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Week 4-7 class 118
Medical Terminology 118
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Digestive System Names | Alimentary, Gastrointestinal, GI system |
| Digestive system structure | oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines. The gallbladder, liver and pancreas are also associated with the digestive system |
| Mouth | Oral cavity.contains lips, cheeks, hard and soft palate, salivary glands, tongue, teeth and periodontium. |
| Or/o and Stomat/o | means mouth |
| Gnath/o | maxilla and mandible ( upper and lower jaw) make up the boundries of the oral cavity |
| Prognathia | elongated mandible( under bite or sow mouth ) |
| Brachgnathia | shortened mandible or undershot mandible ( parrot mouth) |
| labia | means lips |
| Labium | single lip |
| labi/o or cheil/o | means lips |
| Bucc/o Buccal | combining form for cheeks, directed towards cheek |
| Palate or Palat/o | forms the roof of the mouth, |
| Rugae | mucous membrane with irregular folds ( also found in the stomach) |
| Rug/o | means wrinkle or fold |
| Hard palate | forms the boney rostral portion of the palate that is covered with specialized mucous membrane ( rugae ) |
| Soft palate | is caudal to the hard palate, involves the closing off of the nasal passage during swallowing so food does not move into the nostrils |
| Tongue | is a movable muscular organ in the oral cavity used for tasting and processing food, grooming and articulating sound. It also moves food while chewing and swallowing |
| Papillae | elevations on the dorsum of the tongue called Filiform( thread like) Fungiform (mushroom like) Vallate (cup shaped) |
| Taste Buds | located in the fungiform and vallate papillae |
| Frenulum | the connective tissue that connects the tongue to the ventral surface of the oral cavity |
| Glos/o or Lingu/o | combining forms for the tongue |
| Lingual surface | of cheeck is the side adjacent to the tongue |
| Dent/o or Dent/i and Odont/o | refer to the teeth |
| Dentition | refers to the teeth as a whole and how they are arranged in the Arcade |
| Deciduous dentition | baby teeth |
| Decidu/o | is the combining form for shedding ( loosing baby teeth ) |
| Permanent dentition | set of adult teeth that lasts a lifetime. |
| retained deciduous tooth | when a baby tooth has not shed before the adult tooth comes in |
| Incisor- tooth | front tooth used for cutting, abbreviated as just I |
| Canine | long pointed bonelike tooth located between the I and premolars, also called Fangs and Cuspid, Abbreviated as just C |
| Premolar | cheek tooth found betweent the C and molars , also called Bicuspids, abbreviated just as P |
| Molar | most caudally located permanent cheek tooth , used for grinding, abbreviated just as M |
| Dental Formula | short hand for location of a tooth, C 1/1 = 1st upper and lower canine, the first number represents the tooth in the maxilla and the second number is the mandible tooth. |
| What are Cheek teeth | premolars and molars |
| What are Needle teeth | deciduous canines and third incisor of pigs |
| What are Wolf teeth | rudimintary premolar 1 in horses |
| What are Milk Teeth | first set of teeth |
| What are Tusks | permanent canine teeth of pigs |
| What are Carnassial tooth | large shearing cheek tooth in dogs and cats |
| What are Fighting teeth | set of six teeth in llamas that include bistigial incesors and upper and lower canines on each side |
| Triadan system | a numbering system where each tooth has a 3 digit number Quadrant #, 2nd and 3rd digits represent the individual teeth |
| Quadrant tooth location | starts upper right( Q1), upper left(Q2), bottom left (Q3), bottom right (Q4) |
| Anatotmy of a tooth | consists of enamel( located in crown) and cementum ( located in root) dentin and pulp |
| Enamal | hard white substance covering the dentin of the crown of the tooth |
| Cementum | is the bonelike connective tissue that covers the root of the tooth |
| Dentin | is the connective tissue surrounding the tooth plup |
| Pulp | consists of nerves, blood vessels and loose connective tissue |
| Apical Foramen | the hole in the tip of the root where nerves and blood vessels enter the tooth |
| Peridontia | structures that support the tooth |
| Aveoli/ Aveolus (pl) | the single socket that a tooth is situated in, or saclike dilations |
| Alveolar bone | thick layer of compact bone that forms the tooth socket |
| Periodontal Ligament | the fibrous structure that hold the tooth in the Aveolus( socket) it contains collagen fibers that are anchored to the cementum of the tooth and to the aveolar bone. |
| Gingiva | mucous membrane that surrounds the teeth and foms the mouth lining. |
| Giniv/o | means gums |
| Gingival sulcus | the space that sorround the tooth , located between the tooth and the gingival margin |
| Salivary Glands | are groups of cells located in the oral cavity and secretes a clear substance containing digestive enzymes. |
| Saliva | moistens food and begins the digestive process by aiding in the bolus and some digestive enzymes activity and cleanses the mouth. |
| Mandibular Salivary Glands | located near the mandible |
| Sublingual Salivary Glands | located under the tongue |
| Zygomatic Salivary Glands | located medial to the zygomatic arch |
| Parotid Salivary Glands | located near the ear |
| Para | prefix for near |
| Ot/o | means ear |
| Sailaden/i or Sial/o | combining forms for salivary glads |
| Selenodont teeth | teeth that have crecents on their grinding surfaces ( ruminants) |
| Lophodont teeth | teeth that have ridged occlusal surfaces ( equine) |
| Bunodont teeth | teeth with worn down rounded surfaces ( pigs) |
| Hypsodont teeth | contunuously erupting teeth ( cheek teeth of ruminants) |
| Pleurodont teeth | teeth attached by one side on the inner jaw surface ( lizzards) |
| Brachydont teeth | permanently rooted teeth ( carnivors) |
| Pharynx/ Throat | is the cavity in the caudal oral cavity that joins the respiratory and gastrointestinal system |
| Endodontics | branch of dentistry -treatment of diseases that affect the tooth pulp |
| Exodontics | branch of dentistry - involves the extraction of teeth and related procedures |
| Oral Surgery | branch of dentistry - involves surgical correction of the jaw, gums and the inside of the mouth |
| Orthodontics | branch of dentistry -involves the guidance and correction of malocclusion ( braces) |
| Periodontics | branch of dentistry - studies and treats the diseases of tooth supporting structures |
| Mastication | Chewing, makes food easier to swallow by breaking it into smaller pieces and increasing the surface area of food particles or ingesta, between digestive enzymes and the food and may speed up the breakdown of food. |
| Ingesta | the material taken in orally . Food |
| Hypersalivation/ Ptyalism/ Hypersialosis | saliva/drool when food is smelled |
| Sial/o or ptyal/o | combining forms for saliva |
| Deglutition | process of swallwoing |
| Phag/o | combining form for eating or ingestion |
| Esophagus/ Gullet | is a collapsible muscular tube that leads from the oral cavity to the stomach, located dorsal to the trachea. |
| esophag/o | means esophagus |
| Sphincter | a ringlike muscle that constricts an opening |
| Stomach | a pouch like sturcture ventral to the esophagus where food is stored and the act of digestion begins |
| Abdomen | a cavity located between the diaphragm and pelvis |
| Abdomin/o or Celi/o | combining forms for abdomen |
| Lapar/o | is the combining form for abdomen and flank |
| Peritoneum | is the membrane lining that covers the adbominal and pelvic cavity and some of the organs in that area |
| Parietal Peritoneum | the layer of peritoneum that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavity |
| Visceral Peritoneum | layer of the peritoneum that covers the abdominal organs |
| Lesser Omentum | the stomach is connected to the visceral organs by a fold of the peritoneum |
| Greater Omentum | dorsal abdominal wall by another fold of peritoneum |
| Gastr/o | combining form for stomach |
| Monogastric/ nonruminant | animals with one true glandular stomach |
| Glandular stomach | is the stomach that procudes secretions for digestion |
| Ruminants | have 1 true glandular stomach but also 3 forestomachs or outcroppings of the espophagus. Can regurgitate food, which is the ablility to return undigested material from the rumen to the mouth |
| Forestomach | Rumen, reticulum and omasum |
| Cardia | part of stomach- entrance area located nearest the espohagus |
| Fundus | part of stomach-base of an organ, which is the cranial or rounded part |
| Body/ Corpus | part of stomach-main protion of an organ which is the rounded base of bottom |
| Antrum | part of stomach- caudal part, which is the constricted part of the stomach that joins the pylorus |
| Pylorus | is the narrow passage between the stomach and the duodenum |
| Pylor/o | combining form means gatekeeper and refers to the narrow passage between the stomach and the duodenum |
| Pyloric sphincter | ringlike muscle that controls the flow of material from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intesting |
| Rugae | folds present in the mucosa of the stomach, rugae contain glands that produce gastric jucies that aid in the digestion and mucus that form a protective coating for the stomach lining |
| Regugitate/Remasticate | Ruminants stomach is adapted for rementation of ingested food by bacterial and protozoan microoganisms called normal flora |
| Cud | regurgitated food particles, fiber, rumen fluid and rumen microorganisms |
| Rumen/ Paunch | largest compartment of the fuminant stomach the serves as a fermentaion vat |
| Reticulum | most cranial compartment of the ruminant stomach, also called the honeycomb because it is lined with a mucous membrane that contain numerous intersecting ridges. |
| Omasum | third compartment of the ruminant stomach . it has a short blunt papillae that grind food before it enters the abomasum, it also constricts and squeeze fluid out of the food bolus |
| Abomasum | 4th compartment to the ruminant stomach also called the true stomach, this is the grandular portion that secretes digestive enzymes. |
| Stomach layout | depends on age, in adults the Ruman is the largest part and occupies the left side of the animal. the Abomasum is on the right side. in young ruminants the abomasum is the largest part. |
| Forestomach developement | is associated with roughage intake and claves are fed milk only for a period of time after birth. |
| Food movement in stomach | enters the Ruman a contraction transfers the contents into the reticulum where it is then reguritated or directed toward the caudal part of the ruman or the omasum. The piles of the omasum grind the food and water is removed. the food then enters the ab |
| Small intestine | or small bowel, extends from the pylorus to the proximal part of the large intestine. it is attached to the dorsal abdominal wall by a fold of peritoneum. Absorbtion of food takes place here. |
| Mesenteryenter/o | folds of the peritoneum that attach the small intestine to the dorsal abdomenal wall |
| Enter/o | small intestine |
| Gastroenterology | is the study of the stomach and small intestine |
| Chyle | digested food in the small intestine turns into this milky fluid, which is absorbed through the intestinal wall and travels via the thoracic duct where it passes onto the veins |
| Large Intestine | or large bowel, extends from the ileum to the anus. the intestine consists of the Cecum, Colon, Rectum and anus. |
| Cecum - Cec/o | Pouch |
| ileum | small intestine |
| Ileocecal junction | area of the gastrointestinal tract where the small intestine opens into the large intestine |
| Jejunum Jejun/0 | middle portion of the small intestine |
| All animals have a transverse and descending portion to their colon | the arrangements from the cecum to the transverse colon varies among species. |
| Dog and cat colon arrangement | have an acending colon |
| Pigs and Ruminants colon arrangement | have a spiral colon |
| Horse colon arrangement | have large colons |
| Haustra | sack like structure of the colon in horses and pigs, they act like buckets and prolong retention of material so that the microbes have more time for digestions |
| Teniae | longitudinal smooth muscle bands in the cecal wall |
| Rectum | is the caudal portion of the large intestine |
| Anus | is the caudal opening of the gastrointestinal tract, controlled by 2 anal sphincter muscles that tighten or relax to allow or control defecation |
| An/o | Anus |
| Proct/o | refers to anus and rectum |
| Anal canal | is a short terminal portion of the digestive tract, |
| Anal sacs | pouches in the skin between the internal and external anal sphincters, these sacs are lined with microscopic anal glands that secrete a foul smelling fluid. |
| Ascending Colon | part of the colon that progresses upward or cranially |
| Transverse Colon | is the part of the colon that travels across the abdomen |
| Descending Colon | is the part that progresses downward, or caudally |
| Flexure in a colon | is bends or curves |
| Pelvic flexure | is a bend near the pelvis |
