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Midterm
Earth Space Science- Sheehy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Magnetosphere | the area of space near an astronomical object in which charged particles are controlled by that object's magnetic field. Near the surface of the object, the magnetic field lines resemble those of a magnetic dipole. |
| Lithosphere | The rigid outer layer of earth, including the crust and upper mantle. |
| Asthenosphere | A subdivision of the mantle situated below the lithosphere. This zone of weak material exists below a depth of about 100 km. and some regions goes to 700 km. The rock within this zone is easily deformed. |
| Mesosphere | The layer of the atmosphere immediately above the stratosphere and characterized by decreasing temperatures with height. |
| Folds | A bent rock layer or series of layers that were originally horizontal and subsequently deformed. |
| Faults | A break in rock mass along which movement has occurred. |
| Compressions | |
| Intrusive | Igneous rock that formed below Earth's surface. |
| Extrusive | Igneous activity that occurs outside the crust. |
| Peat | a brown, soil-like material characteristic of boggy, acid ground, consisting of partly decomposed vegetable matter. It is widely cut and dried for use in gardening and as fuel. |
| Lignite | often referred to as brown coal, is a soft brown combustible sedimentary rock that is formed from naturally compressed peat. It is considered the lowest rank of coal due to its relatively low heat content. |
| Strike-slip fault | A fault along which the movement is horizontal. |
| Abrasion | is the mechanical scraping of a rock surface by friction between rocks and moving particles during their transport by wind, glacier, waves, gravity, running water or erosion. |
| ice wedging | A type of disintegration in which jointed rock is forced apart by the expansion of water as it freezes in fractures. |
| Till | Unsorted sediment deposited directly by a glacier. |
| Drift | The general term for any glacial deposit. |
| Stratified Drift | Sediments deposited by glacial melt water. |
| Moraine | Layers or ridges of till. most widespread feature created by glacial deposition. Several types common to certain areas. |
| topsoil | is the upper, outermost layer of soil, usually the top 2 inches (5.1 cm) to 8 inches (20 cm). It has the highest concentration of organic matter and microorganisms and is where most of the Earth's biological soil activity occurs. sandy, light colored |
| Age of the Earth | 4.6 billion years , burn up star floats in space, gravity pull the space junk together, earth hot with lava, starts to cool, forms a crust, krypton rises protects crust, water drenches lava, crust, mantle, core formed. |
| Layers of the Earth | crust, mantle and core |
| core | located beneath the mantle, innermost layer of the earth. Divided into an outer core and an inner core. protects us from deadly winds? of the sun |
| mantle | The 2900 kilometer (1800 mile) thick layer of Earth located below the crust. |
| crust | The very thin outermost layer of Earth. |
| seismology | study of earthquake waves |
| P-wave | primary wave (push-pull waves-they push (press) and pull (expand) rocks in the direction the wave is traveling. like vocal cords work |
| S-wave | secondary waves, shake the particles at right angles to their direction of travel. Like fastening a jump rope and shaking. |
| What materials can P-waves travel through? | P-waves can travel through solid, liquids, and gases. |
| What materials can S-waves travel through? | only solids. (Gases and liquids don't respond elastically to changes in shape so they don't transmit S waves) |
| Body waves | Waves that travel through Earth's interior, P-waves and S-waves are types. |
| Surface waves | waves that travel along earth's outer layer |
| Glacier movement | referred to as flow. Two mechanisms of movement. |
| One mechanism of glacier movement | involves plastic movement within the ice. Ice behaves as a brittle solid until the pressure upon it is equivalent to the weight of 50 meters of ice. then the ice behaves as plastic and the flow begins. |
| 2nd mechanism of glacial movement. | the whole ice mass slips along the ground. The lowest portions of most glaciers are thought to move by this sliding process. |
| Mountain formation | plate tectonics major mountain systems formed along the convergent plate boundaries. |
| Ways that convergence can occur (mountain building) | between one oceanic and one continental plate, between two oceanic plates or between two continental plates. |
| Mineral | a naturally occurring inorganic solid that possesses a definite chemical structure which gives it a unique set of physical properties. must be inorganic too. |
| What properties are used to identify minerals? | hardness, luster, texture |
| luster | Appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of the mineral. |
| hardness | a measure of the resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching |
| Rock cycle | A model that illustrates the origin of the three basic rock types and the interrelatedness of Earth's materials and processes. |
| What are the 3 main types of rocks? | igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks |
| How are Igneous rocks formed? | as magma cools and crystallizes. |
| Igneous Rock has what main element in it? | lots of silicate minerals (silicon, oxygen, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium) |
| Sedimentary Rock | Rock formed from the weathered products of pre-existing rocks that have been transported, deposited, and lithified. |
| lithification | the process of cementation or compaction of converting sediments into solid rock. |
| metamorphic rock | Rocks formed by the alteration of pre-existing rock deep within Earth (but still in solid state) by heat, pressure and or chemically active fluids. |
| Renewable resources | A resource that is virtually inexhaustible or that can be replenished over relatively short time spans. Ex: plants animals for food, natural fibers for clothing, forest products for lumber and paper, water, wind and sun. |
| nonrenewable resources | Resource that forms or accumulates over such long time spans that it must be considered as fixed in total quantity. Ex. minerals like iron, aluminum, copper; fuels like oil, natural gas and coal. |
| Stages of coal development | PEAT-accumulation of plant material, LIGNITE-soft, brown coal moderate energy, BITUMINOUS-soft black coal used in industry high energy ANTHRACITE-hard black coal used in industry. Each stage is higher temperature and pressure. |
| Coal | mostly organic matter (plants) not silica rich like other rocks, called a fossil fuel, energy from sun stored by plants, non-renewable resources |
| Fossil Fuels | General term for any hydrocarbon that may be used as a fuel, including coal, oil, and natural gas. |
| Oceanic Crust | is the part of Earth's lithosphere that surfaces in the ocean basins. on thop of the upper mantle. |
| Continental crust | is the layer of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks which forms the continents and the areas of shallow seabed close to their shores, known as continental shelves. |
| mechanical weathering | The physical disintegration of rock, resulting in smaller fragments. |
| chemical weathering | The process by which the internal structure of a mineral is altered by the removal and/or addition of elements. |
| soil composition | a combination of mineral and organic matter, water, and air that supports the growth of plants. made up of decomposed rock and humus (decayed remains of plants and animals) |
Created by:
murphy1717