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Stack #181530
Philosophy Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| According to the account presented by Glaucon in the story of the Ring of Gyges, only a fool would be just if he had the power to get away with being unjust. | True |
| Feminist ethics is particularly known emphasizing the importance of analytical reason over compassion and abstract principles over particular relationships. | False |
| Universal ethical egoists, utilitarian’s, and Kantians all reject ethical relativism. | True |
| Ruth Benedict was an anthropologist well known for her attacks on the theory of conventional ethical relativism. | False |
| James Rachel’s argues that despite the apparent diversity in ethical beliefs and practices, there must be some common moral rules (such as rules against lying and murder) that are necessary for society to exist at all. | True |
| A supporter of ethical egoism is by definition an egotist. | False |
| Ethical egoism logically implies that one should always avoid helping others. | False |
| Which of the statements below best characterizes the distinction between descriptive morality and normative ethics? | Whereas descriptive morality studies what is the case about people’s practices and moral beliefs, normative ethics considers the issue of rationally defensible standards for how people really ethically ought to act or be. |
| Which of the following statements is not an objection often raised against the divine command theory? | Doesn’t do justice to the conception of God as omnipotent. |
| Who argued that people form moral and legal codes that put restrictions on behavior in order to leave a state of nature in which life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short?" | Hobbes |
| Which of the thinkers below is most reasonably categorized as an ethical subjectivist? | Sartre |
| Your text introduces a discussion of the common tribal practice of killing one’s parents when they are no longer self sufficient in order to illustrate that: | differences in practice may be based on nonmoral differences in factual beliefs rather than on differences in moral principles. |
| Which of the following is not one of the commonly cited potentially worrisome features of conventional ethical relativism? | It implies that there’s no basis for criticizing the actions of a member of one’s own society on moral grounds. |
| Which of the following claims about ethical egoism and psychological egoism is true? | Ethical egoism is a normative theory, while psychological egoism is a descriptive theory. |
| Which of the following claims best captures Ayn Rand’s view of altruism? | It’s irrational since it undermines the basis of value in one’s life. |
| According to the _____ _____ theory, the moral rightness or wrongness of an act is intrinsically related to the fact that God either commands it or forbids it. | Divine Command |
| What your text labels the ______________ thesis is the descriptive claim that moral beliefs, rules, and practices differ from society to society. | Diversity |
| According to your text, the _____ thesis asserts that moral beliefs, rules, and practices are essentially dependent on the cultural patterns of the society in which they occur. | Dependency |
| Ethical _____ is the claim that moral principles are not only objective but are also exceptionless. | Absolutism |
| _____ is the position that pleasure is the only thing that has intrinsic value. | Hedonism |
| A key point of utilitarianism is the rejection of the claim that the end justifies the means. | False |
| Mill believes some pleasures are higher than others, whereas Bentham thinks that pleasures differ only in quantity, there being no sense in trying to distinguish between higher and lower pleasures. | True |
| Kant emphasizes the importance not only of acting in accordance with duty but also of acting from duty. | True |
| Kantian ethics is an example of a deontological theory. | True |
| Kant maintains that moral principles are exception less. | True |
| While virtue theorists treat virtue as having instrumental value, utilitarian’s and Kantians treat it as having intrinsic value. | False |
| According to Aristotle, we acquire moral virtues by practicing them. | True |
| What’s the relationship between utilitarianism and consequentialism? | Utilitarianism is one kind of consequentialism. |
| Who said, "It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied"? | Mill |
| Which of the following best captures the claim made by Alastair Norcross about headaches and sacrificing lives? | Consequentialism implies that it would be morally ok to sacrifice a human life in order to avoid inconveniences such as headaches as long as the sum total of headache pains were great enough. |
| Which of the following statements below adequately characterizes the claim "If you want to get good grades, then you should study for your exams"? | This is a hypothetical imperative. |
| According to Kant, an action guiding principle is universalizable just in case: | it’s possible for everyone to act on it & we can rationally will that everyone act on it. |
| Kant views a person as: | a being with absolute intrinsic worth and dignity requiring respect. |
| Which of the following is the best translation of the Greek word "arête," used in ancient discussions of virtue? | Excellence |
| Which of the following best captures the notion of the moral virtue that’s at the heart of Aristotle’s doctrine of the mean? | Moral virtue is the habit of rationally choosing just the right emotion or action for the circumstances, i.e., a balance between the extremes of too little and too much. |
| Another name for consequentialism is _____ _____. | Teleological Ethics |
| Kant believes that the only thing that has absolute moral value is a _____ _____. | Good Will |
| A _____ _____ duty is a duty that is morally binding unless it conflicts with a more important duty. | Prima Facie |
| Aristotle believes that the ultimate goal we all desire for its own sake is happiness or living well, which he refers to by the Greek term _____. | Eudaimonia |
| A version of the doctrine of the mean was developed not only by Aristotle by also by the ancient Chinese thinker _____, who lived from about 551 B.C.E. to 479 B.C.E. | Confucius |
| _____ _____ _____ the theory that the rightness or wrongness of an action is intrinsically related to the fact that God either commands it or forbids it. | Divine Command Theory |
| _____ _____ the position that there are no objective or universally valid moral principles, because all moral judgments are simply a matter of human opinion. | Ethical Relativism |
| _____ _____ _____ the doctrine that what is right or wrong is solely a matter of each individuals personal opinion. | Subjective Ethical Relativism |
| _____ _____ _____ the claim that what is really right or wrong is relative to each particular society. | Conventional Ethical Relativism |
| _____ _____ the view that there are universal and objectively valid moral principles that are relative neither to the individual nor to society. | Ethical Objectivism |
| _____ _____ _____ is also called ethical conventionalism. | Conventional Ethical Relativism |
| _____ _____ the theory that people ought always to do only what is in their self interest. | Ethical Egoism |
| _____ the theory that the right action is the one that produces the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. | Utilitarianism |
| _____ _____ the theory that we have absolute moral duties that are determined by reason and that are not affected by the consequences. | Kantian Ethics |
| _____ _____ any theory that sees the primary focus of ethics to be the character of the person rather than the person’s actions or duties. | Virtue Ethics |
| _____ _____ the attempt to correct male biases in traditional ethical theory by emphasizing relationships over abstract principles and compassion over analytical reason. | Feminist Ethics |
| _____ ______ the position that certain moral principles are universal, meaning they apply to all persons in all times, and objective, meaning they are not based on the opinions of individuals or cultures. | Ethical Objectivism |
| _____ the claim that not only are moral principles objective but also they cannot be overridden and there cannot be any exceptions to them. | Absolutism |
| _____ _____ the theory that people always act so as to serve their own interests, or at least what they believe to be their interests. | Psychological Egoism |
| _____ the claim that we should be unselfishly concerned for the welfare of others and should act for the sake of others people’s interests and needs. | Altruism |
| _____ ______ the position that people ought always to do only what is in their own self interest. | Ethical Egoism |
| _____ the position that pleasure is the only thing that has value. | Hedonism |
| _____ any ethical theory that judges the moral rightness or wrongness according to the desirability or the undesirability of the actions consequences. | Consequentialism |
| _____ _____ any ethical theory that judges the moral rightness or wrongness of an act in terms of the intrinsic moral value of the act itself. | Deontological Ethics |
| _____ _____ the property that something has if it is good or desirable in itself. | Intrinsic Value |
| _____ is also called teleological ethics. | Consequentialism |
| _____ ______ desirability of something in terms of other ends it achieves. | Instrumental Value |
| _____ _____ the claim that the only causes operating in human behavior are the desires to obtain pleasure and avoid pain. | Psychological Hedonism |
| _____ _____ the theory that the moral rightness or wrongness of an action is a function of the amount of pleasure or pain it produces. | Ethical Hedonism |
| _____ _____ a rule that tells us only what means to use to achieve a desired end. | Hypothetical Imperative |
| _____ _____ in Kant’s theory, a moral law that tells us what we ought to do but does not depend on any prior conditions or subjective wants and wishes, and contains no qualifications. | Categorical Imperative |
| _____ _____ _____ a duty that is morally binding unless it conflicts with a more important duty. | Prima Facie Duty |
| _____ _____ a duty that we are morally obligated to perform in a particular situation after we have taken all the circumstances into account. | Actual Duty |
| _____ a trait of character that is to be admired and desired because it is constituent of human excellence. | Virtue |
Created by:
msprinkle1987