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HESI EXAM BIO
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| produces cell energy, cytoplasmic organelle responsible for atp generation for cellular activities | Mitochondria |
| found in plants and are the site of photosynthesis, absorb sunlight | Chloroplast |
| membrane enclosed structures that stores or carries a substance into a cell | Vacuole |
| organelle that controls cellular activities, contains the dna of the cell, largest organelle of the cell | Nucleus |
| membrane organelles that contain activated digestive enzymes, found in animal cells | Lysosome |
| vesicles derived from the ER, found in eukaryotic cells | Peroxisome |
| stacked and flattened membrane sacs | Golgi Apparatus |
| threadlike mass of dna and associated histone protein that becomes visible during mitosis as chromosomes | Chromatin |
| region of cell containing centrioles | Centrosome |
| double membrane composed of phospholipid bilayers surrounding a cell nucleus | Nuclear Envelope |
| specialized region in a cell nucleus where RNA is synthesized | Nucleolus |
| the most important component of the cell, external cell barrier, transports substances into and out of the cell, contributes to protection as well as communication | Plasma Membrane |
| where intracellular digestion takes place | Lysosome |
| packed with hydrolytic enzymes, can hydrolyze proteins, fats, sugars, and nucleic acid | Lysosome |
| made up of phosopholipids with proteins, cholesterol and glycoproteins, outer boundary of the cell | plasma membrane |
| membrane sacs containing acid hydrolases | lysosome |
| creates a hydrophobic region between the two layers of lipids, making it selectively permeable | Plasma Membrane |
| water loving(phosopholipids), interact with water and charged particles, polar head | Hydophilic |
| water hating (phospholipids), interact with nonpolar(tail) molecules, uncharged | hydrophobic |
| lipids with attached sugar groups | glycolipids |
| are threadlike shaped organelles, site of atp synthesis | mitochondria |
| found in most eukaryotic cells and are the site of cellular respiration | Mitochondria |
| powerhouse of the cell | mitochondria |
| rodlike double membrane structures, inner membrane folded into projections called cristae | mitochondria |
| inner membrane folded projections called(mitochondria) | cristae |
| separates two of the body's major fluid compartments the intracellular fluid within cells and extracellular fluid outside cells | plasma membrane |
| basic structure and fundamental unit of living organisms | cell |
| two types of cells are called | prokaryotic and eukaryotic |
| small cellular structures that perform specific metabolic functions for the cell as a whole | organelle |
| lack a defined nucleus, does not contain membrane bound organelles, means before nucleus | prokaryotic cells |
| have a membrane enclosed nucleus and a series of membrane bound organelles that carry out the functions of the cell as directed by the nucleus | eukaryotic cells |
| archaea and bacteria are examples of what type of cells | prokaryotes |
| fungi, plants, algae, protozoa and animals are examples of what type of cells | eukaryotes |
| very complex type of cell | eukaryotes |
| compact rod like structure located within the nucleus, contains dna | chromosomes |
| contains the material for the regeneration of the cell, as well as the instructions for the function of the cells | chromosomes |
| site of protein synthesis | ribosomes |
| read the RNA produced in the nucleus and translate the genetic instructions to produce proteins | ribosomes |
| dense, small particles consisting of two subunits each composed of ribosomal RNA and protein. free or attached to rough ER | Ribosomes |
| free ribosomes are attached to | cytoplasm |
| make soluble proteins that function in the cytosol as well as those imported into mitochondria and some other organells | free ribosomes |
| rough ribosomes are attached to | ER |
| synthesize proteins destined either for incorporation into cell membranes or lysosomes or for export from the cell | rough ribosomes |
| control center of the cell | nucleus |
| membrane bound organelle, netlike arrangement of hollow tubules attached to nuclear membrane | ER |
| part of ER that is covered with ribosomes | Rough ER |
| part of the ER responsible for protein synthesis and membrane production | Rough ER |
| part of the ER plays a role in lipid production, lacks ribosomes, sacs and tubules | Smooth ER |
| part of the ER that functions as the detoxification and metabolism of multiple molecules, site of lipid and steroid | Smooth ER |
| function to modify, package, process and ship organelles, receives process package large molecules | Golgi Apparatus |
| transports materials from the ER throughout the cell, flat | Golgi Apparatus |
| light harvesting structures found in photosynthetic eukaryotes | chloroplast |
| have two membranes composed of phospholipid bilayer | mitochondria |
| contains oxidase and catalase, which are enzymes that degrade poisonous metabolic waste | peroxisomes |
| contain catabolize enzymes that damage the cell if they are released from their packaging into the cytosol, enzymes used during self destruction | lysosomes |
| cell eating | phagocytosis |
| cell drinking | pinocytosis |
| type of cell that has vacuole to function as storage, waste disposal, protection and hydrolysis | plant cell |
| gelatous material inside the cell | cytoplasm |
| liquid portion of the cytoplasm | cytosol |
| region of the prokaryotic cytosol containing the cell's chromosomes | nucleoid |
| net movement of a chemical down its concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration | Diffusion |
| diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane that is permeable to water molecules but not to most solutes | Osmosis |
| the passage of air or liquid through a material that traps and removes microbes | Filtration |
| network of rods running through the cytosol and hundreds of accessory proteins that link these rods to other cell structures | Cytoskeleton |
