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AP English 1
AP English study cards from Sparknotes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ode | a serious lyric poem, often of significant length, that usually conforms to an elaborate metrical structure |
| hypothetical | involving a hypothesis |
| introduction | the first part of an argument, the purpose of which is to establish the topic to be discussed and engage the reader's interest |
| first-person narration/first-person pt of view | a literary style in which the narrator tells the story from his/her pt of view and refers to him/herself as "I". The narrator may be an active participant in the story or just an observer. |
| free indirect discourse/third-person limited pt of view | a literary style in which the narrator conveys a character's inner thoughts while discussing these thoughts in the third person, using proper names and the third-person pronouns "he, she, it, they" |
| expletive | a syllable, word, or group of words added to fill a void (perhaps to make a metrical scheme work), but which do not add to the meaning of a piece of writing; also an exclamatory word or group of words, especially an obscenity |
| objective narration/third-person objective pt of view | a style in which the narrator reports neutrally on the outward behavior of the cracters but offers no interpretation of th their actions of their inner states |
| literal | focusing on the explicit meaning of words only |
| identification | a rhetorical technique in which a speaker suggests his or her similarity or closeness to a particular group, such as the audience |
| foil | a character who illuminates the qualities of another character by means of contrast |
| foreshadow | the present ideas, images, events, or comments that hint at events to come in a story |
| idiom | a way of speaking that is peculiar to a region, group, or class, or the conventional forms peculiar to a languaage. Also an expression that is odd or incorrect and yet accepted |
| harmartia (tragic flaw) | a "tragic" or "fatal" character flaw that causes the downfall of a person of high status |
| imagery | Language that brings to mind sense-impresisons, especially via figures of speech |
| in medias res | Latin for "in the middle of things"; refers to the technique of starting a narrative int he middle of the action |
| irony | A technique of detachment that draws awareness to the descrepancy betw. words and th eir meanings, betw. expectation and fulfillment, or, most commonly, betw. what is and what seems to be. 5 types: verbal, situational, romantic, dramatic, cosmic |
| genre | one of the types of literature such as short stories, poetry, drama, and novels, or one of the categories within those types, such as romance, sci fiction, mystery, and melodrama |
| hero/heroine | the principal character in a literary work or narrative |
| informal | refers to language appropriate for everyday, casual, or familiar conversation or writing |
| formal | following established rules or conventions of writing |
| motif | a recurring idea, structure, contrast, or device that develops or informs the major themes of a work of literature |
| myth | a story about the origins of a culture's beliiefs and practices or of supernatural phenomena, usually derived from oral tradtion and set in an imagined supernatural past |
| limited omniscient narration/third-person limited omniscient pt of view | a literary style in whicht he narrator conveys the actions, feelings, and motivations of only one or a handful of characters and discusses these using proper names and the 3rd-person pronouns "he, she, it, they" |
| mediation | the process of briging opposing parties or positions into a state of accord or compromise; also refers to negotiation |
| explication | the detailed analysis of a literary work |
| exposition | an explanation of the meaning or purpose of a piece of writing, especiallyo ne that is difficult to understand |
| ethos | the overall character, moral makeup, or guiding beliefs of an individual, group, or institution |
| epiphany | a sudden, powerful, and often spiritual or life-changing realization that a character reaches in an otherwise ordinary or everyday moment |
| epitaph | a brief statement of memorialize a deceased person or a thing, time, or event that has ended |
| narrative | A story. |
| nostalgia | a yearning for the past or for some condition or state of existence that cannot be recovered |
| epigraph | a quotation placed at the beginning of a piece of liturature or at the beginning of one of its chapters or scenes to provide the reader with some ideas about the content or meaning to follow |
| main idea | the central meaning, purpose, or concept around which a piece of writing is organized. |
| narrative device | a design or pattern in a literary work used to achieve a particular effect |
| logic | the mode of reasoning by which we determine whether something is valid or invalid, according to which any claim should in principle be able to be justified by reasons and evidence |
| epistolary | narrated through letters |
| evidence | specific facts or examples used to support a claim in a piece of writing |
| diction | specific word choice used in a piece of writing, often chosen for effect but also for correctness and clarity |
| euphony | a pleasing arrangement of sounds |
| mood | the atmosphere of a work of literature; the emotion created by the work (most notably by its setting) |
| neologism | a new or invented word, expression, or usage |
| narrator | the person (sometimes the character) who tells a story; the voice assumed by the writer. |
| eulogy | a formal statement of praise |
| melodrama | the use of sentimentality, gushing emotion, sensational action, or plot twists to provoke audience or reader response. Popular in Victorian England, this is now considered manipulative and hokey. |
| Logos | Greek for "wisdom" or "reason"; in the context of rhetoric, refers to the process of persuading by means of logic and reason, as opposed to style, authority, or emotion |
| enthymeme | an informal method of argument in which one of the major premises is implied or assumed rather than state. Ex: The sentence "We can't trust this article b/c it's actually an advertisment" assumes, rather than states, that advertisements cannot be trusted. |
| negotiation | the process of discussion and compromise between conflicting positions |
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