| Diaphragmatic flexure | is a bend near the diaphragm |
| Hepat/o | refers to Liver, the liver removes excess glucose from the bloodstream and stores it as glycogen |
| Hypoglycemia | when blood sugar ( glucose) is low and the liver converts the glycogen back into glucose and releases it. |
| liver function | removes toxins, from the blood, produces some blood proteins stores iron and Vit A,B12 and D |
| Hepatocytes | means liver cells |
| Sinusoids | are channels in the liver |
| Parenchyma | functional elements of a tissue or organ |
| Bile | liver produces this, bile alkalinizes the small intestine an bile salts play a part in fat digestion. bile travels down hepatic duct or the cystic duck which leads to the gallbladder |
| Emulsification in the liver | is fat digestion |
| Bilirubin in the liver | is a pigment produced from the destructing of hemoglobin released by the liver in bile |
| Gallbladder (rats and horses do NOT have these) | is a sac embedded in the liver that stores bile for later use, is squeezes bile out of the cystic duct and the common bile duct carries it to the duodenum |
| Cyst/o | means cyst, sac of fluid or urinary bladder |
| Chol/e | means bile or gall |
| Doch/o | means receptical |
| Cholecystic | means pertaining to the gallbladder |
| Choledochus | means common bile duct |
| Pancreas | is an elongated gland located near the cranial portion of the duodenum, has exocrine and endocrine functions produces pancreatic juices Trypsin, lipase and aase |
| Trypsin | is an enzyme that digests proteins |
| Lipase | is an enzyme that digests fats |
| Amylase | is an enzyme that digests carbohydrates |
| Digestion | is the process of breaking down foods into nutrients that the body can use |
| Enzymes | is a substance that chemically change another substance, breaks down food into smaller food for the body to ingest and use |
| -ase | suffix for enzymes |
| Metabolism | the process involved in the body's use of nutrients |
| Anabolism | is the building of the body cells and substances |
| Catabolism | is the breaking down of body cells and substances |
| Absorption | is the process of taking digested nutrients into the circulatory system. mainly in the small intestine through villi |
| Nutrient | is a substance that is necessary to for normal functioning of the body |
| Villi / Villus | tiny hair like projections or tufts of hair |
| Crytps | small blind sacs in the small intestine |
| Prehension,-Path of Digestion | grasping of food, involves collecting food in the oral cavity (ingesta) |
| Mastication-Path of Digestion | breaks food into smaller pieces and mixes the ingesta with saliva |
| Peristallsis- Path of Digestion | is the series of wavelike contractions of smooth muscles that moves food to the stomach |
| Hydrocoloric acid | located in the true stomach to assist with digestion |
| Protease pepsin and Lipase enzymes | pepsin is an enzyme that digests protein, Lipase works on fat located in the true stomach to assist with digestion muscular action of the stomach mixes the ingesta with the gastric juices to convert the food |
| Chyme | is the semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes from the stomach |
| Assimilation | means absorption, food is absorbed in the small intestine and moved to the large intestine |
| Segmentation | is the action of mixing the ingesta and there for delays its movement of the ingesta |
| Defecation | is the act of emptying the bowels. |
| Ballottement | diagnostic technique of hitting or tapping the wall of a fluid filled structure to bounce a solid structure against a wall, used for pregnancy diagnosis and determination of abdominal contents |
| Barium | contrast material used for Xrays, maybe given orally (barium swallow or upper GI) or rectally ( barium enema or lower GI) |
| Biopsy | removal of tissue to examine |
| Incisional biopsy | part of the tissue is removed |
| Excisional biopsy | all of the tissue is removed |
| Blood Test | blood taken to determine blood parameters, used to detect some diseases |
| Preprandial | sample taken before a meal |
| Postprandial | sample taken after a meal |
| Colonoscopy | endoscopic visual examination of the inner surface of the colon |
| Endoscope | a tube-like instrument with lights and refracting mirrors that is used to examine the body or organs internally |
| Esophagoscopy | endoscopic visual examination of the esophagus |
| Fecal exam | various procedures used to detect parasitic disease of animals |
| Gastroscopy | endoscopic visual exam of the inner surface of the stomach |
| Hemoccult | test for hidden blood in the stool |
| Radiography | imaging of internal structure is created by the exposure of sensitized film to X-rays |
| Ultrasound | imaging of internal body structure by recording echoes of sound waves |
| Achalasia | inability to relax the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract |
| Adontia | absence of teeth |
| Aerophagia | swallowing of air |
| Anal Sacculitis | inflammation of the pouches located around the anus |
| Inspissation | process of rendering dry or thick by evaporation and is used to describe to describe the anal sac fluid in animals with anal sacculitis |
| Anorexia | lack of loss of appetite |
| Ascariasis | parasitic infestation with roundworm of the genus Ascaaris |
| Ascites | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen |
| Ateresia | occlusion or absence of normal body opening or tubular organ |
| Bloat | accumulation of gas in the digestive tract, in monogastric animals its the accumulation of gas in the stomach |
| Borborygmus | gas movement in the gastrointestinal tract that makes noise |
| Bruxism | involuntary grinding of teeth |
| Cachexia | general ill health and malnutrition, used in describing the condition of cancer patients |
| Cholecystitis | inflammation of the gallbladder |
| Cirrhosis | degenerative disease that disturbs the structure and function of the liver |
| Cirrh/o | means tawny, orange yellow which is the color of cirrhotic livers |
| Colic | Severe abdominal pain, colic is a common condition in horses and may be caused by several factors including ingesting large amounts of grain, pasture fresh grass or sand. excessive gas, stress, internal parasites, dehydration constipation or impaction |
| Colitis | inflammation of the colon |
| Constipation | condition of prolonged transit time making stool hard dry and difficult to pass |
| Coprophagia | ingestion of fecal matter |
| Coprophagic therapy | feeding a suspension of fecal pellets from a healthy animal to an ill animal EX; guinea pigs and rabbits |
| Cribbbing | vice of equine in which an object is grasped between the teeth , pressure is applied and air is inhaled |
| Dehydration | condition of excessive loss of body water or fluid, to test pinch skin at base of neck, if it stays tented then animal is dehydrated. |
| Dental Calculus/ Tartar | abnormal mineralized deposit that forms on teeth or Tartar |
| Diarrhea | abnormal frequency and liquidity of fecal material |
| Displaced Abomasum | disease of ruminant in which the 4th stomach becomes trapped under the Rumen, also called DA |
| Diverticulitis | inflammation of a pouch or pouches occurring in the wall of a tubular organ. |
| Dyschezia | difficulty defecating |
| Dysentery | number of disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, abdominal pain and diarreha |
| Emaciations | marked wasting or excessive leanness |
| Emesis | forcible expulsion of stomach content, vomiting or throwing up |
| Vomutis | when an animal is vomiting the recommendation is nto to give it anything orally. |
| Per os | term for orally or PO, not giving orally is NPO |
| Enteritis | inflammation of the small intestine |
| Enterocolitis | inflammation of the small and large intestines |
| Epulis | benign tumor arising from periodontal mucous membranes |
| Eructation | belching of raising gas orally from the stomach |
| Esophageal reflux | return of stomach contents into the esophagus. also called GERD |
| Eviserate | to remove or expose internal organs, Evericeration is used to describe the exposure of integral organs after unsuccessful surgical closure of the abdomen. |
| Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency | metabolic disease in which the pancreas does not secrete adequate amounts of digestive enzymes and is associated with the weight loss, fatty stools and Borborygmus, abbreviated EPI |
| Fecalith/ Cropolith | stone-like fecal mass |
| Flatulance | excessive gas formation in the GI tract |
| Gastric Dilatation | condition usually seen in deep chested canine in which the stomach fills with air and expands. |
| Gastric Dilation Volvulus | condition usually seen in deep chested canine in which the stomach fills with air and expands and twists on itself |
| Gastritis | inflammation of the stomach |
| Gastroenteritis | inflammation of the stomach and small intestine. |
| Gingival Hyperplasia | overgrowth of the gingiva characterized by firm non-painful swelling associated with the gingiva ( gums ) |
| Gingavitis | inflammation of the gums |
| Glossitis | inflammation of the tongue |
| Hematemesis | vomiting blood |
| Hematochezia | passage of bloody stool |
| Hemoperitoneum | blood in the peritoneum |
| Hepatitis | inflammation of the liver |
| Hepatoma | tumor of the liver |
| Hepatomegaly | abnormal enlargement of the liver |
| Hiatal hernia | protrusion of part of the stomach through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm |
| Hydrops/ Dropsy | abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues or a body cavity |
| Hyperglycemia | elevated blood sugar levels |
| Hyposglycemia | lower than normal blood sugar levels |
| -Ileitis | inflammation of the ileum |
| Impaction | obstruction of an area, usually when food is too dry |
| Inappetence | lack of desire to eat |
| Incontinence | inabilty to control, using a descriptive term usually is applied in front of it. EX: urinary or fecal incontinence |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | a group of disorders, characterized by infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lining of the degestive tract. abbreviated by IBS |
| Inguinal hernia | prtrusion of bowel through the inquinal canal. a protrusion is seen in the groin |
| Intussusception | telescoping of one part of the intesting into an adjacent part |
| Jaundice/Icterus | yellow discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by elevated bilirubin levels ( yellowish pigment found in bile made by the liver ) |
| Lethargy | condition of drowsiness or indifference |
| Malabsorption | impaired uptake of nutrients from the intestine |
| Malnutrition | lack of proper food or nutrients in an animals body to do food shortage, poor eating habits, or the inablility to digest or absorb and distribute these nutrients |
| Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) | for malnutrition in all nourishment intravenously administed nutritional liquid |
| Parenteral | means not in the digestive tract |
| Malocclusion | abnormal contact between teeth |
| Megacolon | abnormally large colon |
| Megaesophagus | abnormally large esophagus |
| Melena | black tarry stools containing blood, may suggest a bleeding problem in the upper gastrointestional tract |
| Nausea | stomach upset or sensation of urge to vomit, difficult to use descriptively in animals |
| Obstruction | a complete stoppage or inpairment to passage. usually proceeded by terms that describe its location.EX intestinal obstruction |
| Oronasal Fistula | abnormal opening between the nasal cavity and the oral cavity |
| Palatoschisis/ Cleft Palate | congenital fissure of the roof of the mouth that may involve the upper lip, hard palate and soft palate, |
| Perforating Ulcer | erosion through the entire thickness of a surface |
| Periapical abscess | inflammation of tissues and colletion of pus surrounding the apical protion of a tooth root, due to pulp disease |
| Periodontitis/ Periodontal disease | inflammation of the tissue surrounding and supporting the teeth |
| Inflammation | a localized fortective response elicited by injury or destruction of tissue. signs of inflammation are heat, redness, pain, swelling and loss of functions |
| Pica | eating and licking abnormal substances or a depraved appetite |
| Plaque | small differentiated area on a body surface |
| Polydipisa | excessive thirst |
| Polyp | a growth or mass protruding from a mucous membrane |
| Polyphagia | excessing eating or swallowing |
| Prolapse | protrusion of vicera. a descriptive term usually procedes it EX rectal prolapse prtrusion of rectum through the anus |
| Quidding | condition in which food is taken into the mouth and chewed but falls from the mouth |
| Regurgitation | return of the swallowed food into the oral cavity , a passive event compared with the force involved with vomiting |
| Salivary mucocele | collectio of salive that has leaked from a damaged slivary glad or duct a is surrounded by granulation tissue |
| Scours | diahhrea in livestock |
| Stenosis | narrowing of an opening, |
| Stomatitis | inflammation of the mouth |
| Tenesmus | painful ineffective defecation. can be for urination also but rarely used |
