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BCOM Test 4
Chapter 13-16
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What two movies led to the creation of a PG 13 rating? | The Exorcist, Jaws |
| Why was a PG 13 rating developed by the MPAA? | Because younger children were frightened by some of the content of otherwise juvenile-oriented films. |
| The movie _________ marked the beginning of a more realistic and frightening movie era. | The Exorcist |
| What kind of fright reaction occurred in many people after watching Jaws? | It made people afraid of the beach and even pools. |
| What two things do researchers study when looking at fright reactions from media? | Reasons for fright, how to control reactions |
| ________ is considered the leading expert on fright reactions to mass media. | Joanne Cantor |
| An emotional response of negative hedonic tone related to avoidance or escape, due to the perception of real or imagined threat | Fear |
| Branch of psychology that deals with the pleasant or unpleasant states of consciousness | Hedonics |
| True or false: Age and gender play no role in fright reactions to media. | False. They do. |
| Most fright reactions research on kids are done with _________, while adults use __________. | Fictional stories; disturbing documentaries |
| The Payne Fund Studies of the 1920s-1930s found that ____% of children reported being frightened by a film. | 93 |
| _________ have been used to help kids face personal fears. | Frightening stories |
| The modern horror genre developed in the 20th century with movies like _______, ________, and ________. | Dracula; Frankenstein; War of the Worlds |
| Edgar Allen Poe moved the concept of fright from scary monsters to a different kind of villain. What was it? | A psychologically disturbed or psychopathic killer (who were otherwise normal in every way) who committed realistic crimes |
| Give an example of a popular frightening comic book. | Tales from the Crypt |
| ________ brought characters like those described by Poe to life on the big screen in movies like ________ in the 1950s-1960s. | Alfred Hitchcock; Psycho |
| What kind of fright effects studies took place in the 1960s-1980s? | Studies of long term effects |
| What two things did the studies of long-term fright effects find? | Children are in danger of having terrifying nightmares after watching disturbing media content; fright reactions can last years and may impair psychological development |
| In the 1970s-1980s studies were done on the prevalence of fright reactions among…. | Young children |
| A 1987 study found that ___% of preschool/elementary children reported having been frightened by TV or movie content. | 75 |
| Studies in the 1990s found what four lasting detrimental effect from media-induced fright among heavier viewers? | Anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, sleep disturbances |
| Studies find that children with TV sets in their bedrooms are more likely to experience _____________ than children without TVs in their bedrooms. | Sleep disturbances and other problems |
| Give three examples of recent media content that has become more graphic. | Paranormal Activity; Criminal Minds; The Walking Dead |
| How have recent depictions of frightening content in media become more graphic? | More use of blood/gore; special effects enhance content |
| What do self-reports on frightening media content indicate about vivid memories of childhood fright reactions? | Vivid memories of childhood fright reactions to media will linger into young adulthood. |
| Genre categorized by fear of some uncertain threat to existential nature and by disgust over its potential aftermath; the source of threat is possibly supernatural in its composition | Horror |
| Although horror stories cause extreme fear, they also…. | Entertain people |
| What are the four possible explanations for the appeal of frightening content? | Catharsis; vicarious experience; spiritual safety; rehearsal of gender-appropriate reactions to disturbing material |
| How could catharsis be a possible explanation for the appeal of frightening content? | Fright as entertainment allows personal anxieties and fears of viewers to be experienced and sometimes resolved. |
| Give an example of frightening content that could be seen as cathartic and why. | The Hulk - he goes through a frightening transformation, just like teens |
| How could vicarious experience be a possible explanation for the appeal of frightening content? | It allows people to experience scary stuff without any real danger. |
| Give an example of frightening content that could allow a vicarious experience of fright. | Twilight |
| How could spiritual safety be a possible explanation for the appeal of frightening content? | In movies where there is a faith element, it always defeats the evil. It helps the strong belief that your religious savior can save you. |
| Give an example of frightening content that could create a sense of spiritual safety. | The Exorcist |
| Give an example of the rehearsal of gender-appropriate reactions to frightening material. | Males practice acting tough while watching something scary while females practice acting distressed. |
| True or false: Men enjoy being frightened more than women. | True |
| What are the two main methods used to measure fright? | Self-reporting measures; measures of physiological responses |
| Method to measure fright in which subjects are shown frightening or disturbing content, then asked to select words or phrases that best describe their reactions to the content | Self-reporting measures |
| Method to measure fright in which subjects are shown frightening or disturbing content and researchers watch how bodily systems such as heart rate, body temperature, or breathing rate are affected | Measures of physiological responses |
| Why does logically explaining frightening content ineffective on children? | Kids haven't fully developed their cognitive abilities yet, so being logical doesn't help. |
| True or false: Children enjoy being scared as long as they know they are actually safe. | True |
