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HCR 240 First Exam
pathophysiology exam one material
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Deals with cellular and organ changes that occur with disease, and the effects of such changes on cellular/organ/body structure and function | Pathophysiology |
| The origin of disease; cause; risk factors (how disease was caused) | Etiology |
| The "sequence of cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact with the etiologic agents until the ultimate expression of a disease" (origin) | pathogenesis |
| Changes in the underlying structure or form of cells or tissues both microscopic and grossly observable | morphological changes |
| "describes the effects an illness has on a person's life" | Morbidity |
| Statistics expressing death rates, often for specific diseases (heart disease, cancer, lung disease...ect) and specific population | Mortality |
| Smoking is responsible for approximately ____% of all deaths in the US | 20 |
| High blood pressure is responsible for _____% deaths in adults | 16.7 |
| Obesity and Physical inactivity accounts for ___% of all deaths | 17 |
| ____% of all deaths can be attributed to poor dietary choices | 45 |
| High blood pressure (hypertension) kills ____x as many women as breast cancer | 5 |
| ___% of the alcohol related deaths happen to men | 70 |
| High blood sugar killed __x as many people as alcohol | 3 |
| BMI 25.0 to 29.99 ___% more likely to die during study | 13 |
| BMI 30.0 to 34.99 (grade 1 obesity) _____% more likely to die during study | 44 |
| BMI 35.0 to 39.99 (grade 2 obesity) _____% more likely to die during study | 88 |
| BMI > 40 (grade 3 obesity; morbid obesity) more likely to die ___% | 250 |
| Across recent decades, obesity accounted for ____% of deaths among black and white americans between the ages of 40 and 85. | 18 |
| _____ signaling relies on hormones carried in the bloodstream to cells throughout the body | endocrine |
| _____ signaling enzyme rapidly metabolize the chemical mediators, therefore they act mainly on nearby cells | paracrine |
| ______signaling occurs when a cell releases a chemical into the extracellular fluid that affects its own activity (self-stimulatiing) | Autocrine |
| ______ signaling occurs in the nervous system, where neurotransmitter act only on adjacent nerve cells through special contact areas (synapses) | synaptic |
| Movement of water across membrane- from an area of lesser concentration to area of greater concentration | osmosis |
| gas and other substances move- from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration | diffusion |
| carrier system to move large complex substances, such as glucose, across membrane | Facilitated Diffusion |
| Can move against a concentration gradient-takes energy to do this, need ATP such as in sodium and potassium pumps | Active transport |
| low permeability-negative inside cell membrane (action potentials) | resting membrane potential |
| when cell is stimulated to produce action potential | threshold potential |
| hgihly permeable to sodium ions-positive inside cell membrane | depolarization |
| polarity of resting potential is reestablished | repolarization |
| ______ is avascular, supported by basement membrane; for covering | epithelium |
| _____: decrease in size of body bart (cell, tissues, organs) 1. due to disease, denervation, lack of endocrine stimulation, decreased nutrition, ischemia (reversible) | atrophy |
| Increase in size of body part: 1. physiology increased muscle mass due to exercise 2. pathologic: unwanted effects (increased heart size) | Hypertrophy |
| Increased in number of cells | Hyperplasia |
| changes from one cell type to another | metaplasia |
| cells with variations in size, shape, appearance- chronic irritation or inflammation; may become precursors to malignant tumors when begin to change function | dysplasia |
| DNA to RNA | transcription |
| RNA to protein | translation |
| __RNA copies and carries the DNA instruction for protein synthesis to the cytoplasm | messenger |
| _RNA site of preteen synthesis | Ribosomal |
| _RNA transports amino acids to the site of proteins synthesis for incorporation into the protein being synthesized | transfer |
| genetic information stored in the base sequence triplet code | genotype |
| "expression of the gene"- recognizable traits physical, or biochemical associated with specific genotype | phenotype |
| ____ refers to the manner in which the gene is expressed in the phenotype, which can range from mild to severe | Expressitivity |
| ____ represents the ability of a gene to express its function (statistics in population of how many people express that gene) | Penetrance |
| two alleles of a given pair are the same "allele pair look alike" | homozygotes |
