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bio ch 21, 43, 44
bio exam ch 44,21,43
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Asexual reproduction can occur via _____ | fragmentation |
______ can be an artificial process (cuttings) or a natural process | fragmentation |
in fragmentation the parent plant sends out horizontal stems (_____) that can lead to completely new plants | runners |
_________ is natural cloning where all the offspring are genetically identical to the parent plant. | Asexual reproduction |
________ combine the genes from two parents and are genetically different from their parents | Sexual offspring |
What are the 2 distinct multicellular adult forms? | sporophyte & gametophyte |
_______- diploid plant which produces haploid spores | sporophyte |
______-haploid plant which produces gametes | gametophyte |
sporophyte-_____ plant which produces _____ spores | diploid; haploid |
gametophyte-______ plant which produces _____ | haploid; gametes |
In mosses and ferns the gametophyte is small and _________ | independent |
In mosses and ferns the gametophyte is small and independent; ______ is essential for sexual reproduction | water |
In seed plants, gymnosperms and angiosperms, the _______ is very small and relies on the ______ | gametophyte; sporophyte |
In seed plants, ______ is no longer needed for transporting the gametes | water |
The 2 types of spores seen in the flowering plants are megaspores & microspores. Making them _______ | heterosporous |
_____-gives rise to the female gametophyte | megaspores |
_____-gives rise to the male gametophyte | microspores |
Female gametophyte is an embryo sac containing an _______ | egg cell |
Male gametopyte is a _______ (sperm) | pollen grain |
Female gametophyte is an ______ containing an egg cell | embryo sac |
After fertilization the ____ develops into the seed (plant embryo), which will grow into a new sporophyte | zygote |
After fertilization the zygote develops into the ____ (plant embryo), which will grow into a new sporophyte | seed |
After fertilization the zygote develops into the seed (plant embryo), which will grow into a new _____ | sporophyte |
_______ were the earliest seed plants | gymnosperms |
The gymnosperms and some angiosperms rely on _____ pollination for fertilization | wind |
What is the advantage and disadvantage of wind pollination for fertilization? | advantage- don't need any biological help; disadvantage- it's an inefficient process |
Insects began carrying pollen grains from the male cone to the female cones about ____ million years ago | 150 |
______ is a protein-rich food source and the female cones produce ______ secretions | pollen; sugar-rich |
Why did insects begin carrying pollen grains from the male cone to the female cones about 150 million years ago? | The plants enticed the insects with food; Pollen is a protein-rich food source and the female cones produce sugar-rich secretions |
Angiosperms (flowering plants) developed about ____ million years ago. | 130 |
The flowers of the angiosperms attracted the _______ | pollinators |
The parts of the flower evolved from _____ | leaves |
What are the 4 main parts of Complete Flowers? | Sepals; Petals; Stamens; Carpel |
The _____ are the male reproductive part of the flower structure | Stamens |
What do the Stamens consist of? | Filament (or stalk) which hold the Anther |
The ____ contains the pollen grains (male gametophyte) | anther |
The ____ is the female reproductive part of the flower structure | Carpel |
What does the Carpel consist of? | Stigma; Style; Ovary |
The ____ is the top of the vase. It is a sticky structure designed to catch the pollen. | Stigma |
The ____ is the neck of the vase. The pollen must "grow" through this to reach the egg. | Style |
The ____ is the bottom of the vase. It contains the ovules, which become seeds. The outer layers of this become the fruit. | Ovary |
The ovary contains the ____, which become _____. | ovules; seeds |
The outer layers of the _____ become the fruit | ovary |
The outer layers of the ovary become the _____ | fruit |
______ lack one or more of the 4 floral parts | Incomplete flowers |
_________ are single sex and therefore are mission one set of sex parts (either stamens or carpel) | Imperfect flowers |
The ______ are haploid and develop within sporophyte flowers | gametophytes |
The gametophytes are ____ and develop within ______ flowers | haploid; sporophyte |
_______ are very small compared to the sporophyte and cannot live on their own | gametophytes |
____ develops within the pollen sacs of anthers | pollen |
Pollen develops within the _____ of ______ | pollen sacs of anthers |
________ (aka microsporocyte) develops inside the pollen sacs | Microspore mother cell |
Microspore mother cell is also known as _______ | microsporocyte |
