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MIS 373
Quiz number 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the definitin of projects | Unique, one-time operations designed to accomplish a specific set of objectives in a limited time frame |
| What are the five phases of the project life cycle? | Initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing |
| What is project management? | a team-based approach for managing projects |
| How is project management different from operations management? | PM has a limited time frame, narrow focus with specific objectives, and it is less bureaucratic |
| Why is project Management used? | For Special needs that don't lend themselves to functional management and pressures for new or improved products or services, cost reduction |
| What are the key metrics? | time, cost, performance objectives |
| What are the key success factors? | top down commitment, a respected and capable project manager, enough time to plan, careful tracking and control, and good communications. |
| What are the major administrative issues? | 1. Executive responsibilities: project selection, selection of a project manager, organizational structure 2. Organizational alternatives: manage within functional unit, assign a coordinator, use a matrix organization with a project leader. |
| What are the main tools? | 1. work break down structure, network diagram, Gnatt charts, and risk management. |
| What is a matrix organization? | Allows businesses to integrate the activities of a variety of specialists within a functional framework; functional and project managers share workers and facilities |
| What are the key decisions in project management? | Deciding which projects to implement, selecting the project manager, selecting the project team, planning and designing the project, managing and controlling project resources, and deciding if and when a project should be terminated. |
| The project manager is responsible for effectively managing these 7 aspects? | The work, the human resources, communications, quality, time, costs, and scope |
| project champions | A person who promotes and supports a project |
| Work breakdown structure | A hierarchical listing of what must be done during a project |
| PERT | program evaluation and review technique, for planning and coordinating large projects |
| CPM | critical path method, for planning and coordinating large projects |
| Network diagram | Diagram of project activities that shows sequential relationships by use of arrows and nodes |
| Activity-n-arrow | network diagram convention in which arrows designate activities |
| Activity on node | network diagram convention in s=which nodes designate activities |
| activities | project steps that consume resources and/or time |
| Events | the starting and finishing of activities, designated by nodes in the AOA convention |
| path | a sequence of activities that leads from the starting node to the finishing node |
| critical path | the longest path, determines expected project duration |
| critical activities | activities on the critical path |
| slack | allowable slippage for a path; the difference between the length of a path and the length of the critical path |
| probabilistic | estimates of times that allows for variation |
| deterministic | time estimates that are fairly certain |
| crash | shortening activity durations |
| What activities should be crashed first? | Those with the lowest crash costs |
| project planning involves what.. | projecting resources and budgetary needs, identifying tasks with time estimates, and setting goals and priorities |
| What are the two main parts of the project definition phase of the life cycle? | Concept and feasibility analysis |
| If members of a project team report formally to a functional manager what type of organization is it? | Matrix |
| Name some potential causes of behavioral issues on a project | Stress, surprises, and decentralized descions |
| What is the organization which provides globally-recognized certification and ongoing education for project managers? | The project Management Institute (PMI) |
| What is the main limitation of a Gnatt chart when using for project management? | Does not show relationship between activities |
| What is the main difference between the two forms of network diagrams, AOA and AON? | Nodes represent events on AOA and arrows show relationships between acivities on AON |
| What is an immediate predecessor in network diagram? | An activity which occurs just prior to the one in question |
| When using a computing algorithm to analyze large network diagrams, what are the four pieces of inofrmation needed for each activity? | Early and late start and finish times |
| Why are only activities on the critical path candidates for crashing? | Only the critical path directly affect the completion date |
| True or false? It is not uncommon for project to fail, either partially of completely | True |
| A Gnatt chart showing progress of activities is best used for what type of project? | Simple projects |
| If a budget was too optimistic it was _________ than the actual project cost | lower |
| True of False? the phases of a project life cycle do not overlap | false |
| What are some of the features of common project management software? | track progress/performance of scheduled project activities, assign resources to project activities, flag missing precedence relationships between activities, |
| How do you calculate slack? | LS - ES or LF-EF |
| True of False?Early start and finish times involve a forward pass, and late start and finish ties use a backward pass trhough the network | True |
