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Environment Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a set of organisms within a defined area or volume interacting with one another and with their environment | ecosystem |
| environmental degradation exceeding a resource's natural replacement rate and the available supply begins to shrink | environmental degradation |
| beliefs about what is right and wrong with how we treat the environment | environmental ethics |
| an interdisciplinary study of how humans interact with living and nonliving parts of their environment | environmental science |
| one that meets the current and future resource needs of its people without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their basic needs | environmentally sustainable society |
| occurs when a quantity such as the human population or pollution increases at a fixed percentage per unit of time | exponential growth |
| amount of biologically productive land and water needed to supply each person with the resources he/she uses and to absorb the wastes from such resource use | per capita ecological footprint |
| anything obtained from the environment to meet our needs and wants | resource |
| a group of organisms that have distinctive trait | species |
| highest rate at which a renewable resource can be used indefinitely without reducing its available society | sustainable yield |
| The goals of environmental science are _________, _________, ___________. | to learn how nature works, to understand how we interact with the environment, and to find ways to deal with environmental problems |
| Nonrenewable resources are __________, _________, __________. | renewable over millions or billions of years, can be exhausted within dozens or hundreds of years, exist in a fixed quantity |
| An ecological footprint is _______________. | the amount of biologically productive land and water needed to support each person |
| Natural capital consists of _______ and _________. | natural resources; ecological services |
| true/false Prices of the goods and services purchased include the value of natural capitol. | false |
| What are the five basic causes of environmental problems? | population growth, wasteful and unsustainable resource use, poverty, failure to include environmental costs of goods and services in market prices, and too little knowledge of how nature works |
| ___________ is an interdisciplinary study of how humans interact with the living and nonliving parts of their environment. | environmental science |
| Nonpoint pollution sources are ___________ and ___________. | dispersed; difficult to identify |
| Natural capitol is supported by __________. | energy from the sun |
| The human population is increasing ___________. | exponentially |
| What are the harmful effects of affluence? | consumption and waste of resources, advertising, and affluence |
| Developed countries include all but the following: a) Haiti b) United States c) Canada d) Australia | a) Haiti |
| true/false Pollution prevention is usually more expensive than pollution cleanup | false |
| The tragedy of the commons refers to the overuse of ___________. | common-property or free-access resources |
| Each day we add an average of _________ more people on earth? | 227,000 |
| The three factors affecting the environmental impact of the population in developing and develop countries are _________. | population times consumption times technology impact |
| Which are some aspects that represent an environmentally sustainable society? | recycling, solar power, protecting biodiversity. |
| What is an example of a nonrenewable resource? | metallic minerals |
| Currently, humanity has an ecological footprint that is ______ earths? | about 2 |
| The ______ holds that we are part of, and depend on, nature and that nature exists for all species. | environmental wisdom worldview |
| What are the four basic causes of the environmental problems that we face as a society? | population growth, poverty, failure to include market costs in the environment, and poverty |
| Define tragedy of the commons. | title of an Article written Garrett Harden, 1968 , said there will always be a struggle because individuals will use up resources that are common even though that's not what they intend |
| Name and describe two solutions to the tragedy of the commons. | make resources privately owned or use resources that are currently under the sustainable yield rate |
| What are the three big ideas (basic principals) about living sustainability? | do not disrupt the chemical cycle, allow biodiversity to flourish, and alternate renewable resources with others such as solar power (???chemical cycling, biodiversity, and solar energy??? |
| the dry weight of all organic matter contained in the organisms of each trophic level of a food chain or web | biomass |
| consists of the three parts of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere where life is found | biosphere |
| consists of all the populations of different species of plants, animals, and microorganisms living and interacting in an area | community |
| organisms in an ecosystem that cannot produce the nutrients they need through photosynthesis or other processes | consumers |
| study of how organisms interact with one another and with their non-living environment of matter and energy | ecology |
| a community of different species interacting with their nonliving environment of matter and energy | ecosystem |