| What are the two dynamics of fear reactions to media content? | Classical conditioning; fear-producing stimuli |
| Principle that implies that, because of similarities between the real and mediated stimuli, a stimulus that would evoke a fright response if experienced firsthand will evoke a similar, but less intense response when encountered via mass media | Classical conditioning |
| What are the three types of media content that result in fear responses in real life (fear-producing stimuli)? | Dangers and injuries; distortions of natural forms; experience of endangerment and fear by others |
| What are the 5 types of dangers and injuries that when viewed over mass media can cause a fear reaction in real life? | Violent confrontations; natural disasters; major wars; animal attacks; major accidents |
| What are the two mechanisms that produce an indirect response of fear in someone viewing frightening content? | Empathy; vicarious involvement |
| How can empathy produce an indirect response of fear when viewing frightening content? | You come to like the character and don't want anything bad to happen to them. |
| How can vicarious involvement produce an indirect response of fear when viewing frightening content? | You know what's going to happen to a character and they don't. |
| What are the three important factors that cause viewers to react emotionally when viewing frightening content? | Realism of depiction; motivations of the viewer; excitation transfer |
| What three elements help make depictions of frightening content seem more realistic? | Stimulus generalization; particular fears; stimulus discrimination |
| How does stimulus generalization make frightening content seem more realistic? | The more realistic horror is, the scarier it is |
| How do particular fears make frightening content seem more realistic? | Content is scarier if you've actually experienced something similar in real life |
| How does stimulus discrimination make frightening content seem more realistic? | It impacts your ability to tell what happens on the screen from real life. Age is an important factor in this. |
| How can motivations of the viewer affect their emotional responses to frightening content? | If you want to be entertained, you may purposely forget the events on screen aren't real so you're scared. If you don't want to be scared you remind yourself it's fake or distract yourself. Viewers who watch for informational purposes react on dif level |
| What three things can cause excitation transfer? | Already aroused emotional state; sound effects; music |
| True or false: If you're forewarned about the danger in frightening media content, you have a smaller emotional reaction when it happens. | False. It actually causes you to have a higher state of emotional reaction. |
| True or false: At different ages children produce different types of fear reactions. | True |
| What kind of things cause fear reactions in children 3-8 years old? | Monsters, ghosts, supernatural creatures, the dark, animals, strange and fast-moving creatures |
| What kind of things cause fear reactions in children 9-12 years old? | Threats of injury or destruction to self or loved ones |
| What kind of things cause fear reaction in people 12+? | Personal injury, social/peer pressures and accompanying fears, global fears (ISIS, Ebola, wars) |
| Why do different things cause fear reactions at different ages? | As you develop your cognitive abilities fake things become less scary and you become more worried about things that could actually happen. |
| What are the two types of strategies for coping with fear? | Noncognitive strategies; cognitive strategies |
| Way to deal with fear that doesn't require the viewer to process verbal information | Noncognitive strategy |
| Way to deal with fear that requires the activation of the cognitive process | Cognitive strategy |
| What are the two types of non cognitive strategies for dealing with fear? | Visual desensitization; physical activity |
| Give an example of visual desensitization used to deal with fear. | Watching an actor become the scary witch |
| Give an example of physical activity used to deal with fear. | Eating popcorn or focusing on something else as a distraction |
| Give an example of a cognitive strategy to deal with fear. | Providing information visually or verbally to calm fears |
| What are the 5 reasons for increased interest in the effects of political communication? | Voting behaviors became increasingly unpredictable; societal concerns for negative effects of TV increased; European studies raise new concerns; emphasis on cognitive dimensions; negative political ads and decreased voter turnout |
| What are the four types of political communications effects? | Micro effects; macro effects; periodic effects; continuous effects |
| Political communications effects on individuals | Micro effects |
| Political communications effects on the political system, institutions, and society | Macro effects |
| Political communications effects on elections | Periodic effects |
| Political communications effects of media scrutiny of politicians | Continuous effects |
| What are the four influences on political communication? | Social scene; political landscape; media environment; media content |
| One function of mass media in democracy is its surveillance of…. | Contemporary events |
| One function of mass media in democracy is its identification of... | Key sociopolitical issues |
| One function of mass media in democracy is its provision of…. | Platforms for advocacy |
| One function of mass media in democracy is its transmission of…. | Diverse content across the various dimensions and factions of political discourse |
| One function of mass media in democracy is its scrutiny of…. | Government officials |
| One function of mass media in democracy is to provide incentives and information to allow citizens to…. | Become more actively involved participants |
| One function of mass media in democracy is its principled resistance to…. | External sources attempting to subvert media autonomy |
| One function of mass media in democracy is its respectful consideration of the audience as…. | Potentially concerned and efficacious citizens |