| have different alleles at gene locus | heterozygotes |
| _____ trait is one expressed only in a homozygous pairing (hides itself) | Recessive |
| _____ trait is one expressed only in either a homozygous or heterozygous pairing (gene that is being read in the Chromosome) | Dominant |
| ____ is a person who is herozygous for a recessive trait and does not manifest the trait | carrier |
| Alternate forms of a gene at gene locus | Allele |
| Genetic? | Hereditary |
| Present at birth? | congenital and Birth Defect |
| 50% chance of transmitting disorder | autosomal dominant |
| #1 autosomal disorder in US? | familial hypercholesterolemia |
| #1 ARD among European Americans? | Cystic fibrosis |
| #1 ARN among African Americans? | Sickle-cell Disease |
| #1 X-linked gene disorder worldwide | G6PD dificiency |
| Most common chromosome disorder? | Trisomy 21 |
| Most vulnerable period of organogenesis? | 15-60 days (8weeks) |
| what is the product of altered cell growth? usually are classified as benign or malignant? | neoplasm/cancer |
| neoplasm that contain well-differentiated cells that are clustered together in a single mass | benign |
| _____. are less well differentiated and have the ability to break loose, enter the circulatory or lymphatic system and form secondary ____ tumors at other sites | malignant |
| _____cells are essential or functional elements of an organ (distinguished from stroma or framework) | parenchymal |
| benign tumor derived from epithelium *arise from skin, mucous membrane, or glandular ducts) | Papilloma |
| growth protruding from mucous membrane (common in uterus) usually benign | Polyp |
| Something that procedes (oncogenic) | precursor |
| the study of tumors (sum of knowledge) | oncology |
| production or causation of tumors | oncogenesis |
| lack of cell differentiation | anaplasia |
| time for the total mass of cells in the tumor to double? | doubling time |
| describe the development of a secondary tumor in a location distant from the primary tumor | metastasis |
| manifestation in sites that are not directly affected by disease | paraneoplastic syndrome |
| Microscopic examination of cells, to see if anaplasia is present | grading |
| information about progression of the disease | staging |
| things in environment causing cell to adapt or maladapt (intensity and duration) | stressor |
| Heat _____ is severe, plasmodia cramps in abdomen, and extremities following prolonged sweating and sodium loss | Heat cramps |
| heat _____ increased body temperatures leading to hypothalamic responses of vasodilation and increased perspiration | Exhaustion |
| Heat_____ usually as response to prolonged elevated environmental temperature above 100˚F, body temperature rises without vasodilation and profuse sweatin | stroke |
| As core temperature exceeds _____degrees neuroendocrine control becomes lost as tissue damage occurs (damage to hypothalamus) | 104.9 |
| Seizures (because of neural damage) may occur with core/ brain temperatures is over____ | 105.8 |
| death (neural death) with brain temperature over _____ | 109.4 |
| ______ is when the core temperature (rectal, esophageal, or tympanic) is below 35'C (95F) | Hypothermia |
| ____ hypothermia <35'C down to 32.2'C (95-90) SX: HTN, Shivering, tachycardia, tachypnea, apathy, ataxia, cold-induced diuresis | Mild |
| _______ hypothermia < 32.2'C down to 28'C (90-82.5'F) SX: atrial dysrhythmias, decreased HR, RR, LOC, pupils dilate, hyporeflexia | Moderate |
| ______ hypothermia <28'C (<82.4) SX: apnea, coma, decreased to absent HR, nonreactive pupils, oliguria, pulmonary edema, dysrhythmias, death at something below 50'F | Severe |
| diseases that produce body dysfunction because of the presence of another living agent in or on the human body | infectious disease |
| interactions between hosts and microorganisms are inoffensive, neither is harmed | Commensalism |
| Some relationships are actually beneficial to both the host and parasite - bacteria in GI tract make vitamin K | Mutualism |
| Infecting organism causes damage to the host-pathogens | parasitic relationship |
| subclinical but can transmit to others | carrier state |
| not normal pathogenic but produce harmful effects when host is weaken physiologically | Opportunistic pathogenicity |
| period of pathogenesis (how long until virus becomes symptomatic) | incubation period |
| symptoms show up, generalized, vague and non-specific | predromal stage |
| specific, local signs and symptoms plus generalized symptoms | acute stage |
| amelioration of generalized symptoms | convalescent stage |
| pathogen gone.......... | Resolution |
| Link part of the internal cytoskeleton with extracellular cadherins of an adjacent cell (hemophilic) | cadherins |
