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ethics final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| describe what is important, what has worth, what is desirable | values |
| describe right adn wrong behavior, good and bad character | morals |
| rules believes or attitudes that govern behavior | principles |
| goal was the greatest happiness to the greatest number, higher and lower orders of happiness, | john stuart mills |
| there ar euniveral moral principles but there are also cases where such principle should be suspended -- pits individual and society as somtimes at odds | sorek kierkegaard |
| Deals with how individuals can figure out the correct moral action Deals with how individuals can figure out the correct moral action that they should take. that they should take. | normative ethics |
| Seeks to understand the nature of ethical properties and judgments such as if truth values can be found and the theory behind moral principals. | meta ethics |
| Study of applying theories from philosophers regarding ethics in everyday life. | applied ethics |
| This branch questions how individuals develop their morality, why certain aspects of morality differ between cultures and why certain aspects of morality are generally universal. | moral ethics |
| Focuses on how human beings actually operate in the real world, rather than attempt to theorize about how they should operate | descriptive ethics |
| Idea: when in Rome, do as the romans do. argues that right and wrong are not fixed but are determined by the place and time which they exist | cultural relativism |
| idea: look out for number one. eveyone should do what is best for him or herself. ayn rand called it anti-altruism | ethical egoism |
| idea: i couldnt help myself. all actions are result of uncontrollable forces. free will is overstated | behaviorism |
| idea: the greatest good for the greatest number. truth is not told to us, it comes through our senses | utilitarianism |
| the right of an action is judged by its outcome | consequentialism (utilitarianism) |
| idea: If I do only what I would want to become a universalized action, im following which principles it's your duty. focus on rules and motives, not results. who makes the rules? our own reason. also called the | kantian ethics |
| kantian ethics is also called the ______ ___________ | categorical imperative |
| idea: be good. develop a good character and good actions will follow. intentions and motivates are more important than the act | virtue ethics |
| idea: our ideas of right and wrong and the decisions we make, depend upon the narratives we tell ourselves. the right decision is in the context of life events, psychological states, social situations. | narrative ethics |
| idea: love is the answer. only one thing that is intrinsically good, the ultimate norm of decisions. only the end justifies the means -- decision made situationally not prescriptively | situation ethics |
| idea: humans have a natural sense of whats right and wrong, based on how they feel when they are recipients of these actions | natural law ethics |
| we are creatures of a more powerful and knowledgable being. we should do as the creator tells us because we cannot comprehend right or wrong without hte creators instruction | divine command theory |
| four ethical dilemmas: | truth vs loyalty | individaul vs community | short term vs long term | justice vs mercy |
| three principles of decision making: | ends based | rules based | care based |
| do what's best for the greatest number of people | utilitarianism, consequentialism, teleological | how many may be harmed? benefits? how great the harm? the benefit? | ends-based thinking |
| follow your highest sense of principles | kants categorical imperative, deontological | universal principles apply to this actio? duty am I obliged to perform? treating all people as ends rather than means to end? | Rule-based thinking |
| do what you want others to do to you | the golden rule, reversibility | would i want to be the recipent? | care-based thinking |
| has intrinsic worth | moral value |
| has worth because it leads to something to value | instrumental value |
| kidders view focuses heavily on | universal values |
| kidder: without some -------- ----------- we are left with no way to condemn the bad things (physical torture, cannibalism, wife-beating, child abuse) | universal standards |
| Moultons 3 great domains | legal matters, personal matters, the unenforceable |
| in order for people to live in socities, individual freedom must be ______ | limited |
| moulton said that self regulation and legal regulation are _____ correlated. you can act in perfect legality and be _____, or act illegally and be ethically sound | negatively, unethical |
| • What term does kidder use to describe the preparation needed to make tough ethical decisions | ethical fitness |
| moulton: your decisions affect both yourself and others and there are laws in place to regulate your behavior | legal |
| moulton: your decisions affect both yourself and others, but here are no laws in place to regulate your behavior. there may be customs and other social expectations | ethical unenforceable |
| moulton: your decisions affect only yourself | personal |
| who: A person can only live truly ethically in private life | socrates |
| who: Involvement with public life erodes the moral sense | henry david thoreau |
| who:Those in public positions must not allow private morals to influence their decisions. A public position requires that the person concede to public morality. | thomas hobbes |
| When public morality and private morality are identical | moral consistency |
| • Full name of reporter who quit on live tv in support of marijuana | charlo greene |
| Before making a decision, consider the possibility of a third option. | trilemmas |