____ microspore mother cells divide by meiosis to form 4 haploid microspores from each microspore mother cell. | diploid |
Diploid microspore mother cells divide by ______ to form 4 haploid microspores from each microspore mother cell | meiosis |
Diploid microspore mother cells divide by meiosis to form _________ from each microspore mother cell | 4 haploid microspores |
_____________ divide by meiosis to form 4 haploid microspores from each microspore mother cell | Diploid microspore mother cells |
Each microspore divides by ____ to make an immature pollen grain containing: a tube cell and a generative cell (inside the tube cell) | mitosis |
Each _____ divides by mitosis to make an immature pollen grain containing: a tube cell and a generative cell (inside the tube cell) | microspore |
Each microspore divides by mitosis to make an ____________ containing: a tube cell and a generative cell (inside the tube cell) | immature pollen grain |
Each microspore divides by mitosis to make an immature pollen grain containing: _________ | a tube cell and a generative cell (inside the tube cell) |
The ________ goes through mitosis to form two sperm cells. This is now the mature pollen grain | generative cell |
The generative cell goes through _______ to form two sperm cells. This is now the mature pollen grain | mitosis |
The generative cell goes through mitosis to form __________. This is now the mature pollen grain | 2 sperm cells |
The generative cell goes through mitosis to form two sperm cells. This is now the __________ | mature pollen grain |
The outer layer of the ovule is the ______ | integument |
The outer lay of the ____ is the integument | ovule |
The tissue of the ovule is _____ | diploid |
The _______ develops within the ovule that is within the ovary of the carpel | megaspore mother cell (aka megasporocyte) |
The megaspore mother cell is also known as ______ | megasprocyte |
The megaspore mother cell divides by ______ to form four haploid megaspores | meiosis |
The _________ divides by meiosis to form four haploid megaspores | megaspore mother cell |
The megaspore mother cell divides by meiosis to form ___________ | 4 haploid megaspores |
___________ megaspores degrade | three of the four |
The remaining one of the four megaspores goes through __________ BUT NOT CYTOKINESIS which results in 8 nuclei in one cell. | 3 rounds of mitosis |
The remaining one of the four megaspores goes through 3 rounds of mitosis BUT NOT ______ which results in 8 nuclei in one cell. | cytokinesis |
The remaining one of the four megaspores goes through 3 rounds of mitosis BUT NOT CYTOKINESIS which results in _________ | 8 nuclei in one cell |
The nuclei are distributed ____ on each end of the megaspore and ____ in the center; At this point cytokinesis occurs forming 7 (NOT 8) cells- 3 cells on each end of the embryo sac (one is the egg) and one larger central cell with 2 polar nuclei | 3; 2 |
The nuclei are distributed 3 on each end of the megaspore and 2 in the center; At this point ______ occurs forming 7 (NOT 8) cells- 3 cells on each end of the embryo sac (one is the egg) and one larger central cell with 2 polar nuclei | cytokinesis |
The nuclei are distributed 3 on each end of the megaspore and 2 in the center; At this point cytokinesis occurs forming ___ cells- 3 cells on each end of the embryo sac (one is the egg) and one larger central cell with 2 polar nuclei | 7 |
The nuclei are distributed 3 on each end of the megaspore and 2 in the center; At this point cytokinesis occurs forming 7 (NOT 8) cells- 3 cells on each end of the embryo sac (one is the ____) and one larger central cell with 2 polar nuclei | egg |
The nuclei are distributed 3 on each end of the megaspore and 2 in the center; At this point cytokinesis occurs forming 7 (NOT 8) cells- 3 cells on each end of the embryo sac (one is the egg) and one larger central cell with ________ | 2 polar nuclei |
The larger center cell becomes the ________ | primary endosperm cell |
_____ starts when pollen from an anther lands on a stigma | Pollination |
Pollination starts when ____ from an ____ lands on a ______ | pollen from an anther lands on a stigma |
In pollination & fertilization, the ______ grows a tube down through the style towards the ovary | pollen grain |
In pollination & fertilization, the _____ from the generative cell move down the tube to the ovary where a double fertilization occurs | 2 sperm cells |
In pollination & fertilization, the 2 sperms cells from the ___________ move down the tube to the ovary where a double fertilization occurs | generative cell |
In pollination & fertilization, the 2 sperm cells from the generative cell move down the tube to the ovary where a ________ occurs | double fertilization |
