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XPhys Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| An increase in stroke volume during exercise is a result of what occurrence(s) in the heart? | Combination of enhanced diastolic filling and more complete systolic emptying |
| For the person with diagnosed hypertension, emphasis should be placed on what type/form of exercise activities? | Aerobic training |
| How is the rate pressure product computed? | Product of systolic pressure and heart rate |
| What is considered to be a relaxing factor that is released by the endothelium of vascular smooth muscles that allows for an increase in blood flow to active muscles during exercise? | Nitric oxide |
| Of the following, which does not occur in muscle fibers as one ages? | Area of type II fibers remains unchanged or slightly increases |
| What is the correct sequence of events for excitation-contraction coupling? | Impulse transmission down t-tubules, release of calcium from the SR, myosin-actin interaction, uptake of calcium by the SR |
| What is the term for the loss of skeletal muscle mass with aging? | Sarcopenia |
| True or false: Exercise increases sympathetic nervous system activity to increase stroke volume. | True |
| True or false: Static lung volumes in some larger size athletes are higher than in the average population. This is likely a result of exercose training and participation in their sport | False |
| What is not a major cause of fatigue? | Accumulation of NADH |
| Of the following, which does not determine success in aerobic endurance performance? | Muscular endurance |
| What is the primary source of myocardial fuel at rest? | Fatty acids |
| How does the parasympathetic nervous system contribute to cardiovascular function? | Dilates the pulmonary vessels during exercise |
| The difference between the total oxygen consumed during exercise and an additional amount that would have been consumed id a steady rate aerobic metabolism occurred immediately at the initiation of exercise is the definition of what metabolic term? | Oxygen deficit |
| Which of the following formulas would you use to calculate resting energy expenditure in a female? | 655 + (9.6 x BM) + (1.85 x S) - (4.7 x A) |
| What term is given to the total volume of air voluntarily moved in one breath from a full inspiration to maximum expiration? | Forced vital capacity |
| Which of the following techniques provides better alveolar ventilation for a athlete during exercise? | Deeper breathing to increase tidal volume |
| What tissue is insulin not responsible for regulating glucose entry? | Brain |
| What happens to the resting metabolic rate (RMR) as a person ages? | It decreases |
| The hormonal response to a standard exercise load generally foes what with endurance training/ | Generally declines |
| What four principles must an exercise program consider? | Individual's goals, physical ability, health status, available equipment |
| What does exercise prescription utilize? | scientific evidence that supports what has been shown to work in specific populations |
| What components should be included in any exercise prescription? | Assessment of cardiovascular (aerobic fitness) Muscular strength and endurance Flexibility Body composition Neuromuscular fitness (balance/agility) Bone health |
| What are the four components of an exercise session? | Warm up Exercise duration Cool down Stretching |
| What entails a warm-up? | 5-10 minutes of low to moderate intensity CV and muscular endurance activities to allow the body to adjust to the energy requirements and changes occurring physiologically and biomechanically |
| What percent of VO2R is considered low intensity? | <40% |
| What percent of VO2R is considered to be moderate intensity? | 40-60% |
| What entails a cool down? | 5-10 minutes of low to moderate intensity, allowing for gradual recovery of HR and BP to post exercise levels |
| What is the FITT principle? | Determinations made and used during conditioning phase of program F-frequency I-intensity T-time (duration) T-type (mode) |
| True or false: It is widelt accepted that any amount of exercise is preferable to no exercise in reaping health benefits. | True |
| At what frequency are health benefits seen when performing moderate to vigorous intensity? | 1-2 sessions/week |
| How many sessions per week does the US Surgeon general recommend? | 5-7 days/week |
| How many sessions per week does the ACSM reccomend? | 3-5 days/week of moderate to vigorous activity |
| What can happen when beginners exercise for more than 3 days at vigorous intensity? | Can lead to musculoskeletal injuries and adverse CV events (i.e. MI) |
| How much physical activity is recommended for individuals to engage in order to garner health benefits? | 30 minutes of moderate level activity 5 days/wk |
| A male patients has a BMI of 27 and waist circumference of 45 in. Which of these factors has the greatest effect on elevated risk of abnormal lipids and insulin resistance? | Waist circumference of 45 |
| True or false: Small improvemetns in fitness create significant reduction in the risk fo disease | True |