| Is there a compromise that can be made between the two other options? | middle road option |
| In the course of deciding, another unforeseen option may appear | creative alternative |
| kidders 9 checkpoints: recognize there is a ___ ___, determine the _____, gather the relevant ____, test for right versus ___ issues, test for right versus ____ paradigms, apply the _____ principles, investigate ____ options, make the ____, revisit & ___ | moral issue | actor | facts |wrong | right | resolution principles | trilemma options | decision | revisit and reflect |
| 3 test for right versus wrong issues: | stench test (intuitive determination about wrongness) , mom test, front page test |
| include more detail but make the issues unclear | narratives |
| make things clear but can oversimplify | definitions |
| • In class we described and editor had to decide whether to implicate a man in a crime based on information from a confidential source | arson, anchorage alaska, anchorage daily news |
| who: open marketplace of ideas and self righting process. | john milton |
| 1)philosophy of _______: humans are rational beings | Humans, in aggregate, tend to make individual decisions that will advance the cause of civilization | individuals are the end, not society | happiness and well-being of individual is goal of society | liberalism theory |
| ______ influence: god given abilities -- to ___ and discern ___ and ____ | christianity's influence: reason, good and evil |
| liberalism and ________ | enlightenment ideas: there is a discoverable truth to explain any phenomenon. truth is discovered through reason and observation. truth is not immediately discoverable, but often arises after argument | knowledge |
| J. Stuart Mill's 4 propositions on freedom of expression (first 2) : if we silence an opinion, for all we know we are silencing the _____ || a wrong opinin may contain a grain of truth necessary for finding the ___ truth || | 1) truth 2) whole |
| J. Stuart Mill's 4 propositions on freedom of expression (last 2) :even if the commonly held opinion is full truth, its held only as prejudice unless people are forced to _______ it || unless a commonly held opinion is ____ it loses vitality | 3) defend 4) contested |
| who: the function of the press is to educate the individual and guard against deviations by government from its original purposes | thomas jefferson |
| liberalism and ____: People desire to know truth and will choose to be guided by it. The best way to find truth is through the competition of opinion in the open market. People differ in opinion, should be allowed to propagate that opinion freely | press |
| liberalism and press: in purest form it supports an _____ press because (1) the press provides a number of sources of information through which people may sift to find the truth (2) The press operates as a check on the power of the government | uninhibited |
| three theories of the press | social responsibility, liberalism(libertarianism), authoritarianism |
| 2) philosophy of ___ _____: Social science cast doubts on the rationality of humans | Denies that humans will certainly search for truth and accept it as a guide | More interested in satisfying immediate needs and desires than in seeking for truth | social responsibility |
| social responsibility caveats: press should service the ____ ___ and protect ____ rights || press should service the ___ _____ but should come second to serving democracy || press should be __ ____ but some media should be exempt from survival struggle| | politcal system, individual rights || economic system || self- supporting |
| social responsibility tenets: focused on rights but not _______ of press | press is obligated to carry out certain functions for _____ | responsibilities | society |
| s. theroy press functions: providing _____, discussion and debate | enlightening public to make it capable of __ _____ | safeguarding individual rights as ____ | bringing together ---/--- | providing ---- | free from special --- | information | self-government | watchdog | buyers/sellers |entertainment | interests |
| early ethical codes: Responsibility to the general welfare, sincerity, truthfulness, impartiality, fair play, decency, respect for individual privacy | canons of journalism (1923) by american society of newspaper editors |
| • Name of project in 1940s US whos goal It was to find proper role of media in the democracy – social responsibility | the hutchins commission |
| : pertains to the domain of activity of a professional practice | journalism ethics as applied ethics |
| two elements of journalism ethics: _____ and ___ problems. ____: what indiviual journalists do in specific situations. _____: what news media as a whole should do to fulfill its role in society | micro/ macro | micro/ macro |
| 3) philosophy of _____: person can achieve highest potential only as member of society. group is more important than individual because only through group can individual accomplish purposes. Advanced civilization is achieved only through the state | authoritarianism |
| who: supporters of authoritarianism: the state is safe only in the hands of wise men who use authority to keep the baser elements of society in line | plato |
| who: supporters of authoritarianism:a political system must check the individual in the interest of all; the power to maintain order and peace is sovereign | thomas hobbes |
| christianity in authoritarianism: authority is appointed by ___ | ___ is given from god through authorities | central organizations in Europe provided by ___ ___ | god | knowledge | catholic church |
| authoritarianism and ---- -------: The role of media is determined by the state | Media must not interfere with the state’s ability to achieve its ultimate ends | Media may be used to further the goals of the state | mass media |