In _________, one sperm fuses with the egg cell to form the zygote and the other sperm fuses with the polar nuclei in the primary endosperm cell making this triploid (3 sets of chromosomes) tissue | Double Fertilization |
In double fertilization, one sperm fuses with the egg cell to form the ____ and the other sperm fuses with the polar nuclei in the primary endosperm cell making this triploid (3 sets of chromosomes) tissue | zygote |
In double fertilization, one sperm fuses with the egg cell to form the zygote and the other sperm fuses with the ______ in the primary endosperm cell making this triploid (3 sets of chromosomes) tissue | polar nuclei |
In double fertilization, one sperm fuses with the egg cell to form the zygote and the other sperm fuses with the polar nuclei in the _________ making this triploid (3 sets of chromosomes) tissue | primary endosperm cell |
In double fertilization, one sperm fuses with the egg cell to form the zygote and the other sperm fuses with the polar nuclei in the primary endosperm cell making this ________ | triploid endosperm (3 sets of chromosomes) tissue |
The ____ develops from the ovule | seed |
The seed develops from the ____ | ovule |
The integuments become the _____ | seed coat |
The ______ become the seed coat | integuments |
The zygote becomes the ____ | embryo |
The ____ becomes the embryo | zygote |
The ________ becomes the endosperm that acts as food for the new plant | primary endosperm |
The walls of the _____ turn into the flesh of the fruit | ovary |
The plant embryo contains the: _______ (seed leaves) | cotyledons |
In dicots there are ____ cotyledons in the embryo and monocots have ____ coyledon | 2; 1 |
In _____ there are 2 cotyledons in the embryo and _____ have only 1 cotyledon | dicots; monocots |
In the ______ the cotyledon is protected by a tough sheath called the coleoptile | monocots |
In the monocots the cotyledon is protected by a tough sheath called the ______ | coleoptile |
Animal pollinated flowers have several modifications in order to ________, ___________, &__________ | Attract animal pollinators; Frustrate undesirable visitors; Ensure cross-fertilization |
_____ pollinated flowers- brightly colored with ultraviolet patterns; These flowers are tubular and produce their nectar (the food enticement) at the bottom of a short tube | Bee |
____ pollinated flowers- Brightly colored that long tubular flowers | Butterfly |
_____ pollinated flowers- Light colored and sweet smelling so they're easier to find in the dark; Typically nigh flowering plants | Moth |
_____ pollinated flowers- Smell like rotting flesh or dung | Fly |
_____ pollinated flowers- Very deep tubular flowers of red or orange colors that produce large amount of nectar; These flowers usually lack fragrance and don't have a landing zone | Hummingbird |
Hummingbird pollinated flowers usually lack fragrance because birds are attracted to ___ not ____ | color not scent |
______ pollinated flowers- Sex is the enticement; Some orchids mimic female wasps in scent and shape, attracting males that attempt to copulate with the flower picking up pollen in the process. | Copulatory |
The main function of the fruit is to aid in ______ | seed dispersal |
List the different types of seed dispersal. | Wind dispersal; Mechanical dispersal; Water dispersal; Animal dispersal |
In the life cycle of a plant, spores are produced by the _____. | sporophyte (Specialized cells of the sporophyte plant undergo meiosis to produce plant spores.) |
The principal function of the petals of a flower is to _____. | attract pollinators |
The megaspore is contained within the _____, which is located inside the _____. | ovule; ovary |
The male gametes of flowering plants are contained within the _____. | pollen grain (The pollen grain contains the male gametophyte and the sperm.) |
Before it is carried to the flower of another plant, the pollen grain is created within the _____, which is part of the _____. | anther; stamen |
Many "vegetables," such as squash and tomatoes, are actually fruits because they _____. | develop from the ovary of the flower (Fruits typically derive from the ovary and contain the seeds to aid in seed dispersal.) |
The process by which the embryonic plant within the seed grows, breaks out of the seed, and forms a seedling is known as _____. | germination (Germination occurs when the embryonic plant grows, breaks out of the seed, and forms the new seedling.) |
The first leaflike structures to emerge from the seed are _____. | cotyledons (The cotyledons, or seed leaves, emerge early in seed development and resemble small leaves.) |
Flowers may attract pollinators by _____. | the production of nectar, odor, and pollen. |
Which type of plant will shoot sticky seeds more than 60 feet away from the parent plant? | dwarf mistletoe (The foxtail seeds are clingy and stick to animal fur.) |