| a sequence of organisms each of which serves as a source of food or energy for the next | food chain |
| the rate at which an ecosystem's producers convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of biomass found in their tissues | gross primary productivity |
| rate at which producers use photosynthesis to store energy minus the rate at which they use some of this stored energy through aerobic respiration | net primary productivity |
| a group of interacting individuals of the same species occupying a specific are | population |
| Gross primary productivity is ____________? | the rate at which an ecosystem's producers convert solar energy into chemical energy |
| true/ false Field research in ecology can only be done by going out into the field for observation | false |
| Water returning to the earth's surface can take various patterns such as _____. | being evaporated, becomes surface runoff, locked in glaciers |
| What human activities affect the sulfur cycle? | burning coal and oil to produce power, refining petroleum to make gasoline, and converting metallic metal ores into free metals such as copper, lead, and zine |
| A(n) __________ is a community of different species that interact with each other and their environment. | ecosystem |
| Most _________ are green plants | producers |
| __________ levels occur in food chains and food webs. | trophic |
| __________ recycle nutrients through the earth's air, water, land, and living organisms. | biochemical cycles |
| What element is converted to usable form by lightning and certain types of bacteria? | nitrogen |
| true/false The sun's energy flows to the earth and is absorbed completely by it. | false |
| The _________ contains a majority of the air we breathe and where almost all of the earth's weather occurs. | troposphere |
| The ___________ holds enough ozone gas to filter out most of the sun's ultraviolet radiation. | stratosphere |
| A fox is a example of a __________? | omnivore, heterotroph, herbivore |
| Every trophic level contains a certain amount of ______________. | biomass |
| Climate change is a result of disruption to the earth's __________ cycle. | carbon |
| A community consists of ______ of different ___________. | populations; species |
| Humans have disrupted the ________ cycle by releasing large amounts of fertilizers into aquatic systems. | phosphorus |
| The caterpillars that feed on green plants are an example of ___________? | primary consumers |
| true/false Scientists have less than half of the baseline data they need to evaluate the status of the ecosystems. | true |
| Which two types of components make up the biosphere? | biotic and abiotic components |
| List the three interconnected factors that life on earth depends on ________?*** | ???, nutrient cycling, and gravity |
| What are the four major components of the earth's life support system? | atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere |
| List water's unique properties | ability to adhere to a surface, the ability to expand when frozen, the ability to exists in three states of matter, strong hydrogen bonds, filters out UV radiations from the sun, change temperature slowly, take a large amount of energy to evaporate water, |
| adaption | any heritable trait that enables an organism to survive and reproduce better under prevailing environmental conditions |
| background extinction | normal extinction of various species as a result of changes in local environmental conditions |
| biodiversity | variety on earth's species, the genes they contain, the ecosystems in which they live and the ecosystem processes of energy flow and nutrient cycling that sustain all life |
| biomes | large regions with distinct climates and certain species adapted to them |
| evolution | process whereby earth's life changes over time through changes in the genetic characteristics of the populations |
| fossils | mineralized or petrified replicas of skeletons, bones, teeth, shells, leaves, and seeds, or impressions of such items |
| mutations | random changes in the DNA molecules of a gene in any cell |
| natural selection | when some individuals of a population have genetically based traits that increase their changes of survival and their ability to produce offspring with the same traits |
| specialization | formation of two species from one species because of divergent natural selection in response to changes in environmental conditions |
| theory of evolution | all species descended from earlier, ancestral species |
| Most of what we know of the earth's life history comes from? | fossils |
| How does background extinction differ from a mass extinction? | background extinction involves fewer species extinctions than do mass extinctions |
| Give an example of a specialist species. | tiger salamanders |
| The ability to apply genetic engineering to extending the human lifespan raises questions about _____________? | human population control |
| The tropical rainforest is an example of a biome that has a large number of ________ species. | specialist |
| What are some evolutionary trait that helped humans to survive and flourish? | the ability to walk upright, opposable thumbs, and complex brains |
| Species that provide early warnings of damage to a community or ecosystem are called ________. | indicator species |
| true/false Genetic engineering allows scientists to cross-bread different species. | true |
| true/false Evidence indicates that humans have not become a major force in the premature extinction of a growing number of species | false |