| Kovach and Rosenstiel's finding on purpose of journalism: " is to provide ___ with the information they need to be free and __ ____" | citizens/ self governing |
| Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.” established in 1993 -- | world press freedom day |
| lazarsfeld and merton (1948): 3 social functions of mass media | 1) _____ conferral function 2) enforcement of social __ 3) narcotizing _______ | status, norms, dysfunction |
| Media concentration on a few issues and subjects leads the public to perceive those issues as more important than other issues | issue salience |
| The press and the media do not reflect reality; they filter and shape it | attribute salience |
| News audiences are dividing into likeminded groups as the number of outlets for information-seeking increases | audience fragmentation |
| results of audience fragmentation: people are in control of the ____ they receive, they will receive only news that agrees with previous _____, they will have little interaction with other ____ | new, knowledge, ideas |
| 3 types of publics: ___, _____ and _______ | involved, interested, uninterested |
| doesn’t care about the issue, doesn’t get involved | uninterested public |
| not directly involved but might be affected and thus may want to respond | interested public |
| has a personal stake in the issue and a strong understanding of the subject | involved public |
| • The theory that calls for news media that appeals to as many types of people as possible | theory of the interlocking public |
| kovach and rosenstiel: “The news media help us define our ______, and help us create a common language and common knowledge rooted in _____” | communities, reality |
| is complex, requires a series of facts to be established, is interpretable, is not easily defined, and is meaningful | truth |
| is easily defined, once established it is rarely contestable, on its own contains no deeper meaning | fact |
| : is a sorting out process that develops between the initial story and the interaction among the public, newsmakers, and journalists over time. | journalistic truth |
| Goes story by story, moving into more nuanced layers of truth over time _____ _______ . acts like a ________ | journalistic truth, stalagmite |
| conversation of truth-seeking: collect _____, strip away ______, let the community _______. hold off interpretation until after ____, _______ | information, misinformation, react, synthesis, verification |
| can be misleading, because it favors dichotomous interpretations of events. It also may equal weight to items of different verity. | balance |
| , not necessarily fairness to the subjects: too subjective, not very helpful | fairness to the facts |
| is a process and a method, not the state of an individual reporter. Based on the scientific method. | objectivity |
| verification in journo: never ____ anything that wasnt there | never ___ audience | transparent as possible about _____ and motives | rely on your ___ reporting | exercise ______ | add, deceive, methods, original, humility |
| going line-by-line and assessing each statement for its sources, presence of assumptions or assertions | skeptical editing |
| put a checkmark by every piece of information in the story to make sure everything has been double-checked. | tom french's colored pencil editing |
| nature of the wall: purpose: protecting the integrity of journalistic content/advertising content. Maximize ____ so paper can run, provide ___ thats not biased by papers sponsors | profits, news |
| case study: The agreement made the paper a “founding partner”—the paper would pay $2.5 mil. annually for advertising rights around the arena and paper sales within the arena. paper to work with the arena on “joint opportunities for additional revenue” | Kathryn Downing, La. Times and Staples Center |
| Case Study: ‘90s Many newspapers had both a news section and an advertising section devoted to cars. who ran an article informing readers how to read a car’s factory invoice in order to better bargain. dealers boycotted & refused to advertise, causing ad | 1994: San Jose Mercury news |
| Case Study: Auto industry: had a popular auto writer in the newsroom known for provocative reviews, decided to transfer him from the news side to the advertising side. continued style without anyone editing his copy then had to run copy by editors | Dan niel, 1991, The News and Observer in Raleigh North Carolina |
| Not allowing allegiance to any group to influence your work | independence |
| newsroom diversity: Kovach & Rosenstiel argue against ___ _____but believe that a mixture of different backgrounds help create “an ______ mixed environment where everyone holds firm to the idea of journalistic independence | numerical diversity | intellectually |
| Being clear about your affiliations | transparency |
| kovach and rosentiel: becomes impossible if every issue is raised to the level of moral imperative” | compromise |
| kovach and rosentiel: compromise should be more ____, focused on ___ and drive at a _____. | thoughtful, discussion, resolution |
| kovach and rosentiel: newspaper that fails to reflect its community deeply won't ___. But a newspaper that does not challenge its community’s values will lose --- for failing to provide that honesty and leadership that newspapers are --- to offer | succeed. respect. expected. |
| When a person’s exercise of his or her natural rights is threatened by some negative consequence of doing so | chilling effect |
| Case Study: was writing a book on Mohammed, but could not find an illustrator. Editor Flemming Rose sent out for muslim cartoons. Danish Muslim groups filed a judicial complaint against the newspaper. protests and still an issue | Jyllands- Posten. Author: Kare Blutigen book on Muhammed. still an issue today. printed in posten on sept 30,2005 -- nyt, boston pheonix didnt publish. european papers did |