______ (flowering plants) are the dominant plants on Earth. | Angiosperms |
Flowers, the reproductive structures of angiosperms, produce _____, which enclose the _____. | fruits; seeds |
All plantlife cycles consist of2uniquestages,1in which the chromosomal#of cells is haploid&the other in which the chromosomal number of all cells is diploid. What haploid plant cell undergoes repeated mitotic divisions to produce a haploid adult organism? | spore (A gametophyte is the haploid adult plant form that produces haploid cells, gametes. When gametes fuse, they form a diploid sporophyte.) |
In plants, the gametophyte produces eggs and sperm by _____. | mitosis (The gametophyte generation is haploid (having come from a haploid spore) and thus uses mitosis to create haploid gametes.) |
Which of the following is true of double fertilization? | One sperm fuses with the egg to form a zygote, and a second sperm fuses with the polar nucleus to form the endosperm. |
What type of cellular division is occurring within the pollen sac of the anther? | meiosis (Inside the anther, diploid microspore mother cells are dividing to create haploid spores, so meiosis is necessary.) |
A pollen grain produces three different nuclei. The tube cell nucleus is one. What is the function of the other two nuclei? | One nucleus will fertilize the egg, and the other will unite with the polar nuclei. |
Which of the following is/are the outermost structure(s) of the flower? | sepals (The sepals are the outermost structure that typically encloses and protects the unopened bud of a flower.) |
Which of the following is/are specialized to receive pollen? | stigma |
Which of the following is not part of the carpel? | anther (This is where pollen is created and is thus part of the male part of the flower.) |
Flowers are made of modified _____. | leaves |
What happens to the megaspore mother cell contained inside an ovary? | The megaspore cell divides meiotically to produce four haploid megaspores. (Three of the megaspores degenerate and the surviving one develops into a seven-celled organism that contains the egg cell.) |
The integuments mature to become the _____. | seed coat (The ovule becomes the seed, and the integuments become the seed coat.) |
A seed has each of the following except a(n) _____. | stoma (Stomata are the pores, found in leaves, that allow for gas exchange.) |
Fruit flesh is derived from the _____ and functions to _____. | ovary; aid in seed dispersal (The fruit flesh supplies nutrients to animals, which can disperse the seeds.) |
The three most common requirements to break dormancy include _____. | drying, exposure to cold, and disruption of the seed coat. |
What are some of the mechanisms that plants have developed to protect growth of structures during germination? | both covering the delicate tips of structures growing through the soil with protective caps and bending the growing shoot so that the apical meristem is not used to push through the dirt. (Embryonic apical meristems must be protected.) |
Which of the following structures is/are the first to emerge from the seed? | root (The root is first out so that it can absorb the water and minerals from the soil that are needed for cell growth.) |
The endosperm of the seed functions to _____. | provide nutrients to the growing embryo (Like the yolk sac, the endosperm provides nutrients for the growing/germinating embryonic plant.) |
The function of the cotyledons while inside the dicot seed is to _____. | store food for the embryo and growing seedling (In most plants, the primary function of the cotyledon is to absorb nutrients from the endosperm and store them for the developing embryo.) |
When a bee gets nectar from a flower, the bee picks up pollen from the _____ and carries it to another flower. | anther |
Which of the following is a way that milkweed plants disperse their seeds? | They have lightweight structures that are carried by wind. |
List the main distinguishing characteristics of the Kingdom Plantae (6) | Eukaryotic; Multicellular; Photosynthetic autotrophs; Varied and complex life cycles; Cell walls made of cellulose; Food reserve stored as starch or oils |
In_______:the diploid phase produces a sporophyte that produces haploid spores by meiosis. The spores grow into the gametophyte that produces gametes. These gametes fuse during fertilization to form a diploid zygote that then grows into another sporophyte | alternation of generations |
In the alternation of generations, the diploid phase produces a _______ that produces haploid spores by meiosis. | sporophyte |
The spores grow into the ______ that produces gametes. | gametophyte |
Gametes fuse during fertilization to form a diploid ______ that then grows into another sporophyte | zygote |
