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Senses HAP
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two major categories of senses? | Somatic senses and special senses |
| What are the somatic senses? | touch, pressure, temperature, pain |
| What are the special senses? | smell, taste, hearing, equilibrium, vision |
| detect changes in the environment and stimulate neurons | sensory receptors |
| Types of receptors? | chemoreceptors, pain receptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors |
| respond to changes in chemical concentrations | chemoreceptors |
| respond to tissue damage | pain receptors (nociceptors) |
| respond to changes in temperature | thermoreceptors |
| respond to mechanical forces | mechanoreceptors |
| respond to light | photoreceptors |
| a feeling that occurs when brain becomes aware of sensory impulse | sensation |
| at the same time of a sensation, the cereal cortex causes the feeling to seem to come from a specific source. this is called ___. | projection |
| allows a person to pinpoint a region of stimulation | projection |
| a person's view of the stimulus; the way the brain interprets the information | perception |
| the brain's ability to ignore unimportant stimuli | sensory adaptation |
| hairless portion of the skin | Meissner's corpuscles |
| deep subcutaneous tissues and muscles/joints | Pacinian corpuscles |
| What is pain stimulated by? | deficiency of oxygen in tissue, interrupted blood flow, other chemicals |
| may occur due to sensory impulses from two regions following a common nerve pathway to the brain | referred pain |
| thin, myelinated, conduct impulses rapidly, sharp pain, well localized, and sensed as coming from the skin | acute pain fibers |
| thin and unmyelinated, conduct impulses more slowly, associated with dull, aching pain that is difficult to pinpoint, and it's felt in skin and deeper tissues | chronic pain fibers |
| awareness of pain happens when the impulse reaches the ____. | thalamus |
| the The _____ judges the pain's intensity and location. | cerebral cortex |
| inhibit the release of pain impulses in the spinal cord | enkephalins and serotonin |
| released in response to extreme pain and are natural pain suppressors | endorphins |
| Nerve impulses are analyzed by olfactory lobes and travel along the olfactory tracts to the ____ and then to the _____. | limbic system; temporal lobes of cerebrum |
| The brain interprets different receptor combinations in an olfactory ____. | code |
| The olfactory receptors adapt quickly but _____. | selectively |
| Taste buds are located on the ______ of the tongue, roof of mouth, linings of cheeks, and walls of pharynx | papillae |
| microvilli that protrude from taste cells; sensitive parts of taste cells | taste hairs |
| Taste buds have a ____ taste that they respond to. | dominant |
| What are the four primary taste sensations and locations? | sweet- tip of tongue, sour- lateral edges of tongue, salty- tip and upper portion of tongue, bitter- back of tongue |
| What are the parts of the inner ear? | auricle, external auditory meatus, tympanic membrane |
| collects sound waves | auricle |
| lined with ceruminous glands (earwax glands); carries sound to tympanic membrane; terminates with tympanic membrane | external auditory meatus |
| vibrates in response to sound waves | tympanic membrane |
| What are the parts of the middle ear? | tympanic cavity, auditory ossicles, oval window |
| air-filled space in temporal bone | tympanic cavity |
| vibrate in response to tympanic membrane; malleus, incus, and stapes; transmit and amplify sound waves | auditory ossicles |
| opening in wall of tympanic cavity; stapes vibrates against it to move fluids in inner ear | oval window |
| also known as eustachian tube | auditory tube |
| connects middle to throat; helps maintain equal pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane; usually closed by valve-like flaps in throat | flaps |
| The inner ear is a complex system of _____. | labyrinths |
| bony canal in temporal bone and filled with perilymph | osseous labyrinth |
| tube within osseous labyrinth and filled with endolymph | membranous labyrinth |
| What are the 3 parts of labyrinths? Functions? | cochlea (hearing) , semicircular canal, and vestibule (equilibrium) |
| group of hearing receptor cells(hair cells). they bend | organ of corti |
| Where is the organ of corti located? | upper surface of basilar membrane |
| Difference frequencies of ____ move different parts of basilar membrane. | vibration |
| part of the ear where nerve impulse is generated | organ of corti |
| Also known as palpebra | eyelid |
| 4 layers of the eyelid? | skin, muscle, connective tissue, conjunctiva |
| functions in closing the eye | orbicularis oculi |
| functions in opening the eye | levator palperbrae superioris |
| secretes oil onto eyelashes | tarsal glands |
| mucous membrane; lines eyelid and covers portion of eyeball | conjunctiva |
| rotates eye up and medially | superior rectus |
| rotates eye down and medially | inferior rectus |
| rotates eye medially | medial rectus |
| rotates eye laterally | lateral rectus |
| rotates eye up and laterally | superior oblique |
| rotates eye up and medially | inferior oblique |
| Describe the structure of the eye. | hollow and spherical and a wall with 3 layers |
| What are the 3 layers of the eye? | fibrous (outer), vascular (middle), nervous (inner) |
| The anterior portion of the eye is filled with _____. | aqueous humor |
| forms internal ring around front of the eye | ciliary body |
| changing of lens shape to view objects | accommodation |
| The iris is composed of _____ and _____. | connective tissue and smooth muscle |
| hole in the iris | pupil |
| in dim light, the pupil _____. | dilates |
| in bright light, the pupil ____. | constricts |
| Where does the inner tunic end? | just behind the ciliary body |
| The inner tunic is continuous with the _____. | optic nerve |
| What are the layers of the inner tunic? | macula lutea, fovea centralis, optic disc, vitreous humor |
| yellowish spot in retina | macula lutea |
| center of macula lute; produces sharpest vision | fovea centralis |
| blind spot; contains no visual receptors | optic disc |
| thick gel that holds retina flat against choroid coat | vitreous humor |
| Convex lenses cause light waves to ____. | |
| Concave lenses cause light waves to ____. | |
| As light enters the eye, it is refracted by the ____ surface of cornea and lens. | convex |
| part of eye that is sensitive to light; provides vision in dim light; produce colorless vision and outlines of objects | rods |
| part of eye to help see color; short and blunt projections; provide vision in bright light, sharp images, and color vision | cones |
Created by:
carolinec1996