| People tend to remain silent when they feel their views are in the minority | The greater the perceived distance between a personal opinion and public opinion grows, the less likely they will express their opinion.| fear of isolation and expressing minori | spiral of silence |
| Case Study: popular columnist, had fabricated several characters in her columns and was asked to resign, editor assigned to cover the incident. Makes the incident sound like a one-off. | 1998: Boston Globe. Patricia Smith Columnist, Mark Jurkowitz editor |
| Case Study: Murmurs in the newsroom about previous fabrications by reporter (false accounts/stealing jokes) | Boston Globe, Mike Barnicle (still works there) |
| ethical decisions | impulse, gut reaction: ____. | reliance on stated principles or rules: ____. | thoughftul and reflective: ____ (collaboration is essential) | lowest level, intermediate level, highest level |
| Should not be the goal, but is one way of achieving it The goal is a more accurate news organization. | diversity |
| In a newsroom, the most important type of diversity is | intellectual |
| Case Study: Iraq War, an April 1, 2003 story of the rescue of Pfc. Jessica Lynch from an Iraqi hospital became a media firestorm. fought fiercly. The story was based on unnamed US government sources.false account was picked up. | Washington Post. On April 15, the Washington Post questioned its earlier account. April 20, a Washington Post columnist Michael Getler outlines the confusion surrounding the story. June 17, the Post ran a story refuting much of the April 3 account. |
| founded in 1997. tom rosenstiel and bill kovach. 21 public forums, 3000 attendees and 300 jouralists, 10 3.5hour nterviews | committee of concernced journalists |
| k and r: 1-5. 1) journalisms first obligation is to the _____. 2) its first loyalty is to ___. 3) Its essence is a discpline of ____. 4) its practicioners must maintain ____ from who they cover. 5) must serve as ___ monitor of power. | truth, citizens, verification, independence, independent |
| k and r 6-9: 6) it must provide a forum for ____ criticism and compromise. 7) must strive to make the _____ interesting and relevant. 8) must keep news ____ and proportional. 9) practioners must be allowed to exercise their personal ___ | criticism, significant, comprehensive, conscience |
| Solomon Asch’s conformity experiments suggest: people have a desire to ___ to popular views. may deny their better ____ in order to do so. going against majority is harder when doing so _____. | conform, reasoning, alone | 3 line experiemnt |
| People naturally create mental categories of people to make it easier to understand the social world and their place in it.They have a sense of “groups” that exist and whether they are members. | social categorization theory |
| Leon Festinger’s experiment suggests: people need to feel ___ about themselves. tell themselves ___ to feel good about themselves. ___-___ is more likely to occur hwne one is faced with negative truth about oneself | positively, lies, self-lying | 12 spools into a tray |
| Stanley Milgram’s experiment suggests: people often go against a social value system when iven the ____ and sanction by authority. they may even be willing to __ others in fulfilment of duty. consisttent across time and place | opportunity, harm | shocking experiemnt |
| It is a journalist’s duty to not only tell people information, but to tell it in a way that makes people want to q | listen |
| storytelling techniques: Puts you in the audience’s shoes Simple, easy to scan format | q and a |
| storytelling techniques: Give the audience something to visualize “There is nothing more scary than to say to someone, ‘There is a snake behind you.’ That is so much more powerful than to show them the snake.” | pictures of the mind |
| storytelling techniques: Although the story should be connected to deeper themes, don’t state them outright. Allow the audience to draw their own conclusions | make it deep |
| Kovach and Rosenstiel argue that news should maintain | comprehensiveness and proportionality |
| map metaphor: a good map should help a person know the most important features of the world around them; proportional, accurate, meet the needs. | |
| • who was the ethical philosopher associated with ethical egoism | ayn rand |
| most prevalent theory of the press currently | social responsibility |
| • what does kidder call values… based on a story he tells.. that have nothing to do with morals | lettuce values |
| • in the chapter why ethics matters , kidder gives one major example of the consequences of failures of ethics | nuclear meltdown at chernobyl |
| ways to know your audience: in depth interviews, surveys, _____ and focus groups | ethnographies |
| fessman: foreign journalists often have | less pressure, more ego |
| fessman: foreign journalism: contacts and favors play | larger role |
| fessman: Censorship or threats to live/ often dominated by state media regulations | russia malaysia, china arab states |
| fessman: cultural influences | japan |
| • What did kidder identify as three ways to be wrong | o violation of law, departure from truth, deviation from moral rectitude |
| • name 2 differences that jasper fesmin explained that exist between German and US journalists | o german journalists more apt to accept free gifts o german journalist write in highbrow style |
| • what was the practice mentioned by jasper fesme that Japanese journalists use that would be extremely unlikely among us journalists | o wait for a foreign journalist to break a major news story so they could pick it up because theres a cultural of relationship and you don’t want to ruin a relationship |
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marcusha