| The 8 special functions of mass media in a democracy should be the…. | Goal/standard that all mass media should try to attain in a democratic society |
| Although all mass media should strive to attain the 8 functions of media in a democracy, what often contributes to them falling short of these goals? | Quest for profit by mass media as well as other constraints |
| What are the 5 shortfalls of mass media that cause it not to fulfill its 8 major functions as related to political issues? | Profit-dominated entity; covers pseudo events to entertain and attract audiences; covers events rather than issues; issues addressed from viewpoint of news network's institutional agenda; dramatization of coverage |
| Research studies on political content have focused on what two types of media? | Political advertising; news stories |
| ___________ is the primary form of communication between political candidates and the voting public. | Political advertising |
| _______ are like free TV advertising for political candidates. | News stories |
| Abstract notions that media professionals use to present news stories | Frames |
| What are the four flaws of news stories? | Personalization; fragmentation; dramatization; normalization |
| Tendency for news stories to concentrate on individuals when reporting on large-scale social concerns | Personalization |
| Delivery of news in brief capsule summaries | Fragmentation |
| Idea that news is selected based on entertainment value rather than its importance as an issue | Dramatization |
| Idea that news stories show how particular problems can be solved within the existing political system | Normalization |
| Most political communication studies concentrate on _______, so they are _______ studies. | The individual; micro |
| What are the four major areas of study in micro level political communication studies? | Formation and change of opinion; effects of cognitive processes; voter perceptions of the political system; effects on political behavior/participation |
| True or false: Political ads produce weaker effects than originally thought. | False. They produce stronger effects than originally thought. |
| Early voting studies found that media had ______ effects on audience opinions, but later studies indicated that political media messages produced ________ effects than previously thought. | Limited; stronger |
| Several studies on the formation and change of opinions due to political communications have used ________ models such as _______ and ________ as a basis for understanding the political effects. | Persuasion; ELM, reasoned action |
| What are the four types of research that have been used to study the effects of cognitive processes used when viewing political communication? | Agenda setting research; priming research; knowledge gain; framing |
| Studies on voter perceptions have found that the press plays an essential role in providing the public with information about what three things? | Governmental operations; the economy; other aspects of the system |
| Studies on voter perceptions have found that media coverage may cause voters to perceive that ______ rather than ________ are responsible for particular social problems such as poverty or crime. | Individuals; society at large |
| What are the two types of frames for political news stories? | Episodic; thematic |
| A controlled experiment revealed that ________ framing caused audiences to associate social problems with societal and government responsibility rather than individuals. | Thematic |
| A research study found that ____% of TV news stories use ______ rather than ______ framing. | 80; episodic; thematic |
| Media effects on political behavior may be _______ or _______. | Direct; indirect |
| Political ads have proven effective in influencing…. | Voting decisions |
| The most popular political TV ad is how long? | 30 seconds |
| True or false: Many people only learn from and are affected by positive political ads. | False. They learn from and are affected by both positive and negative political ads. |
| True or false: Negative ads are ineffective in influencing voters because people don't like them. | False. They are effective, whether the public likes them or not. |
| True or false: People tend to remember negative political ads more than positive ones. | True |
| True or false: A candidate's failure to respond to a negative political ad about them can be disastrous. | True |
| Interpersonal communications between voters tend to work in conjunction with or complement... | Mediated political news |
| True or false: Macro studies of political communication have found that a surprising amount of people are politically knowledgeable and active. | False. Few people are politically knowledgeable and active. |
| People with ______________ tend to vote more often. | High levels of education |
| ____________ has been blamed for problems within the American political system. | Television |
| How was the use of investigative reporting contributed to civic reform in several areas of policy? | It hasn't so much caused a public uprising but it has happened because of interactions stirred up between journalists, special interest groups, and policy makers |
| Name two ways in which interactions between journalists, special interest groups, and policymakers can lead to changes in policy. | Mass media usually supports local civic or other "improvement" projects causing these things to get done; media publicity has been shown to help lawmakers achieve their goals and raise money toward reelection campaigns |
| What are the two main types of factors influencing media effects from political communication? | Individual effects; information processing |
| What are four individual characteristics that affect the impact of political communication? | Education level; political partisanship; personal skepticism of media; interest in political communications |
| Give two ways that education levels affect how political communication can impact someone. | The most politically active people are those with more