| Torsion | axial twist, twist round the long axis of the gut |
| Trichobezoar/ Trich/o | hairball/means hair |
| Ulcer | erosion of tissue, mucous membrane or skin |
| Volvulus | twist in on itself, end to end twist around the long axis of the mesentery |
| Abdominalcentesis | surgical puncture to remove fluid from the abdomen |
| Abomasopexy | surgical fixation of the abodmasum of runimants to the abdominal wall |
| -pexy | to surgically fix something to a body surface |
| Anastomaosis | surgical connection between 2 tubluar or hollow structures |
| Anoplasty | surgical repair of the anus |
| Antidiarrheal | substance tha trevents frequent liquid stool |
| Bolus | rounded mass of food or large phramaceutical preparation or to five something rapidly |
| Colecystectomy | surgical removal of the gallbladder |
| Colectomy | surgical removal of the colon |
| Colotomy | surgical incision into the colon |
| Crown | restoration of teeth using materials that are cemented into place. |
| Drench | to give medication in liquid form by mouth and forcing the animal to drink |
| Emetic | producing vomiting |
| Antiemectic | prevents vomiting |
| Enterostomy | surgical production of an artificial opening between the small intesting and the abdominal wall |
| Esophagoplasty | surgical repair of the esophagus |
| Extraction | removal, used to describe removal of teeth |
| Fistula | abnormal passage from an internal organ to the body surface, or between 2 internal organs. |
| Rumenostomy | is a artificial fistula from an internal organd to the skin. |
| Perianal fistula | is an abmormal passage around the caudal opening of the GI |
| Float | insturment used to file or rasp an equines premolar or molar teeth |
| Gastrectomy | surgical removal of all or part of the stomach. |
| Gastroduodenostomy | a removal of part of the stomach and duodenum and making a connection between them |
| Gastropexy | surgical fixation of the stomach to the abdominal wall |
| Gastrostomy | surgical production of an arificial opening between the stomach and abdominal wall an |
| -stomy | surgical production of an opening between organ and body surface. |
| Stoma- | opening created during procedure |
| Effluent | means discharge and effluent flow from the stoma- created by a -stomy |
| Gastrotomy | surgical incision into the stomach |
| Gavage | forced feeding or irrigation through a tube passed into the stomach |
| Gingivectomy | surgical removal of the gum tissue |
| Hepatotomy | surgical incision into the liver |
| ileectomy | surgical removal of the ileum |
| ileostomy | surgical production of an artificial opening between the ileum and abdominal wall |
| Laparotomy | surgical incision into the abdomen |
| Lapar/o | combining form for abdomen or flank |
| Nasogastric intubation | placement of a tube through the nose into the stomach |
| Orogastric intubation | passage of a tube from the mouth into the stomach |
| Palatoplasty | surgical repair of a cleft palate |
| Transfaunation | transferring microbes from one animal to another to reinoculate the ill animal with a healthy microbial population. to treat cattle with severe off feed, ususally throught a rumen fistula |
| Trocarization | insertion of a pointed insturment ( trocar) into a body cavity or an organ. |
| Trocar | a pointed insturment that has a cannula ( flexitube inside) so after the penetrates the membrane it can be withdrawn and the cannula remains in place |
| Paracentesis | ruminal bloat treated by trocairzation |
| Urinary system | main responsibility is the removal of wastes from the body by constantly filtering blood. maintains proper balance of water, electrolytes and acids in body fluids and removes excess fluids from the body |
| Urea | is protein , which is filtered by the kidney |
| Homeostasis | a stable internal environment |
| Home/o | unchanging |
| Urin/o and ur/o | combining forms meaning or pertaining to the urinary oragns |
| Urinary structure system | includes 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder and a single urethra |
| Urinary flow | urine is formed in the kidneys, flows through the ureters to the urinary bladder, where it is stored, the flows through the urethra and outside the body |
| Kidney function in a body | 1. are to form urin for excretion and 2. to retain esssential substances the body needs through reabsorption. |
| Retroperitoneally | means kidneys are located behind the lining of the abdominal cavity or outside the peritoneal cavity. |
| Ren/o or Nephr/o | combining forms for kidney, reno is an adjective as in renal pelvis or renal disease. Nephr/o is used to describe pathologic conditions and surgical prcedures as in nephritis |
| Kidney flow | blood flows into the kidney through the renal artery and flow out by the renal vein, filtration of waste products by the kidney depends on this blood flow. therfore blood presure can affect the rate at which filtration takes place |
| Cortex | the outer layer of the kidney |
| Medulla | the inner layer of the kidney |
| Nephron | is the functional unit of the kidney, it consists of Glomerular, Bowmens capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, a loop of henle a distal convoluted tubule and a collecting duct. Nephrons form urin by process of filtration |
| Glomerulus | a cluster of capillaries that filter blood |
| Bowmans capsule | cup-shaped structure that contains the glomerulus |
| Renal Corpuscle | is the glomerulus and Bowmens capsule together |
| Proximal convoluted tubules | hollow tubes located between Bowmans capsule and loops of Henle that are involved in reabsorbtion |
| Loop of Henle | U shaped turn in the confoluted tubule of the kidney, located between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules that is involved in the reabsorbtion, has ascending and decending loops. |
| distal convoluted tubules | hollow tubes located between the loops of Henle and the collection tubules that are involved in secretion |
| collecting tubules | hollow tubes taht carry urine from the cortex to the renal pelvis |
| Convoluted | rolled or coiled |
| Hilus | point of attachement or depression where nerves and vessels inter an organ, can give the organ a bean shape |
| Calyx/ Calyces | cuplike organ |
| Glomerulus | a cluster of capillaries surrounding the Bowmans capsule. |
| Glomerul/0 | means to wind into a ball |
| Renal Pelvis | is the area of the kidney where the nephrons collect urine ( from Calyces) before entering the ureters |
| Pyel/o | renal pelvis |
| Ureters | are a pair of narrow tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder |
| Trigone | means triangle, where the ureters enter the urinary bladder |
| Urinary Bladder | is a singular hollow muscular organ that holds urine, the size changes with the amount of fluid it holds |
| Cyst/o | means urinary bladder |
| Urethra | is a tube extending from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body |
| Urethra Meatus | the external opening of the urethra |
| Meat/o | means opening |
| Urine | end product of renal filtration of wastes |
| Uropoiesis | the process of urine production |
| -poiesis | means formation |
| -chrome | suffix for color |
| Turbid | means cloudy |
| Erythropoietin | urinary hormone produced by the kidney that stimulates red blood cell production inn the bone marrow |
| Antidiuretic ADH | a hormone that is released by the posterior pituitary glad that suppresses urine formation by reabsorbing more water, abbreviated as ADH |
| Aldosterone | hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates electrolyte balance via the reabsorption of sodium |
| Cystocentesis | surgical puncture of the urinary bladder, usually to collect urine. using a needle and a syringe |
| Cystography | radiographic study of the urinary bladder. |
| Cystogram | is the xray film of the urinary bladder |
| Retrograde | means going backward and can be used to describe he path that contrast material takes. |
| Cystoscopy | visual exam using a fiberoptic instrument |
| Intravenous Pyelogram | xray of the kidneys using a dye |
| Pneumocystography | xray of the bladder after air has been placed in it |
| Radiography | imaging of internal structures that is created by exposing film to xrays |
| Scout film | Xray made without contrast |
| Retrograde Pyelogram | xray of the kidney using contrast |
| Urinalysis | exam of urine components, abbreviated UA |
| Urinary catheterization | inserting a hollow tube through the urethera into the bladder |
| Albuminuria | presence of the major blood protein in urine |
| Anuria | complete suppression of urine production |
| Bacteriuria | presence of bacteria in urine |
| Crystalluria | urine with naturally produced angular solid definitive forms( crystals) |
| Dysuria | defficult or painful urination |
| Glucosuria | glucose(sugar) in the urine |
| Glycosuria | glucose(sugar) in the urine |
| Hematuria | blood in the urine |
| Ketonuria | presence of keytones in urine ( keytones are produced during increased fat metabolism ) |
| Nocturia | excessive urination at night |
| oliguria | scant or little urine |
| Pollakiuria | frequent urination |
| Polyuria | excessive urination |
| Proteinuria | presence of proteins in urine |
| Pyuria | pus in urine |
| Stranguria | slow or painful urine |
| Urobilinogen- test strip | test used more commonly in human medicine to evaluate live disease or the breakdown of red blood cells, using test strips |
| Glucose-test strip | this test is used to screen for diabetes mellitus |
| Ketones-test strip | typical in animlas with uncontrolled diabetes |
| Bilirubin-test strip | aged red blood cells are removed from circulation in organs such as spleen. |
| Protein-test strip | large molecules that are not normally filtered into the urine |
| Blood-test strip | test strip dectects occult blood |
| PH-test strip | urine pH is influenced by diet and disease states in the body. acidic pH is typical in animals with a meat diet. |
| Azotemia | presence of urea of other nitrogenous elements in the blood |
| Calculus | abnormal mineral deposit. crystals, stones , calculi, and liths |
| Lith/o | is the combining form for stone or calsulus ( urinary or kidney stones) |
| Casts | fibrous or protein materials found in the urine with renl diseses or another abnormality |
| crystals | naturally produced angular solid of definitive form |
| Cystalgia/ Cystodynia | urine bladder pain |
| Cystocele | displacement of the urinary bladder through the vaginal wall |
| Cystitis | inflammation of the urinary bladder |
| Epispadias | abnormal condition in which the urethra opens on the dorsum of the penis |
| Feline lower urinary tract disease | common disease of cats in which cystitis, urethritis and crystalluria are found |
| Glomerulonephritis | inflammation of the kidney involving the glomeruli |
| Hydronephrosis | dilation of the renal pelvis as a result of an obstruction to the urine flow |
| Hypospadias | abnormal condition in which the urethra opens on the ventral surface of the penis |
| Inappropriate urination | eliminating urine at the wrong time or the wrong place |
| interstitial cystitis | inflammation within the wall of the urinary bladder |
| -lithiasis | suffix meaning the presence of stones or calculli |
| Nephrectasis | distension of the kidneys |
| Distension | means enlargement |
| -ectasis | means distension or stretching |
| Nephritis | inflammation of the kidneys |
| Nephrolith | kidney stone or renal calculus |
| Nephrosclerosis | abnormal softening of the kidney |
| Nephrosis | abnormal condition of the kidneys |
| Prereal | before the kidney |
| Postrenal | after the kidney |
| Prolapse | downward displacement of a body organ |
| -ptosis | means drooping or dropping down |
| Pyelitis | inflammation of the renal pelvis |
| Pyelonehritis | inflammation of the pelvis and kidney |
| Renal Failure | inability of the kidneys to function |
| Acute | occurring suddenly or over a short period of time |
| Chronic | means having a longer onset |
| Nephrotoxin | a poison having destructive effects on the kidneys |
| Polyuria | elevated urine production |
| Polydipsia | excessive thirst or dinking |
| Diuresis | elevated excretion of urine |
| Diuretics | drugs that increase urine production |
| Renal infarction | obstruction of blood flow to the kidneys |
| Uremia | waste products in the blood, common in kidney disease |
| Ureterolith | stone in the ureter |
| Urethritis | inflammation of the urethra |
| Urethrolithiasis | disorder characterized by the presence of stones |
| Urethrostenosis | a stricture( abnormal band of tissue narrowing a passage) of the urethra |
| Urinary retention | inability to completely empty the bladder |
| Urinary tract infection | invasion of microorganisms in the urinary system that results in local cellular injury, abbreviated UTI |
| Urolith/Cystolthi | a bladder stone |
| Cytectomy | surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder |
| Cystopexy | surgical fixation of the urinary bladder to the abdominal wall |
| Cystoplasty | surgical repair of the urinary bladder |
| Cystotomy | surgical incision into the urinary bladder |
| Dialysis | the removal of blood waste produced when kidneys are no longer functioning |