| Genetic variability in a population arises through ____________? | mutation |
| In order for natural selection to occur ___________? | the trait must lead to differential reproduction |
| Over time, _______ leads to changes in the genetic makeup of populations of organisms. | natural selection |
| What is a concern about genetic engineering? | unpredictability, privacy and ethical concerns, may harm the environment in ways we cannot foresee |
| According to fossil and geologic evidence the earth has experienced an estimated __________ mass extinctions. | 5 |
| Traditional artificial selection is _________? | the process of breeding to change the genetic characteristics of a population |
| A(n) _________ always has a narrow niche. | specialist species |
| Evolution refers to _________? | changes in a population's genetic makeup through successive generations |
| Ecologists say that a niche is like a species' _________, while habitat is like its ______. | occupation; address |
| Give an example of a generalist species? | white tailed deer |
| The most common way in which specialization occurs is through _________. | geographic isolation |
| Adaptation through natural selection has two limitations. Describe these limits. | adaptable traits must already be present in the genetic makeup of the species and the organism must be able to pass the trait through reproduction |
| Describe the characteristics of a generalist species (including habitats, food source, and reactions to changes in environmental conditions.) | broad niches, variety of homes, broad food sources, tolerate changes well |
| Describe the characteristics of a specialist species (including habitats, food source, and reactions to changes in environmental conditions.)*** | ??? |
| What are the three common myths about evolution through natural selection? | survival of the fittest means survival of the strongest, species develop traits as needed, and species will evolve to perfection |
| What are four types of biodiversity? | species diversity, functional diversity, ecological diversity, and genetic diversity |
| biological extinction | a species no longer found anywhere on the earth |
| captive breeding | some or all of the wild individuals of a critically endangered species are captured for breeding in captivity with the aim of reintroducing the offspring into the wild |
| ecological value | a species is considered important because it plays a role in the key ecosystem functions |
| egg pulling | collecting wild eggs laid by critically endangered bird species and then hatching them in zoos and research centers |
| endangered species | so few individuals survivors exist that the species could soon become extinct over all or most of its natural range |
| habitat fragmentation | occurs when a large intact area of habitat is reduces in area and divided into smaller, more scattered, isolated patches |
| instrumental value | species that is useful to us because of the many ecological and economic services they help to provide as part of the earth's natural capitol |
| intrinsic value | a species has an inherent right to exist regardless of its usefulness to us |
| invasive species | species that migrate into an ecosystem or are deliberately or accidentally introduced into an ecosystem by humans |
| threatened species | still abundant in its natural range but because of declining numbers is likely to become extinct in the near future |
| The ultimate goal of captive breeding programs is to _________? | build up populations to a level where they can be reintroduced into the wild |
| Which term describes the situation where a species can no longer be found anywhere on earth? | biological extinction |
| __________ preserve genetic information and endangered plant species by storing their seeds in refrigerated, low humidity environments. | gene banks |
| The agency who is responsible to identify and list all non ocean endangered and threatened species is __________. | US Fish and Wildlife Services (USFWS) |
| Habitat fragmentation can be caused by _____________? | roads, logging, and agriculture |
| What does the Endangered Species Act do? | bases decisions about a species' status on biological criteria, not economic criteria, requires the protection of critical habitat for endangered species,makes it illegal to sell or buy any product made from an endangered or threatened species |
| What is the difference between an endangered species and a threatened species? | a threatened species is still abundant now but likely to become endangered in the near future |
| ___________ is/are a common source of the introduction of nonnative species. | ballast water |
| Who restricts the international trade in endangered species? | Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) |
| What represents the greatest threat to wild species populations? | habitat loss |
| The kudzu vine is an example of _________. | nonnative species |
| The greatest eliminator of species s _________. | deforestation in tropical areas |
| Extinction has accelerated as a result of ________. | human over consumption of resources |
| It will take approximately _________ for natural speculation to rebuild biodiversity. | 5-10 million years |
| Premature extinction of species can be prevented by __________? | using laws and treaties, protecting wildlife sanctuaries, making greater use of the precautionary principle |
| true/false All deliberated introduced species can disrupt ecosystems. | false |
| What does the "H" in HIPPCO stand for? | habitat destruction, degradation, and fragmentation |