| Define Quality. | The ability of a product or service to consistently meet or exceed customer expectations |
| Successful management of quality requires that managers have these aspects on quality. | Quality in operational terms, understanding the costs and benefits of quality, recognizing the consequences of poor quality, and recognizing the need for ethical behavior. |
| Name the nine dimensions of product quality. | Performance, Aesthetics, Special features, conformance, reliability, durability, perceived quality, serviceability, consistency. |
| The nine dimensions of service quality. | Convenience, reliability, responsiveness, Time, Assurance, Courtesy, Tangibles, Consistency, Expectations |
| What is SERVQUAL? | an instrument designed to obtain feedback on an organization's ability to provide quality service to customers. |
| The determinants of Quality. | Design, How well the product or service conforms to the design, ease of use, and service after delivery |
| Quality of design | Intention of designers to include or exclude features in a product or service. |
| What is the Quality of conformance? | The degree to which goods or services conform to the intent of the designers. |
| What parts of an organization are key area or responsibility? | Top Management, Design, Procurement, Production/operations, Quality Assurance, Packaging and Shipping, Marketing and Sales and Customer Service. |
| In what ways do business organizations with good or excellent quality benefit? | enhanced reputation for quality, the ability to command premium prices, and increased market share, greater customer loyalty, lower liability costs,a dn fewer production or service problems. |
| What are some of the major areas affected by quality? | Loss of business, liability, productivity, and costs. |
| Appraisal costs | Costs of activities designed to ensure quality or uncover defects. |
| Name the costs that are classified with Quality. | Appraisal, prevention, failure |
| What does ISO stand for | International Organization for Standardization- they promote world-wide standards for the improvement of quality, productivity, and operating efficiency through a series of standards and guidelines. |
| What is ISO 9000 | A set of international standards on quality management and quality assurance critical to international buisness |
| What is ISO 14000 | A set of international standards for assessing a company's environmental performance. |
| What is the PDSA cycle? | A framework for problem solving and improvements activities. Also known as the Shewhart cycle or the Deming wheel |
| What is process improvement? | Systematic approach to improving a process |
| What is a good working definition of Quality? | Customer-dependent |
| To translate Quality into operational terms which of the following aspects are applicable? | ... |
| In order to meet or exceed customer expectations service quality is broken down into different diensions or focus areas. What are the dimensions of service quality? | Convenience, relaiability, responsivness, time assurance, courtesy, tangibles, consistensy expectations |
| The dimensions of quality are too abstract to be operationalized (acted upon and must subsequently be broken down and made what? | measurable |
| What is SERVQUAL? | A quality audit tool used widely in the service sector |
| What are the four primary determinants of Quality such that a product or service satisfies its intended purpose? | Design, conformance, Ease of Use and After-Delivery service |
| What are the responsibilities of Production/Operations with respect to Quality? | Produce to design specifications, monitor procesess and correct root causes of problems |
| What is a good definition of appraisal costs with respect to Quality? | The costs of inspection, testing, and other activities intended to uncover defective products or services. |
| T/F. One of the reasons offshore suppliers have lower costs than domestic may be lack of government regulation and inspections. | True |
| What is a broad definition of Quality? | The ability of a product/service to consistently meet or exceed customer requirements or expectations. |
| Which dimension of quality is shared by both products and services? | Reliability |
| Who in an organization has responsibility for Quality? | All members |
| Another good definition of Process improvement? | Documentation, measurement, and analysis, of a process for the purpose of improving it. |
| Six sigma is what? | A process improvement objective for many organizations, literally translates to how many defects per million opportunities 3.4 |
| What is Quality control? | A process that evaluates output relative to a standard and takes corrective action when output doesn't meet standards. |
| what is acceptance sampling? | Quality assurance that relies primarily on inspection of lots of batches of previously produced items |
| What is statistical process control? | Quality control efforts that occure during production |
| What is Inspection? | Is an appraisal activity that compares goods or services to a standard. |
| What are some of the typical inspection points in manufacturing? | Raw materials and purchased parts, finished products, before a costly operation, before an irreversible process, and before a covering process |
| Reasons favoring on-site inspection include? | quicker decisions and avoidance or introduction of extraneous factors |
| Define Quality of conformance. | A product or service conforms to specifications. |
| Define statistical process control. | Statistical evaluation of the output process |
| Define random variations. | Natural variation in the output of a process, created by countless minor factors. |
| Define sampling distribution. | A theoretical distribution of sample statistics. |