| Bind carboyhydrates present on the ligands of an adjacent cell in a heterophilic interaction - found on activated endothelial cells of blood vessels, on leukocytes and on platelets | Selectins |
| assist in attaching epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane - extracellularly attach to fibrinectin and laminin | Integrins |
| Neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAMS), expressed in a variety of cells including most nerve cells | Immunoglobulin Seperfamily of proteins |
| Cell death in an organ or tissue that is still part of a living organisms | necrosis |
| _____necrosis: some cell die but their catalytic enzyme are not destroyed | liquefaction |
| _____necrosis: acidosis develops and denatures the enzymatic and structural proteins of the cell | coagulation |
| ____ necrosis: dead cells persist indefinitely | caseous |
| term applied when a considerable amount of tissue undergoes necrosis | gangrene |
| ___ gangrene: arterial insufficiency- skin wrinkles-black-brown color, line of demarcation-never gets infected | Dry |
| ___ gangrene: cold, swollen, pulseless skin, moist, black and under tension (no line of demarcation- often gets infected- results from interference with venous return from part | Wet |
| the degree to which gene or particular group of genes is active | Gene expression |
| an important process by which gene expression is increased | induction |
| cell is starting to prepare for DNA replication and mitosis through protein synthesis and an increase in organelle and cytoskeletal elements | G1 phase |
| Dna synthesis and replication of chromosomes | S phase |
| enzymes and other proteins needed for cell division are synthesized and move to their proper sites | G2 phase |
| Formation of meiotic spindle and cell division with formation of two daughter cells | M phase |
| ____ fever: temperature returns to normal at least once every 24 hours | intermittent |
| ____ fever: temperature does not return to normal and varies few degrees either way | remittent |
| _____fever: tempe remains above normal with minimal variations | sustained or continuous |
| ____fever: one or more episodes of fever (each as long as several days) with one or more days with normal temperature in between | recurrent or relapsing |
| In infants younger than 3 mo. a mild elevation in temperature can indicate a serious infections _____degrees | 100.4 |
| elderly often have a lower baseline temperature- so a slight fever can indicate bad infection | 99 degrees |
| Common clinical manifestations of fever: | anorexia, myalgia, arthralgia, fatigue |
| -rapid- serves as a protective mechanism- occurs more in deconditioned muscles (bed rest) | Acute physical fatigue |
| Possible causes of chronic fatigue: | hypothyroidism, anemia, heart disease, lyme disease, lung disease, TB, hepatitis, and cancer |
| Cardiac response to bed rest: | change in blood volume. increased cardiac output, orthostatic hypotension, venous stasis with potential development of deep venous thrombosis |
| Pulmonary response: | atelactasis, hypoxemia, and pneumonia |
| Urinary tract response: | development of kidney stones |
| acquired from hosts own microbial flora, as in an opportunistic infections | endogenous |
| acquired from sources in the external environment | exogenous |
| inanimate objects that carry an infectious agent | fomites |
| passed from mom to baby during childbirth | congenital infections |
| passed from animals to humans | zoonoses |
| develop while in hospital | nosocomial |
| acquired outside of health care facilities | community acquired |
| collection of signs and symptoms expressed from host during the course of the disease (clinical picture/disease presentation) | symptomatology |
| Do not contain proteins, not actively released from bacteria, composed of lipids, and polysaccharides, no enzymatic activity | endotoxins |
| contain proteins released from bacterial cell during growth; enzymatically inactive or modify key cellular constituents leading to cell death and dysfunction | exotoxins |
| site to which microorganisms adhere | receptor |
| reciprocal molecule or substance that bind to the receptor | ligands or adhesions |
| ligands that bind to specific carbohydrates | lectins |
| encodes for many of the components of the complement system and play an important role in the innate immunity process | MHC III |
| Used for organ donation matching | HLA |
| early (almost immediate) reaction of local tissues and their blood vessels to injury | acute inflammation |
| migration of leukocytes toward the site of injury oriented along a chemical gradient | chemotaxis |
| produce anti platelet and antithrombotic agents that maintain vessels latency and vasodilators and vasoconstrictors that regulate blood flow | endothelial cells |