| What does the "I" in HIPPCO stand for? | invasive (non-native species) |
| What does the first "P" in HIPPCO stand for? | population growth and rise in use of resources |
| What does the second "P" in HIPPCO | pollution |
| What does the "C" in HIPPCO stand for? | climate change |
| What does the "O" in HIPPCO stand for? | overexploitation |
| Carrying capacity | number of individuals of a given species that can be sustained indefinitely in a given space |
| Coevolution | when populations of two different species interact in such a way over a long period of time, changes in the gene pool of one species can lead to changes in the gene pool of another |
| Ecological succession | gradual change in species composition of a given area |
| Environmental resistance | consists of all factors that act to limit growth of a population |
| Inertia | the ability of a living system to survive moderate disturbances |
| Interspecific competition | when populations of two different species interact in such a way over a long period of time, changes in the gene pool of one species can lead to changes in the genes |
| Mutualism | two species interacting in a way they both benefit |
| Predation | members of one species feed directly on all or part of a living organism of another species |
| Resilience | the ability of a living system to be restored through secondary succession after a severe disturbance |
| Resource partitioning | occurs when species competing for similar scarce resources evolve more specialized traits that allow them to use shared resources at different times, in different times or in different places |
| _________ growth starts slowly and then proceeds faster and faster until environmental resistance kicks in. | logistic |
| Newly cooled lava is an opportunity for _____ to occur | primary succession |
| The most common interaction between species is _________? | competition |
| An example of an organism that have many, small, offspring and give them little to no parental care or protection include: a) birds of prey b) most insects c) saguaro cactus d) sharks | b)most insects |
| An example of a mutualistic relationship would be ____________? | clownfish and sea anemones |
| Hawks and owls living in the same area choose to hunt at different times of the day. This is an example of _______. | resource partitioning |
| Predators can capture their prey by _________? | chemical warfare |
| true/false Populations can continue to increase in size indefinitely | false |
| What are the benefits of predation? | controlling population growth of the prey, helping successful genetic traits to, killing the sick, weak, and least fit prey |
| true/false A parasite is much smaller than its host and usually kills its host | false |
| The growth rate of a population _____________ as its size nears the carrying capacity of its environment | decreases |
| An example of an organism that reproduce later in life and have a small number of offspring with fairly long life spans are ________. | elephants |
| To avoid predators preys have developed strategies that include ______? | camouflage, chemical warfare,warning coloration |
| A(n) _________ occurs as a result of a population exceeding its carrying capacity? | dieback |
| Species interact through _______? | interspecific competition, predation, and mutualism |
| If one species can take over the largest share of one or more key resources the other competing species must _________? | migrate to another area |
| What are the four variables governing population size? | immigration,births,deaths,and emigration |
| What is the difference between parasitism and mutualism? | parasitism benefits one organism and mutualism benefits both |
| _________ is an interaction that benefits both species by providing each with food, shelter, or some other resource. | mutualism |
| _________ occurs in areas where an ecosystem that has been disturbed, removed, or destroyed but some soil or bottom sediment remains. | secondary succession |
| Identify the five basic types of interacts between species. | interspecific competition, mutualism, predation, parasitism, and commensalism |
| Define interspecific competition | attempts by members of two or more species to use the same limited resources in an ecosystem |
| Define mutualism | types of species interaction in which both participating species generally benefit |
| Define predation | interaction in which an organism of one species (the predator) captures and feeds on some or all parts of an organism of another species (the prey) |
| Define parasitism | interaction between species in which one organism called the parasite, preys on another living organism, called the host, by living on or in the host. |
| Define Commensalism | an interaction between organisms of different species in which one type of organism benefits and the other type is neither helped nor harmed to any great degree |
| What four variables govern changes in population size? | births,deaths,emigration,and immigration |
| Name four limiting factors that keep population size from growing indefinitely | limited resources, exposure to predators, infectious diseases, and too many competition. |
| Draw and label the exponential growth curve | know how to |
| Draw and label the logistic growth curve | know how to |
| Population Growth Formula | P= initial population x (1 + growth rate)^(final year-initial year) |
| Who is the naturalist accredited with the theory of evolution? | Charles Darwin |
Created by:
mschultz12