| Peritoneal dialysis | removal of blood waste products by fluid exchange through the peritoneal cavity |
| Hemodialysis | is the removal of blood waste products by filtering the blood through a machine, abbreviated HD |
| Lithotripsy | destruction of a stone by using ultrasonic wave traveling through water |
| Nephrectomy | surgical removal of a kidney |
| Nephropexy | surgical fixation of a kidney to the abdominal wall |
| Nephroplasty | surgical repair of the kidney |
| Nephrostomy | surgical incision into the kidney |
| Ureterectomy | surgical removal of the ureter |
| Ureteroplasty | surgical repair of the ureter |
| Ureterotomy | surgical incision of the ureter |
| Urethroplasty | surgical repair of the urethra |
| Urethrostomy | surgical creation of a permanent opening between the urethra and the skin |
| Perineal urethrostomy | the surgical creation of a permanent opening between the urethra and the skin between the anus and the scrotum |
| Urethrotomy | surgical incision into the urethra |
| enema | introducing water into the rectum |
| Cardiovascular system | delivers oxtgen niturients and hormones to the various body tissues and transports waste products to the appropriate waste removal systems |
| Circulatory System | also cardiovascular system, but is divided into systemic circulation(blood flow to all parts of the body except the lungs) and Pulmanary circulation (blood flow out of the heart through the lungs and back to the heart ) |
| Cardiovascular means | pertaining to the heart and vessels( blood vessels) |
| 3 major parts of the Cardiovascular system | Heart, blood vessels and blood |
| Heart is | a hollow muscular organ that provides the power to move blood through the body. located in the thoracic cavity(chest)between the lungs in the MEDIASTINUM |
| Cardi/o | combining form for heart |
| Mediastinum is | the cavity that contains the heart, large blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, lymph nodes and other structures |
| Pericardium is | a double walled membrane surrounding the heart, the layers are called the Fibrous and Serous layer(inner layer) |
| Fibrous pericardium- | is the tough external layer of the pericardium |
| Serous layer | is the inner layer of the pericardium, it is divided into 2 parts the Parietal layer and the Visceral layer |
| Parietal layer | means belonging to the wall. is the Serous layer that lines the fibrous pericartium . |
| Visceral layer/ Epicardium | is the Serous layer that lines the heart |
| Pericardial space | is the space between the Serous layers Parietal |
| Pericardial fluid | is the liquid in the pericardial space, it prevents friction between the heart and pericardium when the heart beats |
| 3 Layers of the Heart Walls | Epicardium, Myocardium and Endocardium |
| Epicardium heart wall | external layer of the heart also known as the Visceral layer of the Serous layer |
| Myocardium heart wall | the middle and thickest layer of the heart, the actual heart muscle |
| Endocardium heart layer | inner layer of the heart, lines the heart chamber and valves |
| My/o | means muscle |
| Endo | means within |
| Blood Supply | heart beats constantly and must have continuous air supply and nutrients and a prompt removal of waste. but the heart itself cannot do this so it needs arteries and veins |
| Coronary arteries | are the arteries that serve the heart, called coronary because they resemble a crown |
| Coronary Veins | are what removes waste product from the Myocardium.( middle layer, heart muscle.) |
| Coronary Occlusion | means blockage. disruption of blood to the myocardium means it cannot function. this may lead to Ischemia |
| Ischemia | deficiency in the blood supply to an area, ths can lead to Necrosis |
| Necrosis | death of tissue |
| Infarction | the area of necrosis due to ischemia |
| Heart Chambers | right and left halves. which are further subdivided into chambers. ( mammalian and avian hearts have 4 chambers, reptiles have 3) |
| Atria Chamber | upper chambers or craniodorsal chambers. All vessels coming into the heart enter here. |
| Atri/o | combining form for Atria |
| Interatrial Septum | divideds the left and right Atria, Septum is a separating wall or partition |
| Ventricles | lower halves or caudoverntral chambers of the heart |
| Interventricular Septum | divides the lower left and right ventricles ( in reptiles this is not complete making it a 3 chamber heart) |
| Vena Cavae | either of two large veins discharging unoxygenated blood into the right atrium of the heart, |
| Apex | is the narrow tip also called the cardiac apex |
| Left Ventricle | pumps blood to the whole body therefore needs more pumping power that the right ventricle, which is why the left has a much thicker myocardium. |
| Right Ventricle | only pumps blood to the lungs, both ventricles hold the same amount of blood though. |
| Valves valv/o valvul/o | blood flow through the heart is controled by 4 valves, a valve is a membranous fold. |
| Right Atrioventricular Valve / RAV or Tricuspid | controls the opening between the Right Artium and the Right Ventricle, also called the TRICUSPID Valve |
| Pulmonary Semilunar Valve | or pulmonary valve, it is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and controls blood entering the lungs. is half moon shaped |
| Semilunar | means half moon, these valves resemble half moons |
| Left Artrioventricular Valve/ LAV or Mitral Valve/Bicuspid | this valve controls the opeing between the Left atrium and the Left ventricle |
| Aortic Semilunar Valve | is located between the Left Venticle and the Aorta and controls blood entering the arterial system, is also half moon shaped |
| Heart Rythm | is the recurrence of an action or a function at regular intervals. heart contractions are to be rythmic, or called a heart beat. is modified by electrical inpulses from the nerves that tumulate the myocardium. |
| Heartbeat/ Cardiac cycle | is an alternating sequence of relaxation and contractions of the heart chambers |
| Cardiac Output | is the volumne of blood pumped per unit time |
| Stroke Volume | is the amount of blood ejected from the ventricles during each heartbeat |
| Conduction system | are electrical impulses , the contraction and relaxation of the heart must be synchronized accurately and are controlled by the Sinoatrial node, Atrioventricular node, bundle of His and Purkinje fibers |
| Sinoatrial Node SA | is located in the wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the Superior Vena Cava |
| Purkinje Fibers | atypical muscle cells, are less developed in the atria and are usually associated with the ventricles |
| Pacemaker of the heart | the Sinoatrial node combined with the Purkinje fibers establishes the basic rhythm of the heart |
| Artial Systole Inotrophy | Inotrophy= force of contraction when the SA node starts waves of muscle contractions in the heart, the impulse in the right atrium spreads over the muscles of both atria, causing them to contract simultaneously, this forces the blood into the ventricles. |
| Atrioventricular Node | electrical impulses from the SA node continue to travel to the AV node which is located in the interatrial septum |
| SA and AV nodes | AV node conducts impulses more slowely than the SA node,This slower conduction of the AV nodes causes a pause after the artial contraction to allow the ventricles to fill with blood. AV node transmits the electical impulses to the bundle of His |
| Bundle of His | is located in the interventricular septum. it continues on through the ventricle as ventricular Purkinje fibers, which carry the impulse to the Ventricular muscle causing the Ventricular to contract |
| Ventricular Systole | is a ventricular contraction that forces blood into the aorta and pulmonary arteries. |
| Sinus Rhythm | normal heart rate, called this because it starts in the Sinoatrial node |
| Arrhythmia/dysrhythmia | if the SA node does not function properly and is unable to send the impulse to the rest of the heart, other area of the condution system can take over and initate a heartbeat |
| Blood flow through the heart | there are 5 steps of blood flow |
| blood flow step 1 | the RAV recieves blood from all the tissues, except the lung.through the cranial and caudal vena cava, it flows from the right atrium through the Tircupsid valve (RAV)to the right ventricle( systemic circulation ) |
| Blood flow step 2 | the right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs( pulmonary circulation) |
| Blood flow step 3 | the left atrium receives the oxygenated blood from the lungs through the four pulmonary veins. the blood flows through mitral valve into the left ventricle |
| Blood flow step 4 | the left ventricle receives blood from the left atrium, from the left ventricle, blood goes out through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta and is pumped to all parts of the body except the lungs (systemic circulation) |
| Blood flow step 5 | blood is returned by the vena cavae to the right atrium and the cycle continues |
| Chordae Tendineae | connective tussue strings that attached the AV valves to papillary muscles in the ventricles |
| Systole | generally means contracting, ventricle contraction, when the atria contracts it forces blood into the ventricles |
| Diastole | means expansion, think dilate, relaxation, atria fills with blood during the diastole. |
| Palpitation | heart rhythm - means a heartbeat sensations that feel like pounding with or without irregularity in rhythm |
| Fibrullation | heart rhythm, means a rapid, random, and ineffective heart contractions |
| Bradycardia | heart rhthym means abnormally slow heartbeat |
| Tachycardia | heart rhythm, means abnormally rapid heartbeat |
| Paroxysm | heart rhythm, means sudden convulsion or spasm |
| Normal Sinus Arrhythmia | heart rhythm, is an irregular heart rhythm resulting from vairations in vagal nerve tone as a result of respiration(a nonpathologic arrhythmia) |
| Asystole | heart rhythm,without contraction or lack of heart activity(flat line on a ECG) |
| Syncope | heart rhythm, temporary suspension of respiration and circulation |
| Gallop | heart rhythm, low frequency vibrations occurring during early diastole and late diastole |
| Electrocardiogram/EKG or ECG | the record of the electrical activity of the myocardium. it shows the changes in voltage and polatiry(pos and neg) over time. |
| Electrocardiography | the process of recording the electrical activty. produces a tracing that represents the variations in electric potential caused by excitation of heart muscle that is detected by conductors called leads attached to the skin |
| Preload of the heart | is the ventricle end-diastolic volume, or the volume of blood entering the right side of the heart |
| Afterload of the heart | is the impedance to ventricular emptying presented by aortic pressure |
| Auscultation in heart | the act of listening to body sounds and ususally involves the use of a stethoscope, the heart sounds like lub-dub. the lub is the first sound heard and caused by the closure of the AV,dub is caused by closure of semilunar valves when contraction occurs |
| Heart Murmur | abnormal sound associated with the turbulent flow of blood. may be casued from a leaky valve. is the swooshing sound between heartsounds. can be holosystolic or Pansystolic, meaning they occur during the entire ventricluar contaction phase |
| Valve insufficiency | inablility for a valve to preform at the proper level, narrowing of a valve may also cause murmurs |
| Artrioventrucular insufficiency | aortic or pulmonic valve stenosis(narrowing) is a murmur during systole |
| Artrioventriculare Stenosis | murmur heard during diastole or aortic or pulmonic valve insufficieny |
| Crescendo murmur | murmur abnormal swooshing cardic sounds that progressivley get louder |
| Decrescendo murmur | abnormal swooshing cardiac sounds that progressively decrease in loudness |
| Murmur location | where the murmur is heard the loudest is the point of maximal intensity(PMI) usually located at the ausculation site of the defective valve |
| Thrill sound | is the vibration felt on palpitation |
| Other heart sounds | crackles(movement or respiratory ) rumbles( shivering) clicks(mitral insufficiency) split heart sounds(heartbeats that are divided) |
| Blood vessel types Angi/o Vas/o | 3 major groups of blood vessels arteries, veins and capillaries |
| Lumen | is the opening in a vessel through which fluid flows |
| Constriction/Vasoconstrictors | narrowing of the vessel in diameter |
| Dilation / Vasodilators | widening of the vessel in diameter |
| Arteries Ateri/o | is a blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, they have thick muscular walls that contract and expansion to move blood thoughout the body |
| Aorta Aort/o | the main trunk of the aterial system and begins from the left ventricle of the heart. aorta branches into other arteries the tsupply muscles and organs of the body. |
| Aterioles | smaller and thinner branches of the aorta that carries blood to the capillaries, Arter/i-that carries blood away from the heart. they have names for the area that they serve like celiac(liver)renal, ovarian, testicular, subclavian(under collarbone |
