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Anatomy of Heart
GA 2 Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| size of the heart | loosely clenched fist |
| recieves poorly oxygenated (venous) blood from the body through the SVC and IVC and pumps it through the pulmonary trunch and arteries to the lungs for oxygenation | right heart |
| receives well-oxygenated (arterial) blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins and pumos it into the aorta for distribution to the body | left heart |
| 4 chambers of the heart | right artia, left artia, right ventricle and left ventricle |
| receiving chamber | atria |
| discharging chamber | ventricle |
| 3 layers of the heart wall | endocardium, myocardium and epicardium |
| a thin internal layer or lining membrane of the heart that also covers its valves | endocardium |
| a thick, helical middle layer; composed of cardiac muscle | myocardium |
| a thin external layer formed by the visceral layer of serous pericardium | epicardium |
| anchors the cardiac muscle fibers | fibrous skeleton of the heart |
| composed of dense collagen | fibrous skeleton of the heart |
| fibrous skeleton of the heart is composed of | four fibrous rings, right and left fibrous trigone and membranous parts of the interatrial and interventricular septa |
| surround the valve orifices | four fibrous rings |
| connections between the fibrous rings | (right and left) fibrous trigone |
| 4 functions of the fibrous skeleton of the heart | 1. keep orifices patent & prevents over-distention (from increased blood vol.) 2. attachment site for valve leaflets and cusps 3. attachment for myocardium 4. forms an electrical "insulator" between atria and ventricles- to allow independent contractions |
| external demarcation between the atria and ventricles | coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove) |
| demarcates the right and left ventricles | anterior and posterior interventricular (IV) sulci |
| tipped-over pyramid | shape of 3D heart |
| formed by inferolateral part of left ventricle | apex of the heart |
| lies posterior to the left 5th intercostal space in adults | apex of the heart |
| about 9cm from the median plane | apex of the heart |
| remains mtionless during cardiac cycle | apex of the heart |
| location of maximum mitral valve closure sound | (apex beat) apex of the heart |
| heart's posterior aspect | base of the heart |
| formed mainly by left atrium (plus a little bit of the right atrium) | base of the heart |
| faces posteriorly toward bodies of vertebrae T6- T9 | base of the heart |
| separtated from vertebrae by pericardium, oblique pericardial sinus, espoghagus, and aorta | base of the heart |
| base of the heart extends superiorly to... | the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk |
| base of the heart extends inferiorly to... | the cononary sinus |
| receives pulmonary veins on its right and left sides | left atrial portion of base of the heart |
| receives superior and inferior vena vace on tits superior and inferior ends | right atrial portion of the base of the heart |
| 4 surfaces of the heart | 1. anterior (sternocostal) surface 2. disphragmatic (inferior) surface 3. right pulmonary surface 4. left pulmonary surface |
| formed mainly by the right ventricle | anterior (sternocostal) surface |
| formed mainly by the left ventricle and partly by the right ventricle | diaphragmatic (inferior) surface |
| it is related mainly to the central tendon of the diaphragm | diaphragmatic (inferior) surface |
| formed mainly by the right atrium | right pulmonary surface |
| formed mainly by the left ventricle | left pulmonary surface |
| it forms cardiac impression in the left lung | left pulmonary surface |
| 4 borders of the heart | 1. right border 2. inferior border 3. left border 4. superior border |
| slightly convex; formed by the right atrium; extends between the SVC and the IVC | right border |
| nearly horizontal; formed mainly by the right ventricle and slightly by the left ventricle | inferior border |
| oblique, nearly verticle; formed mainly by the left ventricle and slightly by the left auricle | left border |
| formed by the right and left atria and auricle in the anterior view | superior border |
| the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk emerge from this border and the SVC enters its right side | superior border |
| posterior to the aorta and pulmonary trunk and anterior to the SVC, this border forms the inferior boundary of the transverse pericardial sinus | superior border |
| the arterial continuation of the right ventricle | pulmonary trunk |
| the pulmonary trunk divides into... | right and left pulmonary arteries |
| conduct low-oxygen blood to the lungs for oxygenation | pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries |
| forms right border of heart | right atrium |
| receives venous blood from the SVC, IVC and coronary sinus | right atrium |
| ear-like conical musclar puch that projects from the right atrium; overlaps the ascending aorta | right auricle |
| increases artial capacity | right auricle |
| smooth, thin-walled posterior portion of right atrium | sinus venarum |
| location of opening of SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus | sinus venarum |
| at what level does the SVC open into the sinus venarium | right 3rd costal cartilage |
| at what level does the IVC open into the sinus venarium | right 5th costal cartilage |
| composes the rough, muscular anterior wall of right atrium | rpectinate muscle |
| opening through which blood passes to right ventricle | right AV orifice |
| between the right AV orifice and the IVC orifice | opening of the coronary sinus |
| venous trunk that receives most of the cardiac veins | coronary sinus |
