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Anatomy 2
Anatomy of the Ear (Exam 1)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| outer elastic cartilage funnel used to collect sound waves and direct them toward the external acoustic/auditory meatus | Auricle/Pinna |
| the rim of the auricle | helix |
| elevation internal and parallel to helix | antihelix |
| deep cavity bordered by antihelix | concha |
| dorsal projection anterior to concha and over orifice of meatus | tragus |
| a small tubercle opposite the tragus | antitragus |
| directly below the antitragus, lacks cartilage | lobule/ear lobe |
| about 1 inch in length, extending from the concha to the tympanic membrane/eardrum. The outer 1/3 of the tube is cartilage, the inner 2/3 passes through the temporal bone. | External Acoustic Meatus |
| Skin lining the meatus contains small hairs and modified sweat glands which secrete a waxy substance called | cerumen |
| The external ear consist of _____________ | Auricle/Pinna, External Acoustic Meatus |
| The middle ear consist of ____________ | Tympanic Cavity, Ossicles, Oval Window, Round Window, Chorda Tympani Nerve |
| The middle ear is located ___________ | Located in petrous and mastoid portions of the temporal bone |
| air-filled space in temporal bone | Tympanic Cavity |
| connects to nasopharynx; also known as Pharyngotympanic/ Eustachian | auditory tube |
| 3 small bones which transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to fluid in the inner ear. Levers that acts as a hydraulic press, transforming the pressure on the tympanic membrane to a 22 fold greater pressure on the cochlear fluids of the inner ear | Ossicles |
| the hammer-shaped outermost ossicle; it has a handle embedded in the tympanic membrane. Vibrations of the tympanic membrane are transmitted to the malleus via the handle | malleus |
| the anvil-shaped middle ossicle, receives vibrations from the malleus and transmits them to the stapes | incus |
| : the stirrup-shaped innermost ossicle articulating with the oval window. | Stapes |
| opening on medial wall leading from the tympanic cavity into the vestibule of the inner ear; it receives the base of the stapes. It is also known as fenestra vestibuli | Oval Window |
| membrane-covered hole in medial wall; also known as fenestra cochleae | Round Window |
| inserts into the malleus and innervated by mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CN V3). The muscle increases the tension on the tympanic membrane thereby decreasing vibrations - acts as a damper to prevent damage | tensor tympani muscle |
| inserts into stapes and is innervated by facial (CN 7) nerve. The muscle decreases vibration, preventing excessive movement of the stapes | stapedius muscle |
| a branch of CN 7 passing through the middle ear just medial to the malleus. The nerve conducts taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue; it also sends some autonomics to the salivary glands | Chorda Tympani Nerve |
| Inner ear consist of ______________ | Osseous Labyrinth, Membranous Labyrinth |
| represents hollowed-out, fluid (PERILYMPH) filled passageway in petrous portion of the temporal bone. The walls of the tunnel are made of compact bone - all surrounding bone is spongy | Osseous Labyrinth |
| central portion of osseous labyrinth | Vestibule |
| 3 canals branching posterolateral from the vestibule | Semicircular Canals |
| branching anteromedial in the shape of a snail's shell, from the vestibule. It as two osseous chambers along its length | Cochlea |
| attached to vestibule and running to the helicotrema at the apex of the cochlea | scala vestibuli |
| from the helicotrema to the round window | scala tympani |
| The cochlea has two osseous chambers along its length _________ & __________ | scala tympani, scala vestibuli |
| represents a tubular fluid (endolymph) filled passageway with membranous walls positioned inside the osseous labyrinth | Membranous Labyrinth |
| located in the vestibule and innervated by the vestibular nerve (vestibular part of CN 8 - vestibulocochlear nerve) | Saccule & Utricle |
| 3 ducts attached to the utricle and located inside the semicircular canals. At the base of each there is a dilated area - the ampulla. They are also innervated by vestibular attached to the saccule and located inside the cochlea, between the scala vestib | Semicircular Ducts |
| attached to the saccule and located inside the cochlea, between the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani. | Cochlear Duct |
| blind-ending sac which expands under dura mater lining the posterior part of the temporal bone. Endolymph produced by cells of the membranous labyrinth passes through the __________ and into numerous blood vessels at the dilated terminal end of the duct | Endolymphatic Duct |
| A cross section of the bony cochlea reveals two osseous chambers: the upper ________ and lower ________, and one middle membranous chamber ____________ | scala vestibuli, scala tympani, cochlear duct. |
| The triangular cochlear duct is separated from the scala vestibuli on its superior surface by the ________________, and separated from the scala tympani on its inferior surface by the ________________ | vestibular membrane, basilar membrane |
| Resting on the upper surface of the basilar membrane is the __________ which contains sensory___________ for hearing; the hair cells are innervated by the _________. | spiral organ (organ of Corti), hair cells, cochlear nerve |
| Apical hair-like processes extending from the hair cells are embedded in a gelatinous membrane termed the ____________. Reinforcing support is added to the hair cells by the vertically oriented _____________ | tectorial membrane, pillar cells (rods of Corti). |
| Hearing is achieved by sound waves sequentially stimulating vibration of the following components_____________. | air sound waves —> tympanic membrane —> ossicles —> perilymph —> basilar membrane of cochlear duct —> hairs of the hair cells —> hair cells depolarize —> cochlear nerve fibers are stimulated. |
| Receptors for static equilibrium | maculae |
| located in the walls of the utricle and saccule | maculae |
| deals with the effects of gravity on static head position, and rapid linear (moving in a straight line in any direction) acceleration and deceleration | Static Equilibrium |
| Each macula is comprised of ___________________ | hair cells, otoconia/otoliths, and a gelatinous membrane |
| deals with dynamic movements (i.e.: rotational or angular acceleration or deceleration) of the head. | Dynamic Equilibrium |
| Receptors for dynamic equilibrium | cristae |
| located in ampullae at the bases of the semicircular ducts. | cristae |
| Each crista contains hair cells with tufts of hairs embedded in a gelatinous mass termed ___________ | cupula |
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