Since plants (like other organisms) originated in the water, the most primitive plant types are the ______ | algae |
Algae traits- Most or all of life cycle in ______ (Tidal forms) | water |
Algae traits- No _______ tissue | vascular |
Algae traits- No _____, _____, or ______ | leaves, stomata, or cuticle |
Algae traits- Variation in dominant form of the life cycle (In some _____ is dominant; In some _____ is dominant) | sporophyte; gametophyte |
Algae traits- Sporophyte and gametophyte can be ______ or _______ | Heteromorphic or Isomorphic |
_______ means the sporophyte and the gametophyte have a different overall appearance | Heteromorphic |
_____ means the sporophyte and the gametophyte have a similar overall appearance | Isomorphic |
List the new traits that appeared as plants made the transition from their origins in water onto the land: Anchoring mechanism? Conducting vessels? Increased support mechanism? External protection? Mechanism for gas exchange? | Anchoring mechanism-Roots; Conducting vessels-Xylem and Phloem; Increased support mechanism-Lignin; External protection-Cuticle; Mechanism for gas exchange-Stomata |
____ and ____ are parts of the plants vascular tissue system. They are vessels that transport water, minerals, nutrients (especially sugars) and hormones throughout the plants. Plants with this trait are vascular plants | Xylem and Phloem |
Xylem and Phloem are parts of the plants _______ system. They are vessels that transport water, minerals, nutrients (especially sugars) and hormones throughout the plants. Plants with this trait are vascular plants | vascular tissue system |
_____ is a material that is added to the cell walls of "woody" plants. It increases the stiffness of the cells and allows better support for the leaves. | Lignin |
______ is a layer of waxy material on the epidermal layer of plants that helps prevent water loss or desiccation | Cuticle |
Cuticle is a layer of waxy material on the epidermal layer of plants that helps prevent water loss or ______ | desiccation |
_____ are openings in the surface (usually underside) of a leaf, which allow gas exchange but limit water loss. | Stomata (stoma singular) |
When plants transitioned to land they also had to develop different methods for reproduction for the movement of gametes (______) and for the dispersal of spores and seeds (____) | zoospores; zygotes |
As plants moved to land two main categories of land plants arose: _______ and _______ | Nonvascular- Bryophytes and Vascular- Tracheophytes |
The ______ plants did not develop all of the characteristics required for a complete terrestrial existence and therefore remain closely linked to water | nonvascular |
Since nonvascular plants lack vascular tissue they rely on ______ to move water, nutrients, etc. This limits their size and where they can grow | diffusion |
List the three divisions of nonvascular plants | Liverworts; Hornworts; Mosses |
In nonvascular plants, during the haploid phase of the life cycle the gametophytes produce ______ and _______ | archegonia (singular archegonium) and antheridia (singular antheridium) |
in nonvascular plants, the ______ & ______ produce and protect the gametes until mating. | archegonia and antheridia |
in nonvascular plants, during mating the sperm swim (or are splashed) from the ______ to the ______ | antheridia to the archegonia |
Nonvascular plants characteristics: -No ______ tissue | vascular |
Nonvascular plants characteristics: -No true root but they have ______ | rhiziods |
Nonvascular plants characteristics: -No true ____ or true _____ | stems; leaves |
Nonvascular plants characteristics: -Semi-aquatic (freshwater); Require _____ for sexual reproduction | water |
Nonvascular plants characteristics: -_____ and _____ in some moss species | cuticle and stomata |
Nonvascular plants characteristics: -Cuticle and Stomata in some ___ species | moss |
Nonvascular plants characteristics: -Protective structure for gametes; _____ and ______ | archegonium and antheridium |
The remaining main category of land plants, the vascular plants, shows additional characteristics. What are they? | -Roots; -Vascular tissue (Xylem and Phloem); -Lignin |
The first vascular plants to evolve were the _______ vascular plants | seedless |
The first vascular plants to evolve were the seedless vascular plants. This group includes: | Club Moss; Horsetails; Ferns |
In seedless vascular plants characteristics: -Produce _____ (not seeds). This isn't anything new! | spores |
In seedless vascular plants characteristics: -________ is the dominant form in the life cycle | sporophyte |
In seedless vascular plants characteristics: -Still require ______ for reproduction | water |