| -ole | means smaller |
| Capillaries | are single cell thick vessels that connect the aterial and venous systems. blood flows slower through the capillariesdue to their small diameter. this allows time for the diffusion of oxygen, nutrients and waste products . |
| Alveolar capillaries | picks up oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide |
| Perfusion | blood flow through tissues |
| Capillary Refill time (CRT) | can be obtained by applying pressure to mucous membranes and timing how long it takes for the pink color to return. |
| Venules | capillaries connect to these tiny blood vessels that carry blood to the veins. |
| Veins ven/o or Phleb/o | form a low pressure collection system that returns blood to the heart. they have thinner walls and are less elastic then arteries, therefore skeletal muscles cause the blood flow toward the heart and prevent blood from flowing away from the heart. |
| Jugular vein | drains the head and neck area |
| Femoral vein | drains the legs |
| Renal Veins | drain the kidney |
| Azygous Vein | a single vein that drains the chest wall and adjacent structures |
| Blood Pressure | is the tension exerted by the blood on the arterial walls. it is determined by the energy produced by the heart elasticity of the arterial walls, the volume and viscosity of the blood. |
| Viscosity | the resistance to flow |
| Pulse | is the rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery produced by pressure |
| Sphygmomanometer | measures the amount of pressure exerted against the walls of vessels |
| Sphygm/o | combining form for pulse |
| Man/o | combing form for pressure |
| -meter | device |
| Systolic pressure | occurs when the ventricles contract and is highest toward the end of the stoke output of the left ventricle |
| Diastolic Pressure | pressure occurs when the ventricles relax and is lowest late in ventricle dilation |
| Tensi/o | pressure or tension and is used when describing blood pressure |
| Hypertension | is high blood pressure |
| Hypotension | is low blood pressure |
| Antihypertensives | drugs that lower blood pressure |
| Angiocardiography | radiographic study of the blood vessels using contrast material |
| Angiocardiogram | the product (film) of the angiocardiography |
| Angiography | radiographic study of the blood vessels following injection fo the radiopaque material |
| Angiogram | is the film produced from this radiographic procedure |
| Cardiac Catheterization | radiographic study in which a catheter is passed into a blood vessel and is guided into the heart |
| Echocardiography | process of evaluating the heart structure using sound waves. uses the difference between the sound waves and their echoes to measure velocity of a moving object |
| Electrocardiography | process of recording the electrical activity of the heart |
| Electrocardiogram | is the record of the electrical activity |
| Electrocardiograph | the machine that takes to recording and produces the record |
| Holter Monitor | a 24 hour ECG that record the heart rate and rhythms into a specialized tape recorder |
| Radiography | procedure of imaging objects by exposing sensitized film to Xrays |
| Radiograph | the resulting image from the procedure |
| Tourniquet | constricting band applied to a limb to control bleeding or to assist in drawing blood |
| Doppler | differences infrequency between sound waves and their echoes to measure velocity of a moving object |
| Aneurysm | localized balloon like enlargement of an artery |
| Angiopathy | disease of vessels |
| Aortic Insufficiency | inability of the aortic valve to preform at the proper levels, which results in blood flow back into the left ventricle from the aorta |
| Atherosclerosis | hardening and narrowing of the arteries. may be caused by plaque ( patched or raised area) |
| Arther/o | combing form for plaque or fatty substance |
| Plaque | a patch or raised area |
| Arther/o | combing form for plaque or fatty substance |
| Artrial Septal Defect | opening in the wall dividing the right and left atria that ma allow blood to move from the high pressure right atrium to the low pressure left artium |
| Cardiac Tamponade | compression o the heart due to fluid or blood collection in the pericardial sac |
| Cardiomegaly | heart enlargement |
| Cardiomyopathy | disease of the heart muscle |
| Hypertrophic | which is excessive growth of the left ventricle or dilated which is characterized by thin walled left ventricle |
| Dilated Cardiomyopathy | heart disease with thin walled left ventricle |
| Carditis | inflammation of the heart |
| Congestive heart failure | syndrome that reflects insufficient cardiac output to meet the bodys needs CHF |
| Congestion | which is accumulation of fluid and edema |
| Edema | accumulation of fluid in the intercellular spaces |
| Ascites | is fluid accumulation I the peritoneal cavity seen in dogs as secondary to CHF |
| Pleural Effusion | abnormal fluid accumulation between the layers of the membrane encasing the lungs and is seen in cats secondary to CHF |
| Diuretics | a substance that increases urine output |
| Cor | means heart |
| Pulmon/o | combining form for lung |
| Cor Pulmonale | alterations in the structure or function of the right ventricle, caused by pulmonary hypertension, also called pulmonary heart disease |
| Dirofilariosis | heartworm infection, heartworms mature and breed in the larger blood vessels, mature heartworms produce tiny larvae |
| Microfilariae | tiny larvae produced by mature heartworms, they may obstruct flood flow from the vena cava caused by heavy heartworm infestation. |
| Caval Syndrome | obstruction of blood flow from the vena cava caused by heavy heartworm infestation. |
| Prophylactic | heartworm medication |
| Adulticide | substance that kills mature heartworm |
| Microfilaricide | substance that kills juvenile or larvae of heartworm |
| Embolis | foreign object( clot ,air or tissue) that is circulating in blood |
| Embolism | a blockage of a vessel by a foreign object |
| Endocarditis | inflammation of the endocardium and sometimes the heart valves |
| Heart Block | interference with the electrical conduction of the heart, heart block may be complete or partial and is graded in degrees based on the characteristics of the block |
| Hemangioma | benign tumor comprised of newly formed blood vessels |
| Hematoma | collection of blood making a lump |
| Hypercapina | above normal levels of carbon dioxide. results in reduced levels of oxygen(Hypoxia ) |
| Cyanosis | bluish tinge to the skin and mucous membranes due to hypoxia |
| Cyan/o | means blue |
| hypocapnia | below normal levels of carbon dioxide |
| Infarct | localized area of necrosis caused by an interrupted blood supply |
| Ishemia | deficiency in blood supply |
| Isch/o | means to hold back |
| Mitral Stenosis | narrowing of the opening of the mitral valve abbreviated MS |
| Myocarditis | inflammation of the myocardium |
| Mitral Valve Prolapse | abnormal protrusion of the left artioventricular valve that results in incomplete closure of the valve |
| Occlusion | blockage in a vessel or passageway in the body |
| Mitral valve insufficiency | inability of the left artioventricular valve to preform at the proper level, maybe caused by fibrosis, endocarditis or other conditions that occur in the left AV |
| Patent Ductus Arteriosus | persistence of the fetal communication beteen the left pulmonary artery and aorta that should close shortly after birth. abbreviated PDA |
| Pericarditis | inflammation of the pericardium |
| Pulmonic stenosis | narrowing of the opening and valvular area between the pulmonary artery and right ventricle |
| Regurgitation | backflow, used to describe backflow of blood caused by imperfect closure of heart valves |
| Shock | inadequate tissue perfusion. there are different types of shock. but one type occurs after cardiac arrest or cessation of heartbeat |
| Resuscitation | treatment for shock, it includes administration of fluid, cardiac massage and artificial respiration CPR |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | congenital cyanotic cardiac condition that classically has 4 anatomical defects in the heart. pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta and right ventricular hypertrophy |
| Thromboembolism | the blockage of a blood vessel part that has broken away from a blood clot at its site of formation |
| Thrombus | blood clot attached to the interior wall of a vain or artery |
| Thrombosis | is an abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a blood vessel |
| Anticoagulants | substance that prevents blood clotting |
| Vasculitis | inflammation of the blood or lymph nodes |
| Ventricular Septal Defect VSD | opening in the wall dividing the right and left ventricle that may allow blood to shunt from the right to the left ventricle without becoming oxygenated |
| To shunt | means to bypass or divert, in this case it bypasses the lungs |
| Angioplasty | surgical repair of blood or lymph vessels |
| Transluminal | a way to do angioplasty, it is done through the opening of a vessel |
| Precutaneous | procedure is done through the skin |
| Angiorrhaphy | suture of a vessel |
| Arteriectomy | surgical removal of part of a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart |
| Arteriotomy | incision of a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart |
| Central Venous Pressure | tension exerted by blood in the cranial vena cava, abbreviate CVP, monitored by catheterization of the vena cava via he jugular vein |
| Defibrillation | use of electric shock to restore the normal heart rhythm |
| Hemostasis | control or stoppage of bleeding |
| Stent | small expander implanted in a blood vessel to prevent it from collapsing. also a device to hold tissue in place or to provide support for a graft |
| Transfusion | introduction of whole blood or blood components into the bloodstream of the recipient |
| Valvotomy | surgical incision into a valve or membranous flap |
| Respiratory system | is the body system that brings oxygen from the air into the body for delivery via the blood to cells.it picks up carbon dioxide and carries it back to the lungs where this waste is expelled into the air. |
| Carbon dioxide | had acid in it, therefore also is involved in maintaining the body's acid base status |
| Respiration | means the diffusion of gases ( oxygen and carbon dioxide)between the atmosphere and the cells of the body |
| Internal or cellular respiration | the gas exchange between the blood and the cells |
| External respiration | is the absorption of atmospheric oxygen by the blood in the lungs and the diffusion of carbon dioxide from the blood in the lungs to the atmospheric air |
| Ventilation | is a term that means intake of fresh air, it is also referred to breathing. |
| Ventilators | devices that assist in ventilation or breathing |
| Upper Respiratory tract | consist of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis and larynx , these structures are open to the outside and are lined with mucous membranes that may or may not have cilia to help filter the air |
| Lower Respiratory tract | consists of trachea within the lungs and bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli found in the thoracic cavity |
| Nose/snout | consists of nostrils/nares brings air in from the outside |
| Nas/o Rhin/o | combing forms for nose |
| Endotherms | warm bodied animals |
| Nasal Turbinates | scroll like cartilages covered with highly vascular mucous membranes, they warm humidify and filter inspired air. there are 2 dorsal and ventral that separate the nasal cavity into passages called meatus |
| Meatus | passage or opening |
| Nasogastric tube | a tube that passes through the nose down to the stomach, usually by the ventral meatus |
| Vestibule | rostral part of the nostrils and nasal cavity |
| Nasal Septum | a wall of cartilage that divides the nose |
| Sept/o | means partition |
| Mucous Membrane | respiratory system is lined with this. it is a specialized for of epithelial tissue, the mucous membrane serete mucus. |
| Mucus | a slime like substance that is composed of glandular secretions, salts, cells and leukocytes. it helps to moisten warm and filter the air as it enters the nose. |
| Cilia | thin hairs located inside the nostrils that filter the air and remove debris |
| Olfactory Receptors | responsible for smell, they are nerve ending located in the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. |
| Tonsils | are lymphatic tissue that protects the nasal cavity and proximal (upper) throat |
| Sinus | is an air filled or fluid filled space in bone with a mucous membrane lining. its function is to provide mucus to make bone lighter and to help produce sound |
| Pharynx | commonly called the throat, it is a common passageway for the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. it is between the nasal passage/mouth and the larynx and connects the nasal passages to the larynx and the mouth to the esophagus |
| Nasopharynx | the passageway for air entering the nose. a portion of the throat posterior to the nasal cavity and dorsal(above) the soft palate. |