| Which energy system contributes the most during transition from rest to exercise and from one exercise intensity to another? | Creatine phosphate system |
| The anaerobic glycolytic system would be the primary course of ATP for which running event? | 800 m (1/2 mile) |
| For aerobic metabolism to occur, what process do free fatty acids undergo to be converted to acetyl CoA? | Beta oxidation |
| In which part of the cell does anaerobic glycolysis occur? | Cytosol |
| You measure your patient’s blood pressure prior to exercise it is 130/80. How would you classify the blood pressure in your notes? | Pre-hypertensive |
| According to the risk classification criteria, a patient in the moderate risk category should have what conditions met? | A medical examination prior to engaging in a vigorous exercise program |
| Which is true of carbohydrates that have a high glycemic index? | They are repidly absorbed forms of carbohydrates |
| True or false: Waist girth meansurement can complement BMI in predicting health risk | True |
| True or false: Fluid loss of 1% of total body weight is associated with an elevation in core temperature during exercise. | True |
| Research cited in your lecture has indicated that obesity has a negative impact on performance in children. Of the following, which has been shown to negatively affect 69% of children who are obese? | Increased difficulty rising from a chair |
| True or fale: One of the benefits of taking creatine supplement is improved exercise performance, especially for endurance events like the marathon. | False |
| What is one proven effect of using anabolic steroid on cardiorespiratory performance? | Increased RBC production and total blood volume |
| What are the non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease? | Age, gender, genetics, type 1 DM |
| What is one of the primary functions of carbohydrates? | Provides the main source of energy for high intesnsity exercise |
| During exercise of low intensity, what is the body's preferred use of fuels? | Fats |
| According to the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of HTN, What is considered to be a “normal” blood pressure? | <120 mmHg systolic and <80mmHg diastolic |
| True or false: Low LDL levels are characteristic of metabolic syndrome. | False |
| which is the normal response to dynamic upright exercise? | Progressive increase in systolic blood pressure |
| You would like to take the blood pressure of your 48 year old patient but you only have a pediatric cuff available. What is a ramification of using this cuff with this patient? | BP measurement will be too high |
| Female age 43, non smoker, BMI=21; RHR=72; RBP=118/74; Total chol = 174; HDL =57; LDL = 98. Runs 4-7 days/wk. Medication for asthma & allergies. Mother died of autoimmune disease at 71. Father has Type II DM. What is her risk for developing CVD? | High |
| What benefit does caffeine have on improving endurance during exercise? | It increases the availability of fatty acids as fuel |
| Which enzyme is used for this reaction: 2 ADP <---------> ATP + AMP | Adenylate kinase |
| Which enzyme is used for this reaction: ADP + Pi <--------> ATP + H2O | ATPase |
| Which enzyme is used for this reaction: PCr + ADP <-----------> Cr + ATP | Creatine Kinase |
| How is pyruvate used as fuel? | It is transported to the mitochondria and converted to Acetyl Co-A |
| The oxidative phosphorylation metabolic pathway can create ATP using carbohydrates, fats and proteins. | True |
| What is gluconeogenesis? | Conversion of amino acids (and fats) to glucose |
| What is the primary fuel source used when an individual has been walking for 3-4 minutes? | Carbohydrate |
| True or false: Creatine supplementation increases maximal oxygen uptake for aerobic efforts. | False |
| Sean is 5'10" and weighs 190#. What is his BMI? | 27.3 kg/m2 |
| Your patient is 5'7" and weighs 130#. According to your Essentials of Exercise Physiology textbook (MKK) under what classification for BMI would she fall under? | Normal weight |
| Which of the following has been defined as "moderate" physical activity? | 3-6 METS |
| A patient has 4 CV risk factors but no signs of symptoms of disease. What risk factor category does this patient fall into? | Moderate |
| Which is considered to be a positive cardiovascular risk disease (CVD) factor? | Age |
| Is an HDL level of 62 mg/dL a positive or negative risk factor? | negative |
| Which of the following risk factors by itself puts the patient in the high risk category for cardiovascular disease (CVD)? | Diabetes |
| True or false: Exercising for <45 minutes requires increased carbohydrate intake above recommended levels to "boost" muscle and liver glycogen reserves. | False |
| The ATP-PCr system would be the primary ATP source for which event? | 50m sprint |
| In which part of the cell does oxidative phosphorylation occur? | Mitochondria |
| Bill has begun training that involves 4 sessions of 60-90 min of continuous exercise at 65-75% of VO2max and 2 sessions/wk of 6 x 1 min at 90-100% of VO2max with 3 min rest between bouts. What is the major substrate for muscle metabolism during 90-100%? | Muscle glycogen |