| separates the right and left atria | interatrial septum |
| fetal opening between the atria | foramen ovale |
| remnat of the foramen ovale | fossa ovalis |
| the foramen ovale or the fossa ovalis is found here | interatrial septum |
| shallow vertical groove that externally separates the smooth and rough parts of the atrial wall | sulcus terminalis |
| vertical ridge that internally speartates the smooth and rough oarts if the artial wall | crista terminalis |
| forms the largest part of the anterior surface of the heart, part of the diaphragmatic surface, and almost the entire inferior border of the heart | right ventricle |
| aka infundibulum; superior, tapered, smooth, arterial cone that leads into the pulmonary trunk = outflow portion or right ventricle | conus arteriosus |
| irregular muscular elevations on the walls of the ventricles = inflow portion of right ventricle | trabeculae carneae |
| thick muscular ridge that separtes the inflow and outflow portions of right ventricle | supraventriular crest |
| opening allowing inflow part of venticle to receive blood from the right atrium | right artioventricular (AV; Tricuspid) orifice |
| located at 4th and 5th intercostal spaces, posterior to the body of the sternum | right AV (tricuspid) orifice |
| surrounded by a fibrous ring of the fibrous skeleton of the heart | right AV (tricuspid) orifice |
| 2 functions of the fibrous ring for orifices | 1. keeps the caliber of the opening constant (big enough to admit threee fingertips) 2. without it, blood pressure would cause dilation |
| guards the right AV orifice | tricuspid valve |
| formed by three valve cusps whoes bases are attached to the fibrous ring | tricuspid valve |
| tendinous cords that attach to the free edges of the AV valve cusps | chordae tendineae |
| look like parachute cords | chordae tendineae |
| arise from papillary muscles | chordae tendineae |
| conical muscular projections of the ventricular wall | papillary muscles |
| start to contract slightly before ventriuclar contraction which tightens the cords and draws the cusps together to prevent separation and inversion of cusps | papillary muscles |
| prevent prolapse as ventriular pressure increase | mechanism of papillary muscles |
| prevents regurgitation (backward flow) of blood | mechanism of papillary muscles |
| 3 papillary muscles that correspond to the cusps in right ventricle | 1. anterior papilaary muscle 2. posterior papillary muscle 3. septal papillary muscle |
| the largest and most prominent of the papillary muscles | anterior papillary muscle |
| arises from the anterior wall of the right ventricle | anterior papillary muscle |
| its cords attahc to the anterior and posterior cusps of the tricupid valve | anterior papillary muscle |
| may consist of several parts | posterior papillary muscle |
| arises from the inferior wall of the right ventricle | posterior papillary muscle |
| its cords attach to the posteior and septal cusps of the tricuspid valve | posterior papillary muscle |
| arises from the interventicular septum | septal papillary muscle |
| its cords attach to the anterior and spetal cusps of the tricuspid valve | septal papillary muscle |
| partition between the right and left ventricles | interventricular septum |
| 2 parts of the interventricular septum | muscular part and membranous part |
| forms the majority of the interventriuclar septum | muscular part |
| thin membrane located superiorly and posteriorly in the interventricular septum; part of the fibrous skeleton | membranous part |
| moderator band | septomarginal trabecula |
| from the inferior part of interventriuclar septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle; traverse the right ventricle | septomarginal trabecula |
| shortcut that carries part of the right AV bundle branch | septomarginal trabecula |
| coordinates contractions of the anterior papillary muscle | septomarginal trabecula |
| deflects the incoming blood from the right atrium into the main cavity of the ventricle | supraventricular crest |
| deflects the outgoing blood into the conus arteriosus toward the pulmonary orifice | supraventricular crest |
| how far apart are the inflow (AV) orifice and the outflow (pulmonary) orifice | 2 cm |
| the apex of the conus arterisus | pulmonary valve |
| at the level of the left 3rd costal cartilage | pulmonary valve |
| forms most of the base of the heart | left atrium |
| what makes up the posterior wall of the left atrium | right and left pulmonary veins |
| smooth walled | left atrium |
| which wall is thicker? right or left atrium | left atrium |
| forms the superior part of the left border of the heart | left auricle |
| overlaps the root of the pulmonary trunk | left auricle |
| contains pectinate muscle= rough-walled | left auricle |
| represents the remains of the left part of the primordial atrium | left auricle |
| blood that goes through the left AV orifice or bicuspid orifice is... | oxygenated |
| forms the apecx of the heart | left ventricle |
| forms most of the left pulmonary surface and left border | left ventricle |
| forms most of the diaphragmatic surface | left ventricle |
| performs more work than the right ventricle- due to higher arterial pressure in the systemic vs pulmonary circulation | left ventricle |
| which ventricle wall is thicker? | left ventricle (by 2 to 3 times more) |
| finer and more numerous than in the right ventricle | trabeculae carneae |
| which ventricle cavity is longer? | left ventricle |
| which papillary muscles are larger? right or left ventricles? | left ventricles |
| smooth-walled non-muscular, supero-anterior outflow part | aortic vestibule |
| leads to the aortic orifice and aoritic valve | aortic vestibule |
| aka bicuspid valve | mitral valve |