| Oropharynx | passageway for air and food entering the mouth, a portion of the throat between the soft palate and the epiglottis |
| Laryngopharynx | passageway for air and food entering the mouth, a portion of the throat dorsal to the larynx that open into the voice box and esophagus |
| Soft Palate | moves dorsally and caudally to close off the Nasopharynx to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity |
| Epiglottis | acts like a lid and covers the larynx it also covers the opening to the trachea preventing food from possibly entering the trachea and going into the lungs |
| Larynx | is the part of the respiratory tract located between the pharynx and trachea, commonly called the voice box |
| Vocal Cords | which are paired membranous bands in the larynx that help produce sound |
| Laryng/o | combining form for the voice box |
| glottis | is the space between the vocal cords it is where the vocal apparatus is found. air passes through this causing vibration of the vocal cords to produce sound |
| Trachea/Windpipe | in the LRT( lower respiratory tract) air passes from the Larynx to the trachea. extends from the neck to the chest. It passes into the thorax or chest cavity through the Thoracic Inlet.the trachea is held open by C shaped cartilaginous rings |
| C shaped cartilaginous rings in the Trachea | holds the trachea open, this allows easier expansion of the esophagus when the animal is swallowing. the trachea is lined with Cilia which helps filter debris |
| Bronchi | distal end of the trachea, divides into 2 branches at the Tracheal Bifurcation these branches are the bronchi |
| Bronch/o- Bronchus | combining form for Bronchi |
| Bronchial Tree | each broncus leads to seperate lung and continues to divide. this continual division appears similar to a tree and its branches. |
| Principal or Primary Bronchus | are the bronchus that leads to a sperate lung |
| Secondary Bronchi | when the principal bronhus divides into smaller branches |
| Tertiary/Segmental/Bronchioles Bronchi | is what the secondary bronchus divides into |
| -ole | means small indicating that bronchioles are smaller than bronchi |
| Bronchiolus | contain no cartilage or glands, these small vessels continue to divide to even smaller. the terminal brochioles are the last portion of bronchiole and do not contain alveoli |
| Alveoli | the last outcropping and branches of the bronchioles. they are air sacs in which most of the gas exchange occurs. the look like small grape like clusters. they are connected to the bronchiole via an alveloar duct. |
| Alveol/o | means small sac |
| Alveoli structure | are made up of flexible memberane walls that are surround by a network of microscopic capillaries. |
| Breathing out Co2 | oxygen diffuses in the blood in aveolar capillaries,binds to hemoglobin in terythrocytes.Co2 diffuese from plasma across alveolar membrane into the avelous. Exhaling much of this air is pushed out though the repiratory tract and out the nose of mouth |
| Surfacant | is the liquid that Aveoli contain that reduces alveolar surface tension. it also prevents collapse of the alveioli during expiration or exhaling |
| Thorax | means pertaining to between the ribs |
| thorac/o -thorax | means chest cavity or chest |
| Cost/o | means ribs |
| Lung | is the main organ of repirtaion. ther are 2 lungs that compose the divisions call LOBES |
| Lobe | is a well defined protion of an organ and is used in describing areas in the lung, liver and other organs |
| lob/o | means well difined protion |
| pneum/o, pneumon/o, pneu | means lung air |
| pulm/o, pulmon/o | means lung |
| Parenchyma | refers to the functional element of an organ, as oppsoed to its framework, or Stroma |
| Mediastinum | is the space between the lungs that houses the heart, aorta, lymph nodes, esophagus, trachea and part of the bronchial tubes, nerves, thoracic duct and thymus. |
| Pleura | is the sac that the lung is incased in |
| Parietal Pleura | outer layer of the membrane lining the inner wall of the thoracic cavity |
| Visceral Pleura | is the inner layer of the membrane lining the outside of the lung |
| Pleural Space | is the potential space between the parietal pleura and cisceral pleura. contans small amount of lubricating fluid called pleural fluid |
| Pleural Fluid | prevents friction when the membranes rub together during respiration and provides adhesive force to keep the lungs in contact with the chest wall as is expands during inspiration |
| Diaphragm | seperates the thoracic and peritoneal cavities. it is a muscle |
| Dia | means across |
| Phramg/o | means wall |
| Diaphragm activity | contraction of diaphragm causes air pressure in lungs to drop below atmospheric pressure. producing a vacuum in the thoracic cavity to draw air in, when the diaphragm relaxes neg pressure no longer is generated and air is forced out |
| Iinhalation / Inspiration | the drawing in of air |
| Exhalation/Expiration | release of breath |
| Spir/o, spiare | means to breath |
| -pnea | refers to breathing |
| Apnea | absence of breath |
| Dyspnea | difficult or labored breathing |
| Bradypnea | abnormally slow respiration rates, slow breathing |
| Tachypnea | abnormally rapid respiratory rates, fast breathing |
| Hyperpnea | abmormal increase in the rate and depth of respirations |
| Hypopnea | abnormally slow or shallow respirations |
| Hyperventilation / Hypocapnia | abnormally rapid deep breathing, which result in decreased levels of cellualr carbon dioxide |
| Agonal Breathing | respirations near death or during extreme suffering. |
| ox/i , ox/o , ox/y | refer to O2 |
| Capn/o | refer to CO2 |
| Phren/o | was thought to refer to the kidneys and spleen becuase the greek thought they contributed to emotions. |
| Hypoxia | refers to an inadequate supply of oxygen to tissue despite an adequate blood supply |
| Hypercapnia | refers to excessive amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood |
| Respiratory Acidosis | Co2 dissolves in water and reacts to form a carbonic acid(H2CO2) when it breaks down into a weak acid it affects the blood PH. excessing amounts of CO2 in the blood due to decreased ventilation |
| Respiratory Alkalosis | when CO2 levels are abnormally low due to increased ventilation |
| Metabolic Acidosis or Metabolic Alkalosis | changes in blood PH resulting from metabolic factors (vomiting and renal disease) |
| Tidal Volume | amount of air exchanged during normal respiration ( air inhaled and exhaled) |
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume or Complimental Air | amount of air inhaled over the tidal volume, extra amount of air tha could be inhaled after normal breath |
| Expiratory Reserve Volume or Supplemental Air | amount of expired air over the tidal volume( extra air pushed out after expiration ) |
| Residual Volume | air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration ( amount of air trapped in the alveoli ) |
| Dead Space | air in the pathway of the respiratory system ( termed dead because this air is not currently particpating in gas exchange) |
| Minimal Volume | amount of air left in alveoli after the lung collapses |
| Vital Capacity | largest amount of air that can be moved in the lung( tidal volume + inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes) |
| Arterial Blood Gases ABG | lab tests in which pressure levels of O2 and CO2 are measured in arterial blood |
| Ausculation | act of listening to respriratory sounds and rhythm |
| Pathologic Ausculation | adventitious sounds like bubbling, crepitation, crakles, decreased lung sound, consolidation. |
| Bubbling sounds in lungs | sounds of popping bubbles that suggest fluid accumulation |
| Crepitation | fine or coarse interrupted crackling noises coming from colapsed of fluid filled alveoli during inspiration, also called RALES or Crackles |
| Decreased Lung Sounds | less or no sound of air movement, suggesting consolidation of lung tissue |
| Consildation tissue in lungs | is a condition in which lung tissue becomes firm and solid rather than elastic and air-filled becuase it has accumulated fluids and tissue debris |
| Respiratory Rate RR | number of respirations per minute. one inspiration and one expiration form a singe respiration, rates vary with species |
| Rhonchi sounds in lungs | abnormal continuous musical high-pitched shistling sounds heard during inpiration allso called Wheezes |
| Stridor sounds in lungs | snoring, squeaking or whistling that suggest airways narrowing |
| Vesicular sounds in lungs | sound resulting from air passing through small bronchi and alveoli |
| Bronchoalveolar Lavage | collection of fluid or mucus from the bronchi and/or alveoli via an endoscope of through an endotracheal tube inserted as far down as the trachea caudally as possible before infusing fluid and spiration a sample. |
| Bronchoscopy | visual examination of the vronchus, to look for disease or debris |
| Bronchoscope | insturment used to visually examine the brohchus |
| Laryngoscopy | visual examination of the voice box. to look for disease, tissue repair or foreign objeccts |
| Laryngoscope | insturment used to visually examin the voice box |
| Percussion | diagnostic proceeddure used to determine density in which sound is produced by tapping various body surfaces with the finger or an insturment. sound produced by the chest where air is present sounds different than where fluid is present |
| Phlegm | thick mucus secreted by the respiratiory lining |
| Sputum | mucus secretion from the lower respiratory tract |
| Radiography | image on an internal structure created by exposure sensitixed film to Xrays. Ultrasound does not work well for the respiratory system because the ultrsound beam cannot pass thru a gas-containing structure. |
| Spirometer | insturment used to measure air taken in and out of the lungs. measures volume and capacity |
| Sputum Culture | procedure in which mucus from the lower resp tract is collected and placed in predetermined media, to allow microbes to reproduce |
| Thoracocentesis | puncture to chest wall with a neddle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity. also may be used to drain fluid or re-expand a collapsed lung |
| Tracheal Wash | collecion of fluid or mucus from the trachea via an endotracheal tube to assess respiratory disease. |
| Transtracheal Wash TTW | sterile collection of fluid or mucus from the trachea via a catherter inserted thgough the skin into the treachea to assess respirtatory disease |
| Trephomatopm | insertion of a hole-boring insturment(trephine) into a sinus to establish fluid drainage or to allow access to the roots of teeth |
| Anoxia | absence of oxygen |
| Asphxiation | interruption of breathing resulting in lack of oxygen, also called suffocation |
| Aspriation | inhalation of a foreign substance into the upper respiratory tract. |
| Asthma | chronic allergic disorder |
| Atelectasis | incomplete expansion of the alveoli, or collapsed lung |
| Bronchiectasis | dilation of the bronchi |
| Sequela | inflammation or obstrucion , is a condition following as a consequence of a disease |
| Bronchitis | inflammation of the bronchi |
| Bronchopneumonia | abnormal condition of the bronchi and lung |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD | general term for abnormal condidtions in equine species in which expiratory flow is slowed, comonly called the Heaves |
| Cyanosis | abnormal condition of blue discoloration caused by inadequate oxygen levels |
| Diaphragmatic Hernia | abnormal opeing in the diaphragm that allows part of the abdominal ogans to migrate into the chest cavity |
| Emphysema | chronic lung disease caused by enlargment of the alveoli or changes in the alveolar wall |
| Epistaxis | nosebleed |
| Equine laryngeal Hemiplegia | disorder of horses that is characterized by abmornal inspiration noises during exercise associated with degeneration of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve and atrophy of the layngeal muscles, also called Roaring |
| Hemoptysis | spitting of blood from the lower respiratory tract |
| Hemothorax | accumulation of blood in the chest cavity |
| Inflammation | localized protective response to destroy, dilute or wall off injury, classic signs are heat, redness, swelling , pain and loss of function |
| Laryngitis | inflammation of the voice box |
| Laryngoplegia | paralysis of the voice box |
| Laryngospasm | sudden fluttering or closure of the voice box |
| Pharyngitis | inflammation of the throat |
| Phonation | act of producing sound |
| Aphonation | is the inability to produce sound |
| Pleural Effusion | abnormal accumilation of fluid in the pleural space |
| Effusion | is fluid escaping from blood or lymphatic vessels in to tissues or spaces |
| Pleurisy/ Pleuritis | inflammation of the pleura |
| Pleuropheumonia | abnormal condition of the pleura and the lung usually involves inflammation and congestion |
| Pneumonia | abmormal condition of the lung that usually involves inflammation and congestion of the lung |
| Congestion | is the abnormal accumulatio of fluid |
| Interstitial | pertains to the area between the cells |
| Interstitial Pneumonia | is an abnormal lung condition with increased fluid between the alveoli and the decrease in lung function |
| Pharyngoplasty | Surgical repair of the throat |
| Integumentary System | One of the largest organs in the body, this includes skin and its appendages also glands, hair, fur, wool, feathers, scales, claws, beaks, horns, hooves and nails |
| What is Skin | is a physical barrier that protects animals fro microbial infection, injury, ultraviolet ray, chemicals and toxin |
| Other roles that Skin Plays | waterproofing, fluid loss, temperature regulation, excreting wastes, providing species specific coloration, sensations and a site for Vit D synthesis |
| Exocrine Glands | both Sebaceous and Sweat glands are located in the integumentary system. |
| Sebaceous Glands | lubricate the skin an discouraged bacterial growth on the skin |
| Sweat Glands | regulate body temperature and excrete wastes through sweat. |
| Hair and Nails | are other components of the Integumentary system Hair helps control body heat loss and is a sense receptor. Nails protect the dorsal surface of the distal phalanx |
| Skin Structure | skin is composed of Epithelial tissue, also called the Epithelium. |
| Cutane/o, Derm/o, Dermat/o or -derma | combining form for skin |
| Skin has 3 layers | Epidermis ( Epi means above) Dermis (mans skin) and subcutaneous |
| Epidermis or Avascular ( lack of blood vessels) | the outermost layer or superficial layer, it is several layers thick and does not contain blood vessels. this layer relies on deeper layer for nourishment |
| Epidermis thickness | varies greatly from region to region in all animals. the thickest layer of the epidermis is found in areas of greatest exposure, such as foot pads and teats. |
| Epidermis structure | made up of Squamous epithelium. or flat plate like cells, arranged in many layers called stratified squamous epithelium |
| Keratin Kerat/o | a protein that provides waterproofing. Means horny or cornea |
| Melanocytes of the Epidermis | which produced and contain a black pigment called Melanin |
| Melan/o | combining form to mean black or dark, it protects the skin form some of the harmful rays of the sun and is responsible for skin pigmentation. Animals that have dark skin produce more Melanin |
| Albinism of the epidermis | the absence of normal pigmentation, true albinism means that the hair, skin and eyes have no pigmentation |
| Dermis or Corium | the layer directly below the epidermis. composed of blood and lymph vessels, nerve fibers, and accessory organs of the skin. these sensory nerve ending are receptors for touch, temperature, pain and pressure. the Dermis also contains connective tissue |
| Perception | is the ability to recognize touch sensation, |
| Fibroblasts of the Dermis | fiber producing cells. Collagen is the major fiber in the dermis. |
| Collagen of the dermis | is tough flexible, fibrous protein found in the skin, bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments. Kolla in greek means glue -gen means produce |
| Histiocytes of the dermis | Phagocytic cells that engulf foreign substances, also called tissue Macrophages Macrophages( large white blood cell that engulfs and digests foreign matter) |
| Mast Cells of the dermis | cells that respond to insult by producing and releasing histamine and heparin |
| Histamine | is a chemical released in response to allergens that causes itching |
| Heparin | is an anticoagulant chemical released in response to injury |
| Layers in the Epidermis | Stratum Basale, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Lucidum and the Stratum Corneum |
| Stratum Basale or Stratum Germinativum layer of the Epidermis | deepest or basal layer that continually multiplies to replenish cells lost from the epidermal surface, Cuboidal or cube like cells are arranged in rows |
| Stratum Spinosum layer of the Epidermis | layer immediately superficial to the stratum Basale, which is the thickest in hairless regions an in areas of high wear and tear. Keratinization and Desquamation begin this layer |
| Stratum Granulosum layer of the Epidermis + | layer immediately superficial to the Spinosum layer. these cells contain keratin granules in their cytoplasm |
| Stratum Lucidum layer of the Epidermis | layer immediately superficial the Granulosum layer. which is clear because of the accumulation of keratin fibers in the cell cytoplasm. this layer is not present in all species but when present it is found in areas of high wear and tear such as foot pads |
| Stratum Corneum layer of the Epidermis | most superficial layer of the epidermis , which consists of layers of dead highly keratinized and flattened cells also called the horny layer |
| Subcutaneous Layer of the skin | is located deep under the dermis and is composed of connective tissue, this layer contains large amounts of Lipids (fat) Adipocytes ( fat cells that produce fat) |
| Sebaceous or Oil Glands | secrete oily substance called Sebum, located in the dermis and are closely associated with hair follicles. Sebum is released from its glands through ducts to lubricate the skin it is slightly acidic and retards bacterial growth on the skin. |
| Sweat Glands or Sudoriferous Glands | are aggregations of cells located in the dermis, they are divided into Eccrine and Apocrine glands |
| Eccrine Glands | produce and secrete water, salt and waste(sweat) and are located in various regions of the body depending on the species. the glands are tiny, coiled and have ducts that open directly into the skin surface through pores |
| Apocrine Glands | are found throughout the body. they get their name from the fact that the free end of Apical end of the cell is cast off along wit the secretory products. they help regulate the body temps against Hypothermia and Hyperthermia. |
| Hidrosis | production and excretion of sweat. Hidr/o combing form of sweat |
| Anhidrosis | is the abnormal reduction of sweating |
| Hyperhidrosis | is excessive sweating |
| Ceruminous Glands | are modified sweat glands that secrete a waxy substance of varying color depending on the species. Cerumen is commonly called earwax |
| Hair on skin | is rod like fibers made of dead protein cells filled with keratin. the hair shaft is the portion of hair extended beyond the skin surface and is composed of cuticle cortex and Medulla |
| Pil/o, Pil/I and Trich/o | Combining form for hair |
| Cuticle Cortex- of the hair | the Cuticle is one layer thick and looks scaly. the Cortex is the main component of the hair shaft, is several layers thick and is responsible for the coat color |
| Medulla of the hair | is the innermost component of the hair shaft |
| Hair Root | is the portion of the hair below the skin surface and is surrounded by a har follicle. the shaft and the root are continuous and together make up the hair which is produced by the follicle |
| hair Follicles | are tubes that hold the hair fibers in the dermis. the follicle expands to form a hair bulb. the cells at the base of the follicle divide rapidly and push the old cells toward the skin surface where they harden and undergo pigmentation. |
| Arrector Pili | is a tiny muscle attached to the hair follicle that cause the hair to stand erect in response to cold temperatures or stress. when a dog contracts the Arrector Pili along the dorsal side of the neck and down the back its called raising it hackles. |
| Piloerection | is the condition of the hair standing upright straight up |
| Fur-hair type | is short fine soft |
| Pelt | is skin in addition to fur or hair |
| Guard Hair/Primary Hair or Topcoat | Long , straight and stiff hair that form the outer coat . Incudes tail, mane bristly hair of swine and most of the fur hair |
| Secondary Hair/Undercoat | finer, softer and wavy hair, this includes wool and wavy hair located near the skin of rabbits |
| Tactile Hair/Vibrissa hair | long brittle and extremely sensitive hairs usually located on the face as whiskers |
| Cilia Hair | thin, short hairs like eyelashes |
| Simple pattern hair growth | guard hairs that grow from separate follicular openings as in cattle |
| Compound pattern hair growth | multiple guard hairs that grow from a single follicle such as in dogs |
| Shedding | normal hair loss caused by temperatures, hormones, photoperiod(light), nutrition and other non-disease ceases |
| Nail, Claws and Hooves | distal phalanx of animals and is covered by nails, claws and hooves, and ALL have a wall, sole and pad |
| A Wall of a foot | usually located dorsal land lateral to the distal phalanx |
| A Sole of a foot | is located ventral to the distal phalanx and usually is flaky |
| Foot Pads or Tori | provide cushioning, protection for the foot bones, Pads are usually thick and composed of keratinized epithelium. It has a subcutaneous layer that has a large number of adipose cells,elastic connective tissue, sweat glands also found in mammalian pads |
| Digital Pads | on dogs and cats are on the palmer and plantar surfaces of the phalanges. ( toes) |
| Metacarpal and Metatarsal pads | are found on dogs and cats located on the palmer and plantar surfaces of the metacarpal ( sole area) and metatarsal areas respectively |
| Carpal Pads of the foot | located on the palmar surface of each carpus, the do not bear weight when the animal is standing. |
| Digitigrade( in dogs and cats) | because they walk on their toes (digit) with only the digital,and metacarpal and metatarsal pads making contact with the ground |
| Plantigrade | animals have well developed foot pads such as primates, Plantigrade animals walk with phalanges, metacarpal and metatarsal, and carpel and tarsal bones making contact with the ground |
| -grade | means GO |
| Nails in cats and dogs | are keratin plates covering the dorsal surface of the distal phalanx . Toe nails contain connective tissue blood vessels and nerve endings known as The Quick |
| Claws | the dorsal and lateral surface of the claw is covered by the wall and the ventral surface is the sole, beneath the wall and sole is the connective tissue Dermis. which contain blood vessels and nerve endings know as Quick |
| Qucking | is the term used to describe trimming the nail or claw to the level of the dermis, Qucking results in bleeding and pain. |
| Onych/o | combining form of Claw |
| Hooves | horny covering of the distal phalanx in Ungulates(hooved animals) some hooves can be a solid hoof (horses)cloven or split hooves( ruminants and swine) |
| Ungul/o | combining form for Hoof |
| Foot pad in ruminants and swine | the pad is called the bulb |
| Foot pad in equine | pad is called the Frog |
| Corium | is the dermis of the hoof and is located under the epidermal surface of the hoof wall , sole and frog. I corresponds to the quick |
| Equine Hoof | Divided into coronary band -hoof meets skin. Periople-flaky band, Wall-epidermal tissue including toe,quater,heel. Bars-raised V around frog.Sole-softer bottom of hoof. Frog-vshaped pad between bars. Bulbs of heel-upper thickening of frog above the heel |
| Vestigial Structures | or Rudimentary structures of the integumentary system include dewclaws, chestnuts and ergots. |
| Dewclaws | rudimentary bones in dogs is the first digit, in cloven hoof its the 2 and 5th digit. Usually found in forepaw of dogs and cats occasionally seen in hind paw. may be removed early to avoid trauma |
| Chestnuts | a callus type bone located on the medial surface( outside skin) of the front leg above the knee and in the hind leg found below the hock. no 2 chestnuts are alike and don't change in size |
| Ergots | in equine located in the tuft hair of the fetlock joint. In dogs correspond to the metacarpal and metatarsal pads, and are replaced by the bulbs of heel ( and frog in horses) |
| Horns | Horns are permanent structures, they grow continuously after birth from the front skull from keratinized epithelium. Cornification is the conversion of epithelium into keratin or horn. Breeds that naturally don't have horns are called Polled. |
| Antlers | are not permanent structures and shed and regrown annually. the grow from the skull like horns. initially antlers are covered in Velvet, which is rubbed off after the skin dies and the bone is exposed,antlers loose their blood supply and are shed. |
| Incision | to cut into tissue |
| Excisional Biopsy | the removal of an entire tumor or lesion in addition to a margin of the surrounding tissue for examination |
| Excision | to cut out of tissue |
| Biopsy | removal of living tissue for examination of life |
| Incisional Biopsy | the removal of a piece or a tumor or lesion for examination |
| Needle Biopsy | a needle is inserted into a tissue and a piece is drawn out for examination |
| Culture | done for diagnostic, research used to allow microbes to reproduce in predetermined media(nutrient source) Fungal and bacterial cultures are preformed using a media that contains specific nutrients necessary for optimal growth of these types of microbes |
| Tissue Culture | takes epithelial cells and grows them in a medium so that intracellular microbes such as viruses can replicate. |
| Punch Biopsy | a punch biopsy of the skin is a type of incisional biopsy commonly used to obtain full thickness skin samples the punch has a circular opening that comes in different sizes |
| Exfoliative Cytology | the scraping of cells from tissue for examination under a microscope. Exfoliate means to fall off |
| Intradermal Skin Testing | injection of test substances into the skin layer to observe a reaction. Used for the diagnosis of Atopy( a predisposition for allergies) and observing the site for 24-36-72 hour post injection reaction. |
| Tuberculosis testing | called purified protein derivative ( PPD) |
| Skin Scrape | microscopic examination of skin for the presence of mites, skin is sampled by scraping a scalpel across an area that is squeezed or raised to that the sample contains a deep skin sample |
| Abrasion | injury in which superficial layers of skin are scraped |
| Abscess | localized collection of pus, The fluid from an abscess may be described as Caseous or cheese like |
| Acne | skin inflammation caused by plugged sebaceous gland and Comedone ( dilated hair follicles, blackhead) development from papules and pustules. |
| Chin acne | is a common condition in cats in which acne develops on the chin and lip area |
| Acute moist dermatitis ( Hot Spots ) | bacterial skin disease that is worsened by licking and scratching also called Hot Spots |
| Alopecia | hair loss resulting in hairless patches or compete lack of hair |
| Alopec/o | means baldness |
| Shedding | is normal hair loss due to various causes |
| Atopy | hypersensitivity reaction in animals involving pruritus with secondary dermatitis commonly called allergies or allergic dermatitis |
| Hypersensitivity | an increased response to an allergen |
| Hyposensitivity | is a decreased response to an allergen. animals with Atopy might get a series of injections with this to decrease their response to a specific allergen |
| Bullae | multiple contained skin elevations filled with fluid that are greater than 0.5 cm in diameter Bulla is single form |
| Burn | caused by heat, flame, electricity, chemicals of radiation |
| Carbuncle | cluster of furuncles ( boils) |
| Carcinoma | malignant neoplasm of epithelial tissue |
| Carcin/o | combining form of for cancer |
| Cellulitis | inflammation of connective tissue. maybe localized( within a well defined area ) or diffused( wide spread) |
| Comedo | blackhead or buildup of sebum and keratin in a pore |
| Contusion | injury that does not break the skin, characterized by pain, swelling and discoloration |
| Crust | collection of dried sebum and cellular debris |
| Cyst | closed sac or pouch containing fluid or semisolid material |
| Dermatitis | inflammation of the skin |
| Contact Dermatitis | inflammation of the skin caused by touching an irritant |
| Dermatocelluitis or Dermatophytosis | abnormal skin condition caused by superficial fungus |
| Dermatophytes | are superficial fungi that are found on the skin, and example is ringworm |
| Dermatosis | abnormal skin condition, plural is Dermatoses |
| Discoid Lupus Erythematous DLE | canine autoimmune disease in which the bridge of the nose ( sometimes the face and lips) exhibit depigmentation, erythema( skin redness), scaling and erosions. used to be called Collie nose or solar dermatitis |
| Dyskeratosis | abnormal alteration in keratinization |
| Ecchymosis/ Ecchymosis(pl) or Bruise | purplish nonelevated patch of bleeding into the skin, also called a bruise |
| Ecthyma/ Sowmouth | skin infection with shallow eruptions caused by a pox virus |
| Eczema | general term for inflammatory skin disease characterized by erythema, papules, vesicles, crusts and scabs either alone or in combination |
| Eosinophilia Granuloma Complex | collective name for autoimmune lesions of eosinophilic ulcer, eosinophilic plaque and linear granuloma found in cats and rarely in dogs. it affects the skin , mucocutaneous junction and oral mucosa of cats involving raised ulcerated plaque. |
| Eosinophilic Ulcer | or rodent ulcer is located on the lips and oral mucosa of cats |
| Eosinophilic Plaques | are raised pruritic lesions on the ventral abdomen of cats |
| Linear Granulomas | are located in a line usually on the caudal aspect of the hind limb of cats |
| Erythema | skin redness |
| Erythematous | means pertaining to redness |
| Erythroderma | abnormal redness of skin occurring over a widespread area |
| Exanthema | cutaneous rash caused by fever or disease |
| Excoriation | skin surface injury caused by self trauma, hot spots or alopecia |
| Feline Miliary Dermatitis | skin disease of cats in which multiple crusts and bumps are present predominantly on the dorsum, the disease can be associated with many causes. |
| Fissure | crack like sore |
| Fistula | abnormal passage from an internal organ to the body surface, or between two internal organs. fistulae is plural |
| Fistul/o | means tube or pipe |
| Flea Allergy Dermatitis FAD | inflammation of the skin caused by an allergic reaction to flea saliva |
| Allergen | a substance that produces an allergic response |
| Footrot | hoof disease that spreads from the interdigital skin to the deeper foot structures |
| Frostbite | tissue damage caused by extreme cold or contact with chemicals with extreme temperature ( liquid nitrogen) |
| Furuncle/ Boil | localized skin infection in a gland or hair follicle, also called a boil |
| Furunculosis | is the abnormal condition of persistent boils over a period of time |
| Gangrene | necrosis associated with loss of circulation |
| Putrefaction | produces a foul smell |
| Granuloma | small area of healing tissue |
| Hemangioma | benign tumor composed of newly formed blood vessels |
| Hyperkeratosis/ Acanthokeratodermia | abnormal condition of increased growth of the horny layer of the skin |
| Infestation | occupation and dwelling of a parasite on the external surface of tissue |
| Ectoparasites | live on the external surfaces, Ecto means outside example is lice or Louse a wingless parasite |
| Pediculosis | lice infestation |
| MIte | is an insect what a hard exoskeleton and paired with , jointed legs |
| Mange | is a common term for skin disease caused by mites |
| Sarcoptic or Demodectic Mange | is mange and defined by the type of mite involved |
| Chiggers | is an infestation by mite larvae that results in severe pruritus (itching) |
| Maggots | are insect larvae found especially in dead or decaying tissue |
| Myiasis | an infestation of fly larvae |
| Keratosis/Keratoses pl | abnormal condition of epidermal overgrowth and thickening |
| Laceration | accidental cut into the skin |
| Lesion | pathologic change of tissue, used to describe abnormalities in may locations |
| Lipoma | benign growth of fat cells also called fatty tumor, commonly seen in older dogs |
| Macule/Macula | flat discolored lesion less that 1cm in diameter |
| Melanoma | tumor or growth of pigmented skin cells |
| Malignant Melanoma | is the term used to describe cancer of the pigmented skin cells |
| Amelanotic Melanoma | unpigmented malignant melanoma |
| Nodule | small knot protruding above skin |
| Onychomycosis | superficial fungal infection of the claw |
| Pallor | skin paleness |
| Papilloma | benign epithelial growth that is lobed |
| papill/o or papill/i | means nipple like |
| Papule | small raised skin lesion less that 0.5 diameters |
| Parakeratosis | lesions characterized by thick scales, cracking and red raw surface caused by persistence of keratinocyte nuclei in the horny layer of skin |
| Paronychia | bacterial or viral infection of the claw |
| Patch | localized skin color change greater than 1cm in diameter |
| Pemphigus | group of immune meditated skin diseases characterized by vesicles. Bullae and ulcers |
| Pemphigus Vulgaris | consist of shallow ulcerations frequently involving the oral mucosa and mucocutaneous junctions |
| Petechiae (pl)/ Petechia | small pinpoint hemorrhages |
| Plaque | solid raised lesion greater than 0.5 cm in diameter |
| Pododermatitis/ Bumblefoot or sore hocks | foot infection in animal's particularly birds( from walking on hard surfaces) small mammals or rodents from standing on wire or mesh flooring that has not been recently cleaned |
| Polyp | growth from mucous membranes |
| Pruritus | itching |
| Purpura | condition characterized by hemorrhage into the skin that causes bruising, 2 types of Purpura are Ecchymosis ( bruising) and Petechia( small hemorrhage ) |
| Pustule | small circumscribed( contained in small area) pus filled skin elevation |
| Circumscribed | means contained in a limited area |
| Pyoderma | skin disease containing pus |
| Py/o | combining form for Pus |
| Pus | an inflammatory product made up of leukocytes, cell debris and fluid |
| Purulent | means containing pus |
| Puppy Pyoderma | is a skin disease in puppies characterized by by pus containing lesions |
| Juvenile Pyoderma | is a skin disease characterized by fever, anorexia and enlarged and abscessing lymph nodes, also called Puppy Strangles |
| Sarcoma | malignant neoplasm of soft tissue arising from connective tissue |
| Sarc/o | is the combing form for flesh |
| Scale | is a skin flake |
| Scar | mark left by a healing lesion where excess collagen was produced to replace injured tissue |
| Cicatrix or Cicatrices | multiple scars |
| Sebaceous cyst | closed sac of yellow fatty material |
| Seborrhea | skin condition characterized by overproduction of sebum(oil) |
| Skin Tag | small growth that hangs from the body by stalks. |
| Ulcer | erosion of skin or mucous membrane |
| Decubital Ulcers/ bedsores | are erosions of skin or mucous membranes as a result of prolonged pressure also called Bedsores |
| Urticaria/ Hives | localized area of swelling that itch, also called hives |
| Verrucae | warts |
| Vesicle/ Bulla/Blisters/Bleb | continued skin elevation filled with fluid that is greater than 0.5 cm in diameter, also called Bulla or blisters or bleb |
| Wheal | smooth slightly raised swollen area that itches |
| Cauterization | destruction of tissue using electric current, heat or chemicals |
| Cryosurgery | destruction of tissue using extreme cold |
| Debridement | removal of tissue and foreign material to aid healing ` |
| Laser ( light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) | device that transfers light into an intense beam for various proposes |
| bx | biopsy |
| DLE | discoid lupus erythematous |
| FAD | flea allergy dermatitis |
| ID | Intradermal |
| PPD | purified protein derivative |
| SLE | systemic lupus erythematous |
| SQ, SC | subq, subcu subcutaneous |
| Aliment/o | means nourishment |
| How kindeys maintain blood pressure through filtration rate of the glomeruli | 2 ways. dilating(widening) and constricting(narrowing) to increase or decrease blood flow. 2. releasing the enzyme Renin to increase the BP thus the filtration rate of blood to maintain a constant enviroment. |
| PH- in Urine | means Hydrogen Ion concentration that indicates acidity or alkalinity |
| FLUTD | feline lower urinary tract disease |
| FUS | feline urologic syndrome |
| AKI | acute kidney failure |
| BUN | blood urea nitrogen |
| cath | catherterization |
| CRF | chronic renal failure |
| CRRT | continuous renal replacement therapy |
| GFR | glomerular filtration rate |
| HD | hemodialysis |
| IHD | intermiten hemodialysis |
| IVP | intravenous pyelogram |
| K+ | potassium |
| Na+ | sodium |
| PU | polyuria |
| SG | specific gravity |
| UA | urinalysis |
| UTI | urinary tract infection |
| Struvite crystals | bladder stones that are small in size and made up of magnesium, ammonium and phosphate |
| Micturition | voluntary control of urination |
| Leukocytes | white blood cells |
| Perineum | the area between the anus and scrotum in males and anus and vulva in females |
| Inhalant anesthesia | nitrous oxide or gas |
| Anesthetized | administer an anesthetic to (a person or animal), especially so as to induce a loss of consciousness. |
| Pulmonary arteries | carries blood from the heart to the lungs |
| Idiopathic | Of unknown cause. Any disease that is of uncertain or unknown origin may be termed idiopathic. |
| Iatrogenic | relating to illness caused by medical examination or treatment. |
| Congenital | having a particular trait from birth or by firmly established habit |
| Hereditary | passing, or capable of passing, naturally from parent to offspring through the genes: Blue eyes are hereditary in our family. Compare congenital. 2. of or relating ... |
| Transfusion | introducing whole blood or blood component into the bloodstrea, of the recipient |
| Cor - | means heart |
| prophylaxis | prevention of disease |
| pyrexia | raised body temperature or fever |
| reticuloperitonitis | internal inflammation |
| Acute traumatic reticuloperitonitis | hardware disease, eating of sharp metal foreign objects |
| Diaphram | located below the lungs, is the major muscle of respiration. It is a large, dome-shaped muscle that contracts rhythmically and continually |
| balling gun | insturment used to stick something down a throat, ie magnet to remove metal from cows stomach, or push in a bolus |
| Pyothorax | is a condition where pus accumulates in your pet's chest cavity – between the lungs and the chest wall – due to an infection. |
| Hemiplegia | Hemiparesis is weakness of the entire left or right side of the body |
| hemoptysis | Spitting up blood or blood-tinged sputum from the respiratory tract. |
Created by:
Trisha Fravel