Of the three divisions of seedless vascular plants only the ____ have well developed leaves | ferns |
Of the three divisions of seed less vascular plants only the ferns have well developed _____ | leaves |
Seed plant characteristics: -No longer require ____ for reproduction | water |
Seed plant characteristics: -_____ greatly reduced | gametophyte |
Seed plant characteristics: -Gametophyte greatly reduced; Male gametophyte becomes ______ | pollen |
Seed plant characteristics: -_____ replace spores | seeds |
Seed plant characteristics: -Seeds replace _____ | spores |
Seed plant characteristics: -________ (two types of spores: Male and Female) | Heterosporous |
The ability of pollen to be dispersed by ___ or _____ allows the seeded vascular plants to break their ties to water. | wind or animals |
The seeded vascular plants can be divided into two major groups. What are they? | Nonflowering Plants- Gymnosperms & Flowering Plants- Angiosperms |
In addition to the difference of flower production, gymnosperms & angiosperms show differences in production of _____ | seeds |
The overall seed structure is similar for both gymnosperms and angiosperms with: ______,______, and ______ | Embryo; Stored food; Seed coat |
The seeds of the _______ have an additional covering compared to the _______ | Angiosperms; Gymnosperms |
The category of Gymnosperms includes? | Conifers (Evergreens including Pine, Fir, Spruce, Cypress, Redwood and Cedar); Cycads; Ginkgo; Gnetophytes |
Of the four divisions of Gymnosperms, the ____ are currently the most successful because of their ability to live under a wide variety of conditions (including very harsh). | Conifers |
The life cycle of the Conifers show two of the key characteristics of seed plants. ________ & _______ | Pollen & Dominant Sporophyte |
List the main characteristics of Angiosperms. | -Flowers; -Seeds enclosed in a fruit; -Broad leaves; -Advanced vascular tissue |
The Angiosperms are divided into two classes: ______ & ______ | Monocots (Grasses, Grains, Lilies, and Palms) & Dicots |
Sporophytes produce haploid spores via _____. | meiosis |
The presence or production of __________ distinguishes plants from their nearest relatives, the green algae. | multicellular, dependent embryos (There are no protists, even those that use sexual reproduction, that form multicellular, dependent embryos as plants and animals do.) |
Which of the following statements would support early plant evolution most likely occurring in freshwater habitats? | Most green algae are freshwater organisms. (Most green algae live in fresh water, and most are similar to ancestral plants.) |
Photosynthesis stops during very hot and dry weather because __________. | the stomata close, which cuts off the plant's supply of carbon dioxide needed to perform photosynthesis (The stomata close to prevent water loss, which cuts off the carbon dioxide supply.) |
Which of the following is not an example of the sporophyte stage of the alternation of generations? | leafy moss (The dominant stage of the alternation of generations in angiosperms is the sporophyte.) |
What is the reproductive structure of bryophytes and of seedless vascular plants that encloses eggs and protects them from drying out? | archegonium ( The egg is protected within the archegonium; the sperm swims through a water layer to get to it.) |
The relatively small size of the bryophytes is probably due to __________. | the absence of vascular tissue |
Even though they are vascular plants, and thus moderately advanced terrestrially, the ferns have not solved all of the problems of terrestrial life. How is this so? | Their zygotes remain unprotected from starvation and drying out. (Seeds provide food and protection from drying to developing embryos.) |
In monocots the flower structure is arranged in group of ____ & in dicots they're arranged in groups of _____ | 3; 4 or 5 |
In monocots the leaves are _______ & in dicots they're _________ | narrow with parallel veins; wider with branching netlike veins |
In monocots the vascular tissue is ________ & in dicots it is _______ | scattered vascular bundles; ring of vascular bundles |
In monocots the roots are _______ & in dicots they're _______ | many smaller roots; one main taproot |
In monocots the seed is _______ & in dicots they're _______ | one cotyledon; two cotyledons |
_______ are undifferentiated (totipotent) embryonic cells. This means the cells have not become specialized (like radial/indeterminate cleavage in animals) | Meristem cells |
Plants grow only in special regions. The cells in these regions are _____ cells | meristem |
Once plant cells mature they become _____ cells and usually don't divide again. | differentiated |
Meristem cells are found at both ends of the plant. These cells at the root and shoot tips are the _________ | apical meristems |
