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Gothic Architecture
Ch.14 Pt. 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| according to the first epigraph what are the most conspicuous parts of Caolingian and romanesque buildings? author? | combination of massive enclosure and verticality. Christian Norberg-Schulz |
| according to the first epigraph what are the purposes of romanesque churches? author? | stronghold and a gate to heaven. Christian Norberg-Schulz |
| what are the 2 main building types of medieval architecture | church and castle |
| according to 2nd epigraph what does the gothic church stand for? author? | heavenly city of jerusalem. Robert Branner |
| according to 2nd epigraph how is the gothic church monumental ? author? | makes man feel small upon entrance by -space-light-structure-masonry. Robert Branner |
| according to 2nd epigraph, what is relationship between parts of gothic church? author? | no standard relationship between solid and void and no fixed set of proportions. Robert Brannar |
| Who was Gothic architecture invented for in 1141 | Suger, abbot of the monastery of Saint-Denis |
| what improvements did they add to romanesque church architecture to make it gothic | pointed arches, rib vaulting, stained glass |
| What effect does gothic architecture give off | lighter and visually transparent |
| what is stained glass meant to symbolize | divine illumination |
| Romanesque vs. Gothic architecture focus on life | Romanesque- life in the hereafter. Gothic- life in the here and now |
| what is the contradiction in gothic architecture | they embraced earthly life but made architecture that aspired to heaven |
| Who are gothic churches dedicated to? significance? | Virgin Mary, new respect for women, no longer evil temptress but symbol of earthly womanhood |
| what is the unifying agent across Europe in High Middle Ages | the church, focus of earthly life is religion |
| what is most important political and social change in Europe | reemergence of cities |
| 1337-1453 | Hundred Years War- England vs. France for dominion in Western France. marked the end of the Middle Ages |
| Europe transformed socially by what 2 forces? | (1) Reemergence of cities (2) Growth of commerce and trade |
| what was the principal agent in accelerating urban growth? how? | the Crusades - initiated travel, need supply lines so europeans moved into mediterranean to create trade network |
| what were major trade goods | Spices and cotton cloth from E. Mediterranean. Amber and Furs from Germany and Russia. Woolen cloth - important industry in England |
| agrarian feudal culture was replaced by what | urban mercantile culture |
| burgher or bourgeois | a person who lived in a city, someone who operated a business |
| consequence of social and commercial developments and new cities on gothic architecture | now an urban cathedral not a monastery or pilgrimage church |
| what concept emerged with the Virgin Mary | unconsumated love and code of chivalry |
| scholasticism | application of classical Aristotelian logic to explain inconsistencies between early church writings, civil law and canon law. thirst for knowledge of secular world |
| what did scholasticism result in | Universities |
| what did Thomas Aquinas do | reconcile Aristotelian logic w/ writings of early church fathers in Summa theologica |
| what is Summa theologica | written by Thomas Aquinas. covered the entire literature of the church. coherent doctrine as a hierarchical construction of greater principles dominating subsidiary ideas |
| what is another by-product of the Crusades | Gothic cathedral because they weer inspired by Hagia Sophia |
| what was the physical expression of Saint Thomas Aquinas' Summa theologica | urban cathedral |
| most dramatic innovation of the gothic church | elimination of the structural walls replaced by stained glass depicting biblical stories |
| Abbot Suger provided basis for subsequent Gothic church facades in what church? | Abbey Church of Saint-Denis, France |
| stained glass windows were first seen in what church | Abbey Church of Saint-Denis, France |
| who is Saint-Denis | martyred in 3C, 1st missionary to the Gauls, first bishop of paris |
| 3 innovations distinguished new facade of abbey church of saint denis | (1) clear geometric compositional scheme (2) 1st rose window that admitted light into nave (3) 3 recessive doors behind jamb columns covered with biblical imagery |
| what was most important change Suger made to Abbey church of Saint Denis | new choir - ancient documents written by st. denis describing god as superessential light. simulate heavenly light with natural sunlight by rose windows |
| style ogivale | pointed arch style |
| other additions to Saint-Denis | Double ambulatory and 7 chapels that shed light in whole church |
| what were the clerestory windows of Church of Notre-Dame de Paris inspired by? | Church of Saint-Denis's stained glass windows |
| describe "cathedral crusade" | when crusades failed the quest was for architectural space, 80 cathedrals sprang up in France before 1450 |
| flying buttresses were first used where? why? | Church of Notre-Dame de Paris. nave vaults extended and needed to be supported in an unconventional way |
| innovation of flying buttresses led to what famous church? | Church of Notre Dame de Chartres |
| what is different in towers at church of notre dame de chartres | simple south tower (early gothic). ornate north tower (late gothic) |
| architects of Notre-Dame de Amiens | Robert de Luzarches, Thomas de Cormont, Regault de Cormont |
| what cathedral exemplifies the high gothic in france | Notre-Dame de Amiens |
| describe the choir in notre-dame de amiens | larger than normal, shows the increasing size of the choir in high gothic cathedrals. transept is now in middle |
| major changes from Romanesque in he Notre-Dame de Amiens | elaborate entrances in west end and transept. flying buttresses. vertical towers |