| 4 sessions: of 60-90 min of continuous exercise at 65-75% of VO2max During the training sessions at 65-75% VO2max, there was a progressive rise in blood glycerol levels over the 60-90 minutes. What is the cause of this rise in blood glycerol levels? | Increasing release of glycerol from adipose tissue and muscle due to increased lipolysis |
| Bill completed a prolonged training session the morning after an overnight fast w/o ingestion of any carbs, felt fatigued at the end of the session. What would be the most plausible reason his blood glucose was low? | Liver glucose output was reduced due to the depletion of liver glycogen |
| True or false: The relative contribution of CHO (carbohydrates) and fat is primarily determined by exercise intensity and duration. | True |
| In what ways can consuming CHO during exercise >45 minutes can improve performance. | 1.maintain blood glucose and CHO oxidation rates 2.Spares liver glycogen 3.Synthesizes muscle glycogen during LOW intensity exercise 4.Increases motor skills in prolonged periods of play 5.Feel better later into the exercise bout |
| Of the following, which change in physiological function and performance is true when a person is dehydrated? | HR is increased |
| The consumption of high glycemic carbohydrates within 1 hour of exercise onset causes an untimely increase in blood levels of which of the following? | Insulin with a resultant decrease in glucose |
| The effects of anabolic steroids most closely reflect the natural effects of what substance? | Testosterone |
| Jill is a sprinter who has been doing interval training runs (6x400meters) at "all out effort" with 2 min rest periods. After, she drinks sodium bicarbonate. What is a proven benefit from ingestion of sodium bicarbonate after high intensity exercise? | Enhanced H+ removal from muscle fibers |
| How does Beta 2 agonist use affect pulmonary ventilation? | Increases |
| Tim shares with you that he wants to improve his performance in the endurance events and heard that blood doping was one way to do so. What would you tell him about the risks associated with blood doping? | Potential meidcal risks far outweigh the benefits |
| True or false: All healthy adults aged 18-65 years need high-intensity aerobic physical activity for a minimum of 30 minutes, 5 days/wk, or moderate activity for a minimum of 45 minutes 5 days/wk | False |
| You measure your patient’s blood pressure prior to exercise and it is 142/94. How would you classify this blood pressure in your notes? | Hypertension stage 1 |
| Which lipoproteins act as scavengers to protect against heart disease? | High density lipoproteins (HDLs) |
| As mentioned in my lecture on health indicators, the APTA has stated several reasons physical therapists should take their patients vital signs. List 2 of the stated reasons. | 1.risk of HTN significant across all age groups 2.50% of the population has an undelying medical condition 3.Aging increases the likelihood of disease 4.Minority populations have less access to medical care increasing the risk of chronic disease |
| Where is the largest reserve of carbohydrate stored in the average sized individual? | Muscle |
| True or false: Engagement in low to moderate exercise will improve insulin sensitivity. | True |
| Of the following exercises, which would not be a good choice for someone with hypertension? | Upper extermity ergometer |
| Is depression a documented sign of overtraining? | No |
| How does blood pressure change with acute (i.e. during the activity) high intensity anaerobic training? | Increase in systolic BP |
| True or false: Pennate fibers generate greater force than fusiform fibers. | True |
| The Respiratory Exchange Ratio is a reflection of what process occurring in the body? | The pulmonary exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen under various physiologic and metabolic conditions |
| What is characteristic of Type II muscle fibers? | Possess a rapid contraction speed |
| True or false: Women tend to have higher VO2max values in men due to their increased ability to use fat for energy? | False |
| During what tissue healing phase are the chemical mediators histamine and bradykinin released? | Inflammatory phase |
| What happens to the respiratory exchange ratio during hyperventilation? | Increases |
| Your patient is diagnosed with exercise induced asthma (EIA), meaning that once she begins to exercise she experiences an asthma attack. What is one recommendation that you can give to her to decrease the EIA bronchospasm response? | Tell her to exercise in a warm and humid environment (like Florida) |
| What type of training leads to a more rapid steady rate and smaller oxygen deficit? | Aerobic training |
| What is the lactate threshold indicative of? | That muscles cannot meet energy demands aerobically |
| The fact that swim training for endurance does little to improve an athletes distance running is an example of what principle? | Specificity |