The growth that occurs at the apical meristem is called _________ | primary growth |
________ continues throughout the life of a plant and is responsible for the increase in height of a plant. | primary growth |
The ______ is found in a ring like structure called the vascular cambium in dicots and conifers. | lateral meristem |
The lateral meristem is found in a ring like structure called the ________ in dicots and conifers | vascular cambium |
The vascular cambium separates the ____ and _____ and is responsible for secondary growth | xylem and phloem |
The vascular cambium is responsible for ________ | secondary growth |
_______ occurs later in the life of a plant and is responsible for the thickening of branches and trunks. | Secondary growth |
Plants have 3 main tissue systems. What are they? | Dermal tissue system; Ground tissue system; Vascular tissue system |
What are the two tissue types that make up the dermal tissue system? | Epidermal tissue & Periderm |
The epidermal tissue forms the ______ that covers the outside of the plant. | epidermis (skin) |
The epidermis is made up of thin-walled cell with a waxy _____ | cuticle |
Some epidermal cells produce fine hair-like structures called ______ | root hairs |
The ________ can replace the epidermis in older woody stems, branches and trunks. | periderm tissue |
The periderm tissue is made up of thick-walled ________ | cork cells |
_____ are waterproof and form the bark | cork cells |
What 3 tissue types is the Ground Tissue System made up of? | Parenchyma tissue; Collenchyma tissue; Sclerenchyma tissue |
________ tissue has thin-walled living cells. In the shoots and leaves these are the main photosynthesizers. In roots they are the main storage tissue for the plant. | Parenchyma |
_____ tissue has elongated living cells with irregular thick walls. These cells provide support and are tough but flexible. (e.g. celery stalk) | Collenchyma |
_______ tissue is made up of DEAD cells with very thick walls that have added lignin. These cells provide strength and support and are very hard (e.g. pits, nut shells, etc.) | Sclerenchyma |
What are the 2 complex tissue types that make up the Vascular tissue system? | Xylem & Phloem |
The ____ conducts water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. | xylem |
What are the 2 cells types that are found in the Xylem? | Tracheids & Vessel elements |
Both of the cell types in the Xylem (______ & _____) are DEAD cells | tracheids & vessel elements |
_______ are small diameter pipes with overlapping slanted ends. The ends of these cells have PITS that allow water to pass from cell-to-cell. | Tracheids |
The _______ are large diameter pipes. Their cells meet end-to-end and the wall where the ends meet is either perforated or missing entirely. | Vessel Elements |
The ______ conducts water, sugar, amino acids and hormones from some source to rest of the plant or to a "sink" | Phloem |
What are the 2 cell types that are found in the Phloem? | Sieve Tube Elements & Companion Cells |
Both of the cell types in the Phloem (_____&______) contain cells that are LIVING | Sieve tube elements & companion cells |
The ________ are arranged similar to the xylem. The cells are end-to-end. The cell wall where two cells meet has holes in it and forms a structure called a sieve plate. | Sieve tube elements |
The sieve tube elements' cells are end-to-end. The cell wall where two cells meet has holes in it and forms a structure called a ______ | sieve plate |
In the sieve tube elements, the plasma membrane of each adjacent cell is fused to the openings of the ______. So this pipe is lined with living tissue (making it leak proof) | sieve plate |
The cells of the sieve tube while they are _____ have lost many of their cellular components (no nucleus, very few ribosomes, and very little endoplasmic reticulum). | alive |
Because the cells of the sieve tube have lost so many of their important components they are maintained and controlled by ________ | companion cells |
As the shoot of a plant grows at the apical meristem it gives rise to different specialized tissues. What are they? | Stems; Buds; Leaves; Flowers |
Leaves of a plant have 2 main parts, the ____ and the ______ | Blade & Petiole (the leaf stem) |
The 2 outer layers of a leaf (top and bottom) are epidermis and in the epidermal layer on the underside of the leaf there is an opening called _____ | stomata |
Between the epidermal layers of the leaf is the ______ | mesophyll (middle) |
The cells of the Mesophyll are parenchyma cells and they are arranged in a row of column shaped ____ cells toward the topside of the leaf. The bottom side of the mesophyll is ____ cells with many air spaces. | Palisade; Spongy |