| Central limit theorem | The distribution of sample averages tends to be normal regardless of the shape of the process distribution |
| What is a control chart? | A time-ordered plot of sample statistics, used to distinguish between random and nonrandom variability. It has upper and lower limits called control limits. |
| Control limits | The dividing lines between random and nonrandom deviations from the mean of the distribution. |
| What is Type 1 error? | Concluding a process is not in control when it actually is. |
| What is Type 2 error? | Concluding a process is in control when it is not. |
| What is the difference between variables and attributes? | Variables generate data that are measured, while attributes generate data that are counted. |
| Define a mean control chart. | Control charts used to monitor the central tendency of a process. sometimes referred to as and x-bar chart. |
| What are the control limit formulas. | UCL == x-doublebar + A2R; LCL = X-doublebar - A2R |
| Difference between a p-chart and a c-chart. | p-chart for the fraction of defective items in a smaple and c-chart for the number of defect per unit. |
| Statistical process control is performed at what stage of production? | During and intermediate stage of production to check for probabliilty of acceptable product being produced. |
| During quality control efforts when ouput is determined to be unacceptable what next step necessarily occurs? | Analyze and correct |
| A scenario that would indicate the need for off-site testing at a centralized testing facility. | Customer specifications for satellite component require dust-free, no vibrations test. |
| What is the rationale and basis for statistical process control? | Acceptable variation within probability limits |
| Random variation in a process indicates______; whereas non-random variation indicates process_____. | stability/instability |
| The best definition of random variation. | Common variation inherent in a process occuring by chance. |
| When comparing a sampling to a process distribution, the three most important things to note are what? | They have the same means, normal distribution but, smapling has less variability. |
| The central limit theorem tells us what about the sampling distribution? | It approaches a normal distribution as sample size increases. |
| Another definition of a control chart. | A time-ordered plot of sample statistics to determine randomness or non-randomness. |
| When +/- standard deviations control limits are used in a process control chart , which of the below statements are true? | Approximately 95.5% of the time random data point will fall within (inside) the upper and lower limits. |
| A Type I Error is referred to by what other name? | Alpha Risk |
| A range control chart is used under what circumstances? | When dispersion of a variable should be monitored. |
| In the formula for a mean control chart upper and lower limits the number of standard deviations away from the mean is signified by what variable symbol or letter? | z |
| What is the range control chart upper control limit formula? | Average of sample means +D factor x Average Range |
| Name some examples of Acceptance sampling. | Inspection of raw material batches before production and inspection of final assembly lots after production |
| What are the different inspection points in manufacturing? | ooppp |
| Some statements about Type I Error. | A type I error is concluding non-randomness and being mistaken, and alpha risk equals the probability (area) in the two "tails". |
| A mean control chart is used under what circumstances? | To check for central tendency of a variable. |
| The "average of the smaple means" is also known by what term? | X-double bar. also known as the grand mean. |
| Though process improvement initiatives come with a cost, benefits of more capable processes may outwiegh and can include which of the following? | Fewer service complaints, lower |
| One definition of process capability is. | Inherent variability of process output relative to the variation allowed by the design specifications |
| Exemplify a capable process. | Process standard deviation is/-0.5 and the tolerance is /-2.0 |
| What are the six steps of control process? | Define, Measure, Compare, Evaluate, Correct, Monitor |
| Statisticl process control analysts will often perform run tests even when control charts demonstrate all points within the limits for what reason? | Time-ordered data within the limits may still exhibit non-random patterns. |
| Acceptance Sampling - Inspect lots before/after production | Least progressive |
| What is the formula for C? | Specification width/ Process width |
| What are the four basic issues of quality control inspection? | |
| What is the capability analysis statistic C? | When a process is not centered between the upper and lower tolerances. |
| Three important decisions managers must make concerning control chart are... | When to sample, how large of a sample and type of chart. |
| Taguchi believes that | The cost of poor quality increases as the output approaches the specification limit. |
| What are some risks of using capability indexes? | 1.2.3. |
| Definition of a run | A sequence of observations with a certain characteristic. |
| True or False? Sometimes non-random variation can indicate excellent quality. | True |
| What is the difference between variable and attribute data? | Variable data is measured on a contunouos scale and attribute data is counted using discrete numbers. |
| Definition of Process variability | The natural or inherent |
| What are the two different types of runtests? | Median and up/Down |
Created by:
Cjaner