| Economy of effort with exercise is most enhanced when a person does what? | Works on his/her technique |
| True or false: individuals will consistantly exhibit a slower HR performing arm rather than leg exercise at identical VO2max. | False |
| Increasing the number of motor units recruited and increasing the frequency of motor unit discharges serves to facilitate what type of response or action? | Gradation of force |
| What is the heart's preferred substrate during prolonged (> 30 minutes) submaximal exercise? | Fatty acids |
| What is the most serious type of cardiac arrythmia? | Ventricular fibrillation |
| How is cardiac output determined? | Product of HR and stroke volume |
| How does cardiac output primarily increase in sedentary, untrained individuals who have just started an exercise program? | Increase in HR |
| New capillaries and connective tissue formation first occurs during what phase of tissue healing? | Repair phase |
| Which of the following include all the cardinal signs of inflammation? | Heat, swelling, redness, pain, loss of function |
| True or false: The increase in muscle blood flow with exercise comes largely as a result of an increase in cardiac output. | True |
| Hemoglobin serves to increase the oxygen carrying capacity of blood. Females have 10% lower hemoglobin values than men. How do females compensate for this deficit during submaximal exercise? | Females have a larger cardiac output |
| What neurotransmitter is released at the synaptic cleft at the neuromuscular junction? | Acetylcholine |
| Is hypothyroidism a feature of metabolic syndrome? | No |
| When participating in moderate intensity exercise, trained individuals will maintain adequate alveolar ventilation primarily through which means? | Increasing tidal volume |
| During exercise training sessions, what serves as the major stimulus to increase ventilation? | CO2 fluctuation in the lungs |
| Kate embarked in a training session that involved 4 sessions of 60-90 min of steady state exercise at 65-75%VO2 max. What is the muscle fiber type most recruited during initial low intensity exercise periods? | Type I |
| What is the cellular process that uses the most ATP during exercise? | Cross bridge cycling |
| True or false: The correlation between fatigue and glycogen depletion has been established and is predominantly due to the rate of glycogen depletion. | False |
| Will a decrease in cardiac preload increase the heart's stroke volume during exercise? | No |
| Is the replenishment of NADH stores in mitochndria a purpose behind EPOC? | No |
| What are the purposes behind EPOC? | Replenish oxygen stores in hemoglobin and myoglobin Replenish ATP and PCr stores Replenish glycogen stores via lactate converison |
| An increase in stroke volume during exercise is a result of what occurrence(s) in the heart? | Combination of enhanced diastolic filling and more complete systolic emptying |
| Following high intenisty aerobic endurance exercise and/or resistance training there is an increase in blood concentrations of testosterone in both males and females. | True |
| Which group of hormones exerts metabolic and cardiovascular effects during exercise? | Catecholamines |
| Which is the primary glucocorticoid that leads to the mobilizatioin of FFA's and the breakdown of protein into amino acids? | Cortisol |
| What happens to cortisol levels during long duration physical activity (e.g. marathon)? | Increase |
| There are at least 7 risk factors for developing Type 2 diabetes. What are two? | Member of a high risk ethnic group; triacylglycerol level of > 250 mg dL-1 |
| For healthy, untrained persons, at which percentage of the individuals maximal capacity for aeroboic metabolism does blood lactate begin to accumulate and rise in an exponetial fashion? | 55% |
| What does a prolonged Valsalva maneuver produce? | An acute drop in blood pressure |
| Nitric oxide causes what changes to occur in blood vessels? | Vasodilation and decreased vascular resistance |
| During low to moderate intensity exercise, how is heart rate increased? | Inhibition of parasympathetic stimulation |
| Which type of muscle fiber possesses the greatest anaerobic potential and the most rapid shortening velocity? | IIb |
| With decreased insulin availiability, what is the primary fuel used for exercise? | Fatty acids |
| What term describes the point at which pulmonary ventilation increases disproportionately with oxygen consumption during graded exercise? | Ventilatory threshold |
| What has the most profound effect on human energy expenditure? | Physical activity |
| What makes the energy cost of swimming a given distance average about four times more than the energy cost of running the same distance? | Lower mechanical efficiency |
| How does running speed mainly get increased? | By lengthening the stride |
| Underweight BMI | <18.5 |
| Normal BMI | 18.5-24.9 |
| Overweight BMI | 25.0-29.9 |
| Obese BMI | 30.0+ |
| Waist circumfrence women | <70 cm |
| Waist circumference men | <80 cm |
| Waist to hip ratio men | <0.95 |
| Waist to hip ratio women | <0.86 |
Created by:
ereul1