| cell fragments circulating in the blood that are involved in the cellular mechanisms of primary hemostasis | platelets (thrombocytes) |
| primary phagocyte that arrives early at the site of inflammation- increased with bacterial infections | neutrophils |
| circulate in the blood and are recruited to tissues; increased during allergic reactions and parasitic infections by controlling the release of specific chemical mediators | eosinophils |
| contain histamine and other mediators of inflammation, bind IgE by plasma cells through receptors on there cells surface | Basophils |
| contain functioning cells of an organ or body part | parenchymal tissues |
| consists of supporting connective tissue, blood volume, ECM and nerve fibers | stromal tissues |
| continue to divide and replicate throughout life, replace destroy | labile cells |
| normally stop dividing shen growth ceases, but grow with appropriate stimulus | stable cells |
| cannot undergo mitotic division- fibrous scar | permanent or fixed cells |
| begins at time of injury with formation of blood clot and the migration of phagocytic WBC into wound site: first cello to arrive are neutrophils then macrophages | Inflammatory phase |
| focus on the building of new tissue to fill wound space, key cells is fibroblast which secrete collagen and other things needed for wound healing; also produce growth factors which initiate angiogensis (growth of new blood vessel) | proliferative phase |
| occurs 3 weeks, after injury with development of a fibrous scar, decreased vascularity and continuous remodeling of scar tissue by simultaneous synthesis of collage by fibroblast and lysis increased tensile strength | wound contraction and remodeling phase |
| _______ reactions have IgE mediated reactions that develop rapidly upon exposure to an antigen, represents the classic allergic response: antigens are referred to as allergens in this context | Type 1 hypersensativity |
| for myelin in the CNS | Oligodendrocytes |
| most numerous neuroglial cell; form blood-brain barrier | astrocytes |
| small phagocytic cell that cleans up debris after cellular damage, infection or cell death | microglial |
| ependymal cell- forms the lining of neural tube cavity | ependymal cell |
| secrete a basement membrane that protects the cell body from diffusion of large molecules | satellite cells |
| wrap around each nerve process several times, line up along neural process and each form its own discrete myelin segment | schwann cells |
| ___ order neurons: transmit sensory information from periphery to CNS | first |
| ____ order neurons; communicate with various networks (directly to thalamus) | second |
| ____ order neurons: relay infer from thalamus to cerebral cortex | third |
| what inflammatory mediators of swelling, redness, and warmth: | histamine, prostaglandins, bradykinins |
| inflammatory mediators of tissue damage: | neutrophils, macrophages, and lysosomal enzymes |
| Infl. mediators of chemotaxis, WBC attracted to bacteria | complement factors |
| Infla. mediators for pain: | prostaglandins, bradykinin |
| inflammation mediators of fever: | prostaglandin, endogenous pyrogens |
| inflammation mediators of leukocytosis: | leukocyte-stimulating factor |
| _____exudate: water, low in protein | serous |
| ____ exudate: large amounts of fibrinogen, form thick and sticky meshwork | fibrinous |
| _____ exudate: develop on mucous membrane | membranous |
| ____exudate: contains pus, abscess vs. cellulitis | purulent |
| ____ exudate: blood | hemorrhagic |
| ____exudate: combination of serous and blood | serosanguineous |
| Vascular response: _______ congested, warm - redness, and warmth | vasodilation |
| Vascular response: increased capillary permeability and escape fluid-___- | swelling |
| Vascular response: pain, impaired function | tissue swelling and release of chemical mediators |
| Cellular response: ____ ready to leave vascular system | margination and pavementing of leukocytes |
| Cellular response:______ into tissue spaces | emigration of WBC |
| Cellular response:______ positive (attracts WBC) or negative (repel WBC) | chemotaxis |
| Cellular response: _____ final stage where bacteria and debris are degraded | phagocytosis |
| Type __ allergic response: IgE mediated, allergic conditions that usually have familial predisposition | 1 |
| Type _ allergic response: IgM or IgG interactions (blood transfusion reactions( | 2 |
| Type ____ immune complex reactions: IgG or IgM mediated (kidney damage from acute glomerulonephritis) | III |
| Type ___ cell mediated hypersensitivity: T lymphocyte mediated (allergic and irritant forms of contact dermatitis;) | IV |
Created by:
Jessieevargas