All of shoot structures come from small groups of cells which are left behind by the apical meristem. These groups of cells form _________ (leaf producing group) and ________ (branch producing group) | Leaf primordia; Lateral buds |
The cell groups of cells left behind by the apical meristem are clustered at sites called _____ and are usually distributed at regular intervals along the stem. These intervals are known as ______ (the space between two nodes on the same side of the stem) | Nodes; Internodes |
The formation of branches from lateral buds is triggered by ______ | hormones (or the lack of certain hormones) |
Inside of a dicot stem, the ground tissue that is inside of the ring of vascular tissue is known as _____ whereas the ground tissue outside the ring is the ______ | Pith; Cortex |
The xylem and phloem in the ring of vascular bundles is divided so the ____ is toward the inside of the stem and the ____ is toward the outside of the stem. | Xylem; Ploem |
Between the xylem and phloem is the ________ (this is where the lateral meristem is located) | Vascular Cambium |
During ______ the cells of the vascular cambium divide and add to both the xylem and the phloem | Secondary growth |
The amount of secondary growth varies during the yearly cycle, with growth occurring faster in the spring and early summer then slowing in late summer and fall. This variation in growth rate leads to the production of ________ | Annual rings |
As a seed begins to grow the first root to emerge is the ________ | primary root |
In MONOCOTS the primary root is replaced by a _______ composed of many roots of about equal size. | fibrous root system |
In DICOTS the primary roots turn into _________, which has one main root that all the other roots branch off. | Taproot system |
Roots grow by primary growth and the apical meristem cells are located underneath a layer of cells called the _____ | Root cap |
The ____ acts like a lubricating layer as the root pushes its way down through the soil. The cells of this secrete a slippery slime layer and regularly slough off to make penetration easier. | Root cap |
The epidermis of the root is very thin and has no waxy cuticle. In addition, the epidermis forms ______ to increase the surface area. These characteristics make the root very permeable to water. | Root hairs |
The ground tissue system in the root forms two structures. What are they? | Cortex & Endodermis |
The ____ is mainly parenchyma cells that are designed for food storage (primarily as starch, like potatoes) | Cortex |
The _______ forms a close fitting layer of cells around the vascular tissue. | Endodermis |
Endodermis cell layer is coated w/ a waxy coating called the ____.This waxy coating seal the spaces between endodermal cells so that any material that moves between the vascular tissue&the cortex must pass through (instead of between)the endodermal cells | Casparian strip |
Inside the endodermis is the _______ where the xylem and phloem are located | Vascular Cylinder (or stele) |
The layer of cells at the outer edge of the vascular cylinder is the _____. This layer is just inside the endodermis. The cells of the pericycle retain their ability to divide (like the lateral meristem) | Pericycle |
When hormones stimulate the cells of pericycle they can divide to form a ______ off of the main taproot | Branch root |
Some of the nutrients are needed in large quantities (<1% of the plant's dry weight), these are the _______ | macronutrients |
The group of nutrients that is only needed in small amounts (<1% of the plant's dry weight) are the ______ | micronutirients |
What are the 4 steps in the process of mineral absorption by roots? | 1)ACTIVE TRANSPORT into root hairs 2)DIFFUSION through root hair cytoplasm to pericycle cells via pores called PLASMODESMATA 3)ACTIVE TRANSPORT from pericycle cytoplasm into the extracellular space of the vascular cylinder 4)DIFFUSION into the xylem |
The ______ "leakproofs" the vascular cylinder, retaining the concentrated mineral solution within the extracellular space of the vascular cylinder. | Casparian strip |
_______-The fungus converts insoluble soil nutrients into simpler water-soluble compounds that root hairs can absorb and transport. The fungus obtains sugars and amino acids from the plant. | Mycorrhizae |
________-live in root NODULES of LEGUMES (peas, alfalfa, soybeans). The plant supplies the bacteria with sugar for energy. The bacteria produce excess NH4 or NO3 for the plant. | Nitrogen-fixing bacteria |
Water moves straight in from outside of root hairs into xylem by ______ | osmosis |
_____-difusion of water across along a concentration gradient of free water molecules; water moves from solution with igher free water concentration (lower dissolved materials) into lower free water concentration (higher dissolved materials) | Osmosis |