| double-leaflet valve that guards the left AV orifice | mitral valve |
| in the right posterosuperior part of left ventricle | aortic orifice |
| surrounded by a fibrous ring to which the right posterior and left cuspds of the aortic valve are attached | aortic orifice |
| where the ascending aorta begins | aortic orifice |
| resembles a bishop's miter (hat) | mitral valve |
| located posterior to the sternum and level of 4th costal cartilage | mitral valve |
| has both an anterior and posterior cusp | mitral valve |
| each cusp receives tendinous cords from more than one papillary muscle | in the mitral valve |
| how is the bloodstream affected in the left ventricle | it undergoes 2 right turns (flips 180) |
| between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta | aortic valve |
| located posterior to the left side of the sternum at the level of the 3rd intercostal space | aortic valve |
| pulmonary and aortic valves also called | semilunar valves |
| the 2 outflow valves | pulmonary and aortic valves |
| anterior, right and left sumilunar cusps | pulmonary valves |
| posterior, right, and left sumilunar cusps | aortic valves |
| concave when viewed superiorly | semilunar valves |
| do not have tendinous cords | semilunar valves |
| which valves are smaller in area? smeilunar or AV | semilunar valves |
| less than half the forces is exerted on this valve | semilunar valves |
| what happens to cusps as blood leaves ventricles | pressed against walls |
| what happens to cusps after diastole forcing blood back into the heart | fill up the cusps and they snap closed |
| supplies all of the body except the lungs | systemic circulation |
| supplies the lungs | pulmonary circulation |
| 3 cusps of the right AV valve | anterior, posterior and septal |
| 3 cusps of the pulmonary valve | right, left and anterior |
| 2 cusps of the left AV valve | anterior and posterior |
| 3 cusps of the aortic valve | right, left and posterior |
| carry blood to and from most of the myocardium | coronary arteries and cardiac veins |
| how does the heart muscle get the blood it needs to work | coronary arteries and cardiac veins (only a little from diffusion an microvasculature) |
| affected by both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation | coronary arteries and cardiac veins |
| embedded in fat and just deep of the epicardium | coronary arteries and cardiac veins |
| 1st branches of the aorta | right and left coronary arteries |
| supply the myocardium and epicardium of the atria and ventricles | right and left coronary arteries |
| arise from the aortic sinuses at the proximal part of the ascending aorta, just superior to the aortic valve | right and left coronary arteries |
| space between the dilated wall of the aorta and each cusp of the semilunar valve | aortic sinus |
| originates in the right aortic sinus | mouth of the right coronary artery |
| originates in the left aortic sinus | mouth of the left coronary artery |
| originates in the posterior aortic sinus | no artery |
| pass around opposite sides of the pulmonary trunk | right and left coronary arteries |
| passes to the right side of the pulmonary trunk | right coronary artery |
| runs in the coronary sulcus | right coronary artery |
| 2 anterior branches of the right coronary artery | sinu-artial nodal branch and right marginal branch |
| supplies blood by SA node | sinu-artial nodal branch of right coronary artery |
| supplies blood to right border of the heart | right marginal branch of the right coronary artery |
| 2 posterior branches of the right coronary artery | atrioventricular nodal branch and posterior inter ventricular branch |
| supplies blood to the AV node | atrioventricular nodal branch of the right coronary artery |
| supplies blood the the diaphragmatic surface of the left ventricle and posterior 1/3 of the IV septum | posterior interventricular branch of the right coronary artery |
| descends in the posterior inter ventricular groove towards the apex | posterior interventricular branch |
| sends off inter ventricular septal branches | posterior interventricular branch |
| 6 things that the right coronary artery supplies | right atrium, most of the right ventricle, diaphragmatic surface of the left ventricle, posterior 1/3 of the IV septum, SA node and AV node |
| junction of the interracial and interventricular septa between the four heart chambers | crux of the heart |
| passes between the left auricle and the left side of the pulmonary trunk | left coronary artery |
| 2 branches of the left coronary artery | anterior interventricular branch and circumflex branch |
| used to be called left anterior descending artery | anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery |
| passes along the IV groove to the apex of the heart | anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery |
| turns around the inferior border and anastomoses with the posterior IV branch of the right coronary artery | anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery |
| supplies blood to adjacent parts of both ventricles and anterior 2/3 of the interventricular septum | anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery |
| follows the coronary sulcus around the left border of the heart to the posterior surface | circumflex branch of the left coronary artery |
| gives rise to the left marginal branch | circumflex branch of the left coronary artery |
| supplies blood to the left ventricle | left marginal branch of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery |
| 5 things that the left coronary artery supplies | left atrium, most of left ventricle, part of right ventricle, anterior 2/3 of the IV septum, and AV bundle |
| anastomoses between the branches of the coronary arteries | coronary collateral circulation |
Created by:
gkeene