| what factors emphasize the strong sense of verticality in gothic cathedrals | thin bundled colonnettes. stone tracery. optical illusion-(proportions of nave, infusion of light, all parts of church reach upward) |
| what type of roof does church of notre-dame de amiens have | wooden trussed roof. need 2 sets of flying buttresses to keep it up |
| Church of Saint-Pierre has a plan similar to what? with what significant difference? | Notre-Dame de Amiens but it is larger and more delicate. |
| after repeated collapse of the vaults, what church was never finished? | Church of Saint-Pierre in Beauvais, France |
| What 2 cathedrals have quadrapartite vaults | church of saint pierre and notre dame de amiens. |
| what church exemplifies the strong Cistercian influence? explain | Salisbury Cathedral, England flat east ends with a large window instead of a rounded chapel |
| How does Salisbury differ from french cathedrals | has more open space around the cathedral. horizontal line dominates. 2 transepts. flat east end (chevet) |
| in french cathedrals what are the 3 parts of the interior elevation | arcade, triforium, clerestory |
| what aspects of the nave in Salisbury cathedral draw the eye along the axis illustrating directional space | repeated bays and strong horizontal layering |
| what allows for walls made entirely out of stained glass in Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, France | building is reduced to isolated piers |
| architect of Sainte-Chappelle | Thomas de Cormont |
| What is the purpose of Sainte-Chapelle | house relics Louis IX collected including pieces of Christ's crown of thorns, pieces of true cross, nail used in Christ's crucifixion |
| describe the two floors of Saint Chapelle | low ground floor chapel for lesser nobility, tall upper chapel for royalty |
| smaller village churches had roofs made of what? | wood, timber |
| what was used to cover parish churches, meeting halls, enclose large tithe barns and to construct the roofs of masonry vaults of cathedral | wooden roof trusses esp hammerbeam |
| the culmination of the hammerbeam truss was found where | Westminster Palace London, England |
| architect of Westminster Palace London, England | Henry Yevele and Hugh Herland |
| what is one of the largest surviving medieval wooden roof trusses | Westminster Hall Palace London, England |
| what are characteristics of late gothic architecture | increase in ornamental embellishment ]. |
| In France, what word was used to describe the stone tracery of stained glass windows? why? | flambant or flamboyant, because the tracery had the wavy fluidity of flames |
| what is the best example of an entire church in the late gothic style | Saint-Maclou in Rouen, France |
| Describe a flamboyant part of Saint-Maclou in Rouen, France | elaborate open tracery of the facade |
| what is most flamboyant portion of Saint-Maclou in Rouen, France | 5 sided porch |
| In England the final form of gothic architecture was called what? | Perpendicular - emphasis on the vertical in closely spaced repeated lines |
| what is a good example of Perpendicular gothic architecture | rebuilt choir at Gloucester Cathedral in Gloucester, England |
| where can we see numerous vertical mullions of the window | new choir of Gloucester cathedral |
| what are lierne vaults and where can we see them | ribs multiplied to a point in which they become a decorative filigree over vault surface. Gloucester cathedral |
| what is English fan vaulting and where did it reach its full potential? | dense cluster of thin ribs radiating out from each column like grove of trees. King's College Chapel, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England |
| what was kings college chapel, Cambridge university modeled after | choirs of cathedrals and Gloucester |
| what is most majestic of all Perpendicular interiors? | King's college chapel |
| architect of King's college chapel | Reginald Ely and John Wastell |
| what type of architecture emerged with the rise of cities and accumulation of private bourgeois wealth | urban residential architecture to house bishops and clergy |
| who reconstructed typical plan of a merchants house | Viollet de- Luc |
| describe plan of a typical merchants house | (1st floor) large shop, court, kitchen (2nd floor) living quarters: dining room, bedroom, open court, rear bedroom (3rd floor) sleeping quarters for apprentices and storage for merchandise and supplies |
| who became the new patrons of architecture as cities grew? what kind of buildings did they build | merchant bankers. residences, guild halls, town halls |
| Who is Jacques Coeur | became on of most important businessmen in France for his international trading contracts. French ministerof finance |
| What building was built in one campaign but has complex geometries | House of Jacques Coeur in Bourges, France |
| what did Jacques Coeur add to his house | old defensive walls and wings that wrapped around court open to the street and old round towers |
| what were important expressions of prestige of the city | large town halls and cloth trading halls in France and Belgium |
| what did cloth-trading halls borrow their style from | churches - pointed arches, elaborate tracery |
| Where is the guild hall/town hall used for cloth trading found? | Bruges, Belgium |
| what is most important city in the Flemish textile trade and fur trade with England and Scandinavia | Bruges |
| what became symbols of civic pride | guild halls (craftsmen area) |
| despite the rise of cities and secular concerns, what was the focus of the people | gaining the assurance of heaven |
| civic pride and religious piety provided the arena for what | gothic architectural experimentation |
| what events caused end of the Middle Ages | little ice age - crop failures, famine and Black Death. Pope's left Rome. Constantinople fell to Islamic Turks (1453). |
Created by:
simmonsss