa | Giardia, Taxoplasmosis |
| Some Zoonotic diseases- Fungi | Ringworm, coccidiomycosis, Histoplamsosis |
| Some Zoonotic diseases- Intestinal parasites | Roundworms, tapeworms, whipworms and Hookworms |
| Some Zoonotic diseases- External parasites | Scabies( mange mites) |
| Why is studing Zoonotic diseases important | Vet clinics see animals with diseases and zoonotic potential, able to recognize to report conditions to public health, info to clients and communtiy about the disease and preventive techniques, as well as to protect the animals and personnel in clinic |
| New Diseases are constantly emerging , estimated 75% have Zoonoitc potential | such as Avian and Swine flu, Hanta Virus, West Nile virus |
| What is Infectious Diseases | whose incidence in humans have increased in the past 2 decades, or threaten to increase in the near future. they respect no nationl boundaries |
| Emerging Diseases( infectious diseases) | New infections from changes,evolution of existin,Known Infections- spreading to new areas. Previously unrecognized-appears in areas undergoing ecologic transformation.Old infections- reemerging due to antimicrobial resistance, breakdown in health measures |
| Preventing of zoonotic infections. | they take different forms depending on the nature of the carrier and the infection. some can be avoided by vaccination of animals that carry the disease. cooking meats throughly, eliminating the host or the vector that spreads it, or taking care. |
| A) What U.S. state to you live in? B) What is the primary wildlife reservoir of rabies in your state? | A) Georgia B) Raccoons |
| What are the primary wildlife reservoirs of Rabies in the specific regions of the U.S.? | Northeast-raccoons Southeast-raccoon Upper Midwest- skunks Lower Midwest- skunks and part of texas is fox Northwest-bat Southwest- skunk Alaska-fox Hawaii is rabies free Bats are found in all 49 states |
| What is the only state of the U.S. that has had no recently reported cases of Rabies? (In either wild or domestic animals) | Hawaii is the only state in the US that is rabies free. |
| A) What animals can be infected with the Rabies virus? B) What animals are somewhat resistant to infection? | A.Almost any mammal can be infected. But only mammals can be carriers,vectors. Reptiles, amphibians dont get rabies. 90% of cases are wild animals B. Birds,opossums,rats,mice,squirrels,guineapigs,rabbit have low infection rate, due to the fact that the |
| In the U.S., what domestic animal species has had the most confirmed cases of Rabies in the last few years? (cattle, dog, cat, horse?) | Cats, due to their free roaming behavior, feral cat colonies, stray and abandoned. The numbers of unvaccinated cats are higher do to fear of humans and hard to trap |
| List 3 main ways that the Rabies virus can be transmitted to susceptible animals, including humans. | 1.contact 2.aerosol 3. transplantation. Vector borne |
| Can the Rabies virus be transmitted in the blood? | No it is through saliva that gets into a bite wound, scratch or abrasion. Mucous membrane such as eyes or mouth. Also brain or nervous tissue exposure can transmit this disease. |
| Define Incubation Period. | Is the period between initial infection and the first signs(symptoms)of the Disease. |
| What is the incubation period for Rabies in animals and in humans (number of weeks)? | Incubation for rabies varies significantly. In domestic animals generally its 3-24 weeks, but can last from several days to months. But rarely exceeds 6 months. In humans it could be from 3 weeks to a year ! |
| The length of the incubation period for Rabies is highly variable. List 4 major factors that influence the incubation period. | 1. the amount of virus transmitted 2 distance from the bite site to the spine and brain 3 what strain the virus is 4. the number of nerves at the site |
| List the travel of the Rabies virus in the body part 1 | transmitted through its saliva via a bite, once the virus is received, the virus will replicate in the muscle of the bite area. It may sit there for day to years. At this stage it is the easiest to kill with antibodies |
| List the travel of the Rabies virus in the body part 2 | It may bypass the muscle stage and go right to the neurons. IF this happens the odds of stopping it is all but gone. The body cannot produce an antigen to help fight the infection when its in the nervous system. The virus travels 12-100 mm/day. |
| List the travel of the Rabies virus in the body part 3 | virus enters the dorsal root ganglion,a cluster of nerve cell bodies of sensory bring information from periphery tospinal cord. it continues to the brain. here virus attacks the grey matter and this is when the animal starts showing neurological sign, |
| List the travel of the Rabies virus in the body part 4 | IT starts to spread to salivary glands,eyes and excreted in saliva now able to spread the disease. At this point it may occur for 1-5 days before the onset of the neurological signs, sometimes the animal will die before the virus sheds through saliva. |
| A) What clinical signs may be seen with Rabies infection? (List the clinical signs, not the "phases") B) Do all infected animals show the same clinical signs? | A.Aggression, uncoordinated movement, change in behavior, change in sleeping patterns, drooling or foaming at the mouth, Lethargy, antisocial, pupil dilation, paralysis , seizure and death B. No |
| If an animal has bitten a human, why is it important to quarantine the animal for 10 days? | If an animal is quarantined for 10 days the signs of rabies infection will manifest rapidly and most likely kill the host. If the animal does not show signs, then rabies has not infected the host |
| How is Rabies diagnosed in animals? | There are clinical signs( see question 11) and the history that would lead to a Rabies diagnosis, but laboratory confirmation is needed to make a positive identification |
| What samples must be submitted to the laboratory? | Samples from the head or the whole body is needed and since it includes brain tissue the animal has to be dead. |
| What 4 major precautions should you take when collecting samples from an animal suspected of having Rabies? | 1.Double gloving /sleeves 2.mask/eye /face Protection 3. protective clothing 4. respirator |
| What are the 3 major reasons for this decline in human rabies cases in the U.S.? | 3 deaths per year on average in the US. The 3 major reasons are 1. Vaccination programs and animal control . 2. Oral vaccinations for wildlife species, by using bait drops. 3. Having pre and post exposure vaccinations available to humans now. |
| List 2 different ways that help to prevent Rabies infection. | vaccinations keep animals from roaming |
| Is it possible for a vaccinated animal to become infected with the Rabies virus? | Yes |
| If a vaccinated animal develops rabies, what are 5 things that should be considered as to why this could occur? | 1.Is the animal current on its vaccines. 2.Ineffective vaccination 3.Poor immune response to vaccine 4. Improper handling and vaccinating of the vaccine 5. Infected with Different strain that was vaccinated for |
| How would you clean and disinfect an area where a rabid animal had been? (Look at how hardy the virus is in the environment and how easily it is destroyed by various chemical disinfectants) | it doesn’t survive long outside the host. Generally the virus will die when it dries, by heat, sunlight and air. Clean all areas with Bleach or Ethyl alcohol or detergent, clean walls floors and anyplace else that might be contaminated, |
| List 3 important things that someone should do if they are bitten by a wild or domestic animal | 1 Clean wound 2. seek medical attention 3. bite must be reported to the vet, local health dept and animal control |
Created by:
Trisha Fravel