| chemical substances that may or may not be present, depending on cell type, storage for nutrients, waste, and cell products | Inclusions |
| the thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton, composed of the protein actin | microfilament |
| protein fibers, composition varies | intermediate filament |
| cylindrical structures made of tubulin proteins | microtubule |
| involved in muscle contraction and other types of intracellular movement, helps form the cell's cytoskeleton | microfilament |
| tough insoluble proteins that resemble woven ropes, stable cytoskeletal elements resist mechanical forces acting upon it | intermediate filament |
| hollow tubes made up of spherical protein subunits called tubulins | microtubule |
| support the cell and give it shape, involved In intracellular and cellular movements | microtubule |
| produces many ATP by aerobic respiration | mitochondria |
| function by increasing cell surface area; stores metabolic waste | vacuole |
| responsible for transmitting genetic information and providing the instructions for protein synthesis | nucleus |
| function dna constitutes the genes | chromatin |
| site of ribosome manufacture | nucleolus |
| dense spherical bodies, composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins | nucleolus |
| separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm and regulates passage of substances to and from the nucleus | nuclear envelope |
| double-membrane structure pierced by pores | nuclear envelope |
| ribosomes that are those attached to the ER | bound ribosomes |
| ribosomes that are found in the cytoplasm | free ribosomes |
| modified proteins made by ribosomes attached to it | Rough ER |
| Er, make lipids, breaks down carbs and fats, inactivates toxins | Smooth ER |
| site of lipid and steroid(cholesterol) synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification | Smooth ER |
| digest, recycles materials | lysosome |
| storage for nutrients, wastes, and cell products | inclusions |
| granular, threadlike material composes of dna and histone proteins | chromatin |
| membranous system of sacs and tubules; free of ribosomes | Smooth ER |
| membranous system enclosing a cavity, the cistern and coiling through the cytoplasm, externally studded with ribosomes | Rough ER |
| includes stores stored nutrients such as lipid droplets and glycogen granules, protein crystals, pigment granules | inclusions |
| serves as an external cell barrier, and acts in transport of substances into or out of the cell. | plasma membrane |
| maintains a resting potential that is essential for functioning of excitable cells | plasma membrane |
| externally facing proteins act as receptors, transport proteins, and in cell to cell recognitions | plasma membrane |
| membrane made of a double layer of lipids(phospholipids, cholesterol, and so on) within which proteins are embedded | plasma membrane |
| proteins may extend entirely through the lipid bilayer or protrude on only one face. Most externally facing proteins and some lipids have attached sugar groups | plasma membrane |
| cellular region between the nuclear and plasma membrane. consists of fluid cytosol containing dissolved solutes, organelles, and inclusions | cytoplasm |
| the metabolic machinery of the cytoplasm | organelle |
| stored nutrients, secretory products, pigment granules | inclusions |
| membrane sacs of catalase and oxidase enzymes | perioxisomes |
| the enzymes detoxify a number of toxic substances. the most important enzyme, catalase, breaks down hydrogen peroxide | peroxisomes |
| cylindrical structures made of tubulin proteins | microtubules |
| fine filaments composed of the protein actin | microfilament |
| protein fibers; composition varies | intermediate filaments |
| paired cylindrical bodies, each compound of nine triplets of microtubules | centrioles |
| includes stored nutrients such as lipid droplets and glycogen granules, protein crystals, pigment granules | inclusions |
| storage for nutrients, wastes, and cell products | inclusions |
| the stable cytoskeletal elements; resist mechanical forces acting on the cell | intermediate filaments |
| short cell surface projections; each cilium composed of nine pairs of microtubules surrounding a central pair | cilia |
| coordinated movement creates a unidirectional current that propels substances across cell surfaces | cilia |
| very long, only example in humans is the sperm tail | flagellum |
| propels the cell | cilia |
| tubular extensions of the plasma membrane; contain a bundle of actin filament | microvilli |
| increases the surface area for absorption | microvilli |
| external surface of the plasma membrane serves as the site of contact between the cell and the environment. | plasma membrane |
| This interaction between the cell and the environment is maintained through the action of specialized portions of the cell membrane that serve as receptors, adhesion molecules, transducers of signals, or metabolic channels. | plasma membrane |
| The complexity of the plasma membrane varies from one cell type to another. | plasma membrane |
| living structure that is maintained by active expenditure of energy | plasma membrane |
| Rupture or major damage of the cell membrane that cannot be repaired invariably leads to | cell death |
| Differential expression of genes allows the cells to assume unique features in various tissues and organs and to perform specialized functions | differential expression |
| The genetic information encoded in the DNA is transcribed into the nuclear RNA. From the nuclear RNA, the message is transmitted by transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) into the cytoplasm (Figure 1-2). | |
| The ribosomal RNA (rRNA) serves as a template for translating the genetic messages into proteins. | |
| essential for the maintenance of life | protein synthesis |
| are needed for cellular growth, replication, metabolism, respiration, and other essential functions | proteins |
| also act as structural elements, maintaining the cell's shape and the internal organization of the cytoplasm | proteins |
Created by:
Phole101