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Journalism test 2
terms from ch. 14,10,9,8,3,4,7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Newsworthiness | Information most worthy of transformation into news stories |
| T I P C U P | Timeliness, Impact, Proximity, Conflict, Unusual, Prominence (also human interest) |
| News | In the 20th century, is the process of gathering information and making narrative reports- edited by individuals in for-profit news organizations- that offer selected frames of reference; helps the public make sense of prominent people, important events, |
| Ethnocentrism | Reporters judge other countries and cultures on the basis of how 'they live up to or imitate American practices or values.' ex/CNN international news portrayed from American point of view. |
| Responsible Capitalism | Journalists sometimes naively assume that businesspeople compete with one another not to primarily maximize profits but 'to create a increased prosperity for all.' |
| Small-time Pastoralism | favoring the small over the large the rural over the urban. small-towns = innocence, large cities = equal problems with government, urban experiences, etc... |
| Individualism | Journalism rewards rugged tenacity (stubbornness towards your decisions/opinions) needed to confront and expose corruption. |
| Absolute Ethics | A moral society has laws and codes, including honesty, that everyone must live by. The ends never justify the means. |
| Situational Ethics | Promote ethical decisions on a case-by-case basis. |
| Conflict of Interest | Any situation in which journalists may stand in positions to benefit personally from stories they produce. |
| Golden Rule | Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. |
| Categorical Imperative | Immanuel Kant: maintains that a society must adhere to moral codes that are universal and unconditional, applicable in all situations at all times. |
| Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill | 'the greatest good for the greatest number' |
| Herd Journalism | When reporters stake out a house or follow a story in such large groups that the entire profession comes under attack for invading people's privacy and exploiting their personal tragedies. |
| Gotcha Story | The moment when the reporter nabs 'the bad guy' or the wrongdoer. |
| Crime Block | A group of TV stories that recount the worst criminal transgressions of the day. |
| Sound Bitten | The part of a broadcast news report in which an expert, celebrity, victim, or person-on-the-street responds in an interview to some aspect of an event or issue. |
| Happy Talk | The ad-libbed or scripted banter that goes on among local news anchors, reporters, meteorologists, and sports reporters before and after news reports. |
| News Photographers | Shooters |
| Informational or Modern Model | Emphasizes describing events and issues from a seemingly neutral point of view. |
| Partisan or European Model | Stresses analyzing occurrences and advocating remedies from an acknowledged point of view. |
| Public Journalism | A conversational model for journalistic practice; Driven by citizen forums, community conversations, and even talk shows. |
| Representative Democracy | Having elected officials act on our behalf. |
| Deliberative Democracy | A system in which Citizen groups, local government, and the news media all work together to take a more active stand in shaping social, economic, and political agendas; a large part of the community discusses public life and social policy before advising |
| Tough-Question Reporting | A style of reporting in which Journalists assume that leaders are hiding something. Criticisms: Fosters cynicism among journalists. |
| News Consultant/News Doctor | Functions: Set the agenda for the type of stories reporters cover. Dictate how reporters look on air. Dictate how reporters act on air. |
| Consequence | News stories about issues that could affect a family's income or change a community's laws. |
| Attributes Required to win Pulitzer Prize | Ask ethically charged or open-ended questions. |
| Neil Postman | Believed that the mountains of data in modern life add to our problems instead of engendering thoughtful discussion among citizens. |
| Functions of Public Journalism | Going beyond 'telling the news' to try to help public life go well. Going beyond only describing what is 'going wrong' to imagining what 'going right' would be like. Going from seeing people as consumers to seeing them as participants in a democratic pu |
| Herbert Gans | Studied newsroom culture in the 1970s. Believed that American Reporters and Editors do not value neutrality. |
| Papyrus | Made from plant reeds found along the Nile river; used to write on, rolled into scrolls. |
| Parchment | Treated animal skin; also used to write on; stronger and less expensive than papyrus. |
| Codex | A type of book cut into sheets of parchment and sewn together along the edge, then bound with thin pieces of wood and covered with leather. |
| Manuscript Culture | A period in which books were painstakingly lettered, decorated, and bound by had. |
| Scribes | Wrote most of the books of this period; Monks and Priests. |
| Illuminated Manuscripts | Decorative, colorful designs and illustrations on each page. |
| Block Printing | Developed by Chinese; a technique using sheets of paper applied to a block of inked wood with raised surfaces in hand-carved letters and sketches. |
| Vellum | A treated animal skin on the Bible was printed. |
| Paperback Books | 1830s, made with cheaper paper covers had been introduced in the US from Europe. |
| Dime Novel | Sold for five or ten cents; 1860, Erastus and Irwin Beadle. |
| Pulp Fiction | A reference to the cheap, machine-made pulp paper they were printed on; paperbacks and dime novels. |
| Linotype | Enabled printers to set type mechanically using a typewriter-style keyboard; 1880s. |
| Offset Lithography | Early 1900s, allowed books to be printed from photographic plates rather than metal casts; reduced cost of color and illustrations; led to computerized typesetting. |
| Publishing Houses | companies that tried to identify and produce the works of good writers. |
| Trade Books | include hardbound and paperback books aimed at general readers and sold at various retail outlets; adult- fiction, nonfiction, biographies, lit classics, books on hobbies, art, pop science, technology, cookbooks; Juvenile- preschool picture books, young-a |
| Profession Books | include hardbound and paperback books aimed at general readers and sold at various retail outlets; adult- fiction, nonfiction, biographies, lit classics, books on hobbies, art, pop science, technology, cookbooks; Juvenile- preschool picture books, young-a |
| Textbooks | books made for the elementary and high school and college markets. |
| Mass Market Paperbacks | sold off racks in drugstores, supermarkets, airports; represent largest segment of the industry in terms of units sold, generate less revenue than trade books b/c low priced. |
| Instant Book | a marketing strategy that involves publishing a topical book quickly after a major event occurs. |
| Copyright law of 1891 | mandated that all authors’ works could be reproduced only with their permission. |
| Extra | borrowed from daily newspapers, which produced extra editions to tell important breaking news stories in the pre-TV era. |
| Magazine | refers to collections of articles, stories, and advertisements appearing in non daily periodicals that are published in tabloid style rather than newspaper style. |
| Postal Act of 1879 | assigned magazines lower postage rates and put them on an equal footing with newspapers delivered by mail. |
| Cookie and Pattern Publications | narrowly confined women's concerns to baking and sewing. |
| Yellow Journalism | Crusading for social reform on behalf of the public good. |
| Muckraking | a style of early twentieth century investigative journalism that referred to reporters who were willing to crawl around in society’s muck to uncover a story; termed by Roosevelt. |
| General Interest Magazines | offered occasional investigative articles but covered a wide variety of topics aimed at a broad national audience. |
| Photojournalism | the use of photos to document the rhythms of daily life |
| Pass Along Readership | the total number of people who come into contact with a single copy of a magazine. |
| Life Magazine | advanced photojournalism; had a pass along readership; child of the turn of the century pictorial magazines and parent to People, Us, and Entertainment Weekly; 96 pages of pics with little written text. |
| Regional Editions | national magazines whose content is tailored to the interest of different geographic areas. |
| Split-run Editions | tailor advertisements to different geographic areas. |
| Demographic Editions | Target particular groups of consumers |
| Movies | focused on more adult subject matter that was off limits to TV’s images as a family medium |
| Radio | developed formats for all audiences, rock and classical fans |
| Cultural Minorities | elite readers who were served mainly by non-mass market political and literary magazines; Appealed to formally educated readers who shared political ideas, aesthetic concerns, or social values. |
| Jet | a pocket-size supermarket magazine that originally contained shorter pieces left over from Ebony |
| Supermarket Tabloids | newspapers that feature bizarre human interest stories, gruesome murder tales, violent accident accounts, unexplained phenomena stories, and malicious celebrity gossip |
| Webzines | magazines that appear exclusively on the Web; made Web a legitimate site for breaking news and discussing culture and politics. |
| Youth's Companion | First successful children's magazine |
| Reader's Digest | Most popular magazine in the world in the mid-80s. |
| Seditious Libel | defaming a public official’s character in print. |
| First Amendment | Right of a democratic press to criticize public officials |
| Partisan Press | political papers; pushed the plan of the particular political group that subsidized the paper. |
| Penny Papers | 1830s, newspapers dropped price to one cent; papers now cheaper and more affordable; led newspaper to become mass medium. |
| Human Interest Stories | news accounts that focus on the daily trials and triumphs of the human condition, often featuring ordinary individuals facing extraordinary challenges. |
| Associated Press | the first major news wire service; founded by 6 NY newspapers; provided access to both their own stories and those from other newspapers. |
| Wire Services | began as commercial organizations that relayed news stories and information around the country and the world using telegraph lines and later radio waves and digital transmissions |
| Yellow Journalism | late 1800s development that emphasized profitable papers that carried exciting human-interest stories, crime news, large headlines, and more readable copy. |
| The New York World | Joseph Pulitzer; 1883; had advice columns, women's pages, crime, sex, and cannibalism; department store ads. |
| New York Times | An informational paper that provided stock and real estate reports to businesses, court reports to legal professionals, treaty summaries to political leaders, and theater and books reviews to intellectuals; Adolph Ochs, 1896. |
| Objective Journalism | distinguishes factual reports from opinion columns, modern reporters strive to maintain a neutral attitude toward the issue or event they cover; also search out competing viewpoints among sources for a story. |
| Inverted Pyramid Style | news reports begin with the most dramatic or newsworthy info- answering who what where and when questions- and then tail off with less important details; stripped of adverbs and adjectives. |
| Interpretive Journalism | tries to explain key issues or events and place them in a broader historical or social context |
| Precision Journalism | attempted to push news more in the direction of science; only by applying social science methods like polls, etc… could they achieve a valid portrait of social reality. |
| Advocacy Journalism | an approach in which the reporter actively promotes a particular cause or viewpoint |
| Literary Journalism | new journalism; adapted fictional storytelling techniques to nonfictional material and in-depth reporting |
| Columbus Dispatch | First newspaper to go online, 1980 |
| Consensus Oriented Journalism | carrying articles on local schools, social events, town government, property crimes, and zoning issues; foster a sense of community; small town newspapers. |
| Conflict Oriented Journalism | front page news is often defined primarily as events, issues, or experiences that deviate from social norms; national and metro dailies; journalists see themselves as observers who monitor their city’s institutions and problems. |
| Underground Press | papers that questioned mainstream political policies and unconventional values; voiced radical viewpoint; seen on college campuses and in major cities. |
| Pop Music | appeals either to a wide cross section of the public or to sizable subdivisions within the larger public based on age, region, or ethnic background. |
| Tin Pan | used to describe the way that quickly produced tunes supposedly sounded like cheap pans clanging together. |
| Jazz | an improvisational and mostly instrumental musical form, developed in New Orleans; diverse body of musical styles; African rhythms, blues, and gospel. |
| Cover Music | a song recorded or performed by another artist |
| Rock and Roll | 1950s, combined the vocal and instrumental traditions of popular music with the rhythms and blues sounds of Memphis and the country beat of Nashville; integrationist music. |
| Blues | influenced by African American spirituals, ballads, and work songs; early 1900s; originally a kind of black folk music. |
| Rhythm & Blues (R&B) | developed in various cities, music that merged urban blues with big-band sounds; aired on 25% of all radio stations; 1953. |
| Brown vs. Board of Education | 1954, Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional “separate but equal” laws. |
| Little Richard | rock and roll performer; pompadour hairdo, Steinway piano, first drag queen, blurred boundaries between masculinity and femininity |
| Rockabilly | country/hillbilly music combined with southern gospel and Mississippi delta blues |
| Payola | the practice of record promoters paying deejays or radio programmers to play particular songs. |
| Punk Rock | mid 1970s, challenged orthodoxy and commercialism of the record business; loud, unpolished distortions, a jackhammer beat. |
| Alternative Rock | describes many types of experimental rock music that offered a departure from the theatrics and staged extravaganzas of 1970s glam rock. |
| Hip-hop Music | music that combines spoken street dialect with cuts or samples from older records and bears the influences of social politics, male swagger, and comic lyrics from the blues, R&B, soul and rock and roll. |
| Gangster Rap | developed in LA in 1987, partly in response to drug-related news stories that represented a one sided portrait of life in urban America. |
| Federal Communications Commission | an independent US government agency charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable. |
| Federal Radio Commission | 1927, oversee radio licenses and negotiate channel problems |
| Radio Act of 1927 | licensees do not own their channels but could license them as long as they operated to serve the ‘public interest, convenience, or necessity’ |
| Pay-for-Play | involves up front payments from record companies to radio stations to play a song a specific number of times. |
| Drive Time | heaviest radio listening occurs between 6am-9am and 4pm-7pm, when people are commuting to and from work or school. |
| News/Talk Format | fastest growing radio format throughout much of the 1990s |
| Adult Contemporary | middle of the road; oldest and most popular format, reaching almost 15% of listeners, most older than 40. |
| Contemporary Hit Radio (CHR) | top 40 radio |
| Country | claiming the largest number of radio stations in the US; old-time, progressive, country-rock, western swing, and country gospel. |
| Urban | one of radio’s most popular formats, primarily targeting African American listeners in urban areas with dance, R&B, and hip-hop music. |
| Album Oriented Rock | the radio music format that features album cuts from mainstream rock bands. |
| Telecommunications Act of 1996 | the sweeping update of telecommunications law that led to a wave of media consolidation. |
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