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Ch. 1
Sociology Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Described the sociological perspective as seeing the general in the particular. | Peter Berger |
| Sociology help us see general patterns in the behavior of particular people (sociological perspective) Individuals are unique, but society shapes the lives of people in various categories, including: | Children Adults Women and men Poor and rich |
| He found that some categories of people were more likely than other to take their own lives. Showed how social forces influence human choices, even intensely personal decisions. | Emile Durkheim |
| Suicide rates were higher among men, protestants, wealthy, and the unmarried compared to women, Catholics and Jews, the poor,and the married. | Emile Durkheim |
| Two situations allow more clear sight of how society shapes individual lives: | Living on the margins of society & Living through a social crisis |
| Being an ______ allows this. The greater a person’s marginality, the better able they are to use the sociological perspective. | Outsider |
| believed using the sociological imagination helps people understand society and how it affects their own lives. | C. Wright Mills |
| Observed the Great Depression (1930s) people were more likely to believe social forces caused their problems (not social failings) Ex: Rather than "Something is wrong with me, I can't find a job" they said "the economy has collapsed there are no jobs". | C. Wright Mills |
| Using sociology benefits us in four ways, name them. (1&2) | 1. The sociological perspective helps us assess the truth of “common sense” 2.The sociological perspective helps us see the opportunities and constraints in our everyday lives. |
| Using sociology benefits us in four ways, name them. (3&4) | 3.The sociological perspective empowers us to be active participants in our society 4.The sociological perspective helps us live more effectively in a diverse world (Demographics) |
| Father of Sociology. French social thinker who coined the term sociology in 1838 | August Comte |
| Saw sociology as the product of three stages of historical development, who was this and what are the stages | August Comte 1. Theoretical stage 2. metaphysical stage 3. scientific stage |
| What stage of Comte's is this? Society expresses God’s will | Theoretical Stage |
| What stage of Comte's is this? -Society is a natural phenomenon, not supernatural | Metaphysical Stage |
| Society operates according to certain principles that science can identify.What stage of Comte's is this? | Scientific stage |
| A way of understanding based on science. A scientific approach to knowledge based on "positive" facts as opposed to mere speculation. | Positivism |
| A statement of how and why specific facts are related Ex: Durkheim's theory that categories of people with low social integration are at higher risk of suicide. | Theory |
| Job of sociology theory | To explain social behavior in the real world |
| What are two questions sociologists have to ask? | • What issues should we study? • How should we connect the facts? |
| A basic image of society that guides thinking and research | Theoretical approach |
| What are the three main theoretical approaches? | Structural Function, Social Conflict, Symbolic interaction |
| A framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and social stability | Structural Function Approach |
| A framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change. Highlights how particular factors are linked to inequality | Social-Conflict Approach |
| A framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals | Symbolic interaction |
| Any relatively stable pattern of social behavior A system of rules and practices that influences the actions and welfare The consequences of a social pattern for the operation of society as a whole | Social Functions |
| Expanded understanding of social function Pointed out that any social structure probably has many functions, some more obvious than others | Robert K. Merton (1910-2003) (Structural functional approach) |
| Distinguished between manifest functions and latent functions | Robert K. Merton (1910-2003) (Structural functional approach) |
| The recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern | Manifest Function |
| The unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern | Latent Function |
| The study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between women and men. | Gender-Conflict Approach (feminist approach) |
| A point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categories | The Race-Conflict approach |
| Use it to find out some sense of what you’re looking at | Orientation |
| A broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole. (the whole picture) Ex: The social-conflict approach shows how inequality creates conflict and causes change. | Macro-level orientation |
| A close-up focus on social interaction in specific situations (the narrow view) Ex: The symbolic-interaction approach studies how people ,in everyday interaction, construct reality. | Micro-level orientation |
| To allow facts to speak for themselves and not be influenced by the personal values and biases of the researcher | Objectivity (Personal Neutrality) |
| Researchers tend to choose topics they care about. | Value- Relevant Research |
| Once they choose their topics, researchers should seek the truth as it is rather than as they think it should be. | Value- Free Research |
| Translated Comte’s work so it was easy to understand positivism Dealt with slavery, women’s rights (education), and worker's rights Regarded as the first woman sociologist | Harriet Martinneau (pg.18) |
| Known for understanding a particular setting from the point of view of the people Stand in someone else’s shoes Argued that the proper focus of sociology is interpretation, or understanding the meaning people create in their everyday lives. | Max Weber |
| Society is one big thing that has different parts (Social structures operate together to preserve society) Compared society to the human body | Herbert Spenser |
| Social Functions (Person) | Merton |
| Sociological imagination (person) | C. Wright Mills |
| African American spoke out about racial inequality in Philadelphia. Established one of the first centers for sociological research He saw sociology as key to solving society's problems. Participated in the founding of the NAACP | W.E.B. Du Bois |
| First lady to John Adams Opened up Hull house to assist immigrant families. Public activist Awarded a Nobel Peace Prize | Jane Adams |
| Give example of each: 1. Structrual Function 2. Social Conflict 3. Symbolic Interactions | 1. HCC 2. Sibling Rivalry 3. "Good Morning!" |
| He explained his findings through social integration: categories of people with strong social ties had low suicide rates, and more individualistic people had high suicide rates. | Emile Durkheim |
| White males are at the highest risk for suicide. Why? | They have more freedom in a society for longer |
| Any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society | Social Dysfunction |
| The study of society that focuses on discovering the meanings people attach to their social world. Developed because as humans we attach meanings to our actions, and the meaning is not easily observed directly. | Interpretive Sociology |
| A concept whose value changes from case to case | Variable |
| a procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case | Measurement |
| specifying exactly what is to be measured before assigning a value to a variable | Operationalize a variable |
| consistency in measurement | Reliability |
| actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure | Validity |
| a relationship in which two (or more) variables change together | Correlation |
| a relationship in which change in one variable causes change in another | Cause and Effect |
| Variable that causes the change | Independent Variable |
| Variable that changes (the effect) | Dependent Variable |
| An apparent but false relationship between two (or more) variables that is caused by some other variable. | Spurious Correlation |
| Noted that people usually choose value-relevant research topics. Warned that once work is under way, researchers should try to be value free. | Max Weber |
| We must be dedicated to finding the truth as it is rather than how we think it should be. (For Weber this was the difference between politics and science) | Value free |
| Why do sociologists use descriptive statistics? | To find the "average" of a whole population. (Sociologists usually deal with large groups of people) |
| a mental construct that represents some part of the world in a simplified form | Concept |
| the study of society that focuses on the need for social change | Critical Sociology |
| The German word for "understanding" Interpretive sociologists must not only observe what people do, but appreciate why they do it. | Verstehen (Max Weber) |
| a systematic plan for doing research | Research Method |
| a research method for investigation cause and effect under highly controlled conditions | Experiment |
| a statement of a possible relationship between two (or more) variables. | Hypothesis |
| a research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions on a questionnaire or in an interview targets some of the population | Survey |
| a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities. | Participant Observation |
| the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being male or female | Gender |
| a simplified description applied to every person in some category | Stereotype |
| a logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation | Science |
| Information we can verify with our senses | Empirical Evidence |
| What rapid social change helped trigger the development of society? | Rise of an industrial economy Explosive growth of cities New political ideas |
| the study of the larger world and our society's place in it | Global perspective |
| the nations with the highest overall standards of living | High-income countries |
| nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole | Middle-income countries |
| nations with a low standard of living, in which most people are poor | Low-income countries |
Created by:
carssar14