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Ancient Egypt
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The geographic location of the Ancient Egyptian civilization | Nile River Valley |
| Large Egyptian tombs for early Egyptian kings (only built during the Old Kingdom) | Pyramids |
| An Egyptian machine used to raise water from the Nile for the purposes of irrigation | Shadoof |
| The fan-shaped marshy area of the Nile River where most people lived | Delta |
| Waterfalls, rocky rapids | Cataract |
| Egypt was protected by the desert and cataracts from attack but eventually was invaded by various groups including the Hyksos, Alexander the Great and the Romans. | Invasions |
| Bowl-shaped hole used for the purpose of irrigation. It held water after the flood. | Basin |
| Egyptian paper. Also the plant grown that was used to make paper. | Papyrus |
| Egyptian writing based on pictures | Hieroglyphs |
| Wrapped body of a preserved dead person | Mummy |
| Belief in one god | Monotheism |
| Egyptian kings - head of government,, religion and considered a god | Pharaoh |
| Belief in many gods | Polytheism |
| The annual (once a year) inundation of the Nile which brought fertile silt into the river valley | Flooding |
| City near where the Great Pyramids was built | Giza |
| Capital of Egypt during the New Kingdom | Thebes |
| The gift of the Nile | Egypt |
| Capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom | Memphis |
| Egyptian pharaoh who united Upper and Lower Egypt | Menes (aka Narmer) |
| Why is the Nile River so easy to trade and travel on? | The Nile flows North to the Mediterranean Sea but the prevailing winds blow South making it easy to travel both ways. |
| Basins and shadoofs were used to help Egyptians do what? | Irrigate their fields during the dry months |
| Period during which pyramids were built | Old Kingdom |
| Period during which pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings | New Kingdom |
| Can you read a timeline? | During the BCE time period, we count down (see timeline you created). |
| Why was the Nile River important to the civilization of Ancient Egypt? | 1. Allowed for easy trade and transportation of people, goods and ideas. 2. It connected all parts of Egypt 3. It provided much needed water in a desert community 4. The annual flooding brought fertile soil to allow for agriculture. |
| Egyptian contributions to civilization | 1. Paper and ink 2. 365 day calendar 3. Geometry 4. Number system based on 10 5. Surveying of land 6. Knowledge of the human body, dentistry, ophthalmology |
| Importance of the after-life for ancient Egyptians | 1. Need an intact body for soul to live again in after life 2. Wrapping of body in amulets, prayers to ensure success 3. Book of the Dead gives ideas on how to make sure your heart will not outweigh the feather of Ma'at, the goddess of truth/justice. |
| Reasons for decline of ancient Egypt | 1. Fight between pharaohs and priests over religion (Amon-Re vs. Aton) 2. Large empires are difficult to control (people like to rule themselves, its expensive to send soldiers to collect taxes and maintain rule) 3. No iron ore (others had it) |
| Social Classes - upper tiers | The social class structure began at the top of the pyramid with the Pharaoh having the most wealth and power. Underneath him would be the vizier (his government head), the priests and the land-holding nobles. |
| Social Classes - lower tiers | Soldier, scribes (those who can write), merchants, artisans (skilled workers), peasants (farmers) and slaves all come next in that order. |
| Social Mobility | The ability to move up on the social pyramid. This was granted through education or special service to the pharaoh. |
| Vizier | Head of the government - collects taxes, arranges large building projects - aids the pharaoh. |
| Economy | The economy of Egypt is based on trading its agricultural products for goods it needs. Also based on the beautiful works of art/jewelry/pottery created by artisans. |
| Double crown of Egypt | Symbolizes the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt |
| Judgment of the Dead | Heart of the dead is weighted against the feather of truth and justice. |
| Thoth | Ibis headed god of wisdom/writing; records result of weighing of the heart |
| Horus | God of the living pharaoh; eye is important symbol; takes deceased to meet Osiris in underworld |
| Osiris | God of the Underworld; green/agriculture; mummy; crook and flail - symbols of royalty |
| Isis | Poisoned Ra; married to Osiris |
| Ma'at | Goddess of truth/justice; feather is weighed against heart |
| Ra/Re | Creator god who sails across sky with sun and travels to underworld each night |
| Ammitt/Amit | Eater of souls; eats your heart if its heavier than feather of truth/justice (crocodile, lion, hippo) |
| Seth | Usurped throne from Osiris; god of chaos |
| Anubis | God of mummification |
| Peasants | Farmers/fisherman. |
| Book of the Dead | Book containing prayers, information on how to get through underworld to Field of Reeds (paradise) |
| Steps of pyramid building | Mastaba (bench like), step pyramid (one mastaba on top of another), bent pyramid, true pyramids of Giza |
| Red and Black Lands | Refers to the desert (Eastern/Western - part of Sahara) - red and the fertile land along the Nile - black |
| Aten | God created by pharaoh Akhenaten who was jealous of the power of the priests. Pharaoh forced people to only pray to this god and not the others. When Akhenaten died King Tut his successor returned to the traditional gods/goddesses |
| Why do the Egyptians stop building pyramids? | It was expensive, labor heavy, and all of them were robbed. |
| Menhed | Writing implements including a pallette, red and black ink and brushes. |
| Nileometer | Device built by Egyptians to measure the water level of the Nile. |
| Westerner | Term used to describe those who died (they went west like the setting sun) |
| Mummification and Judgment of the Dead Processes | Consult the notes shared with you on these two processes. For the test you will need to draw three steps that occurred for either mummification or judgment. You should be able to label the people or gods involved. |
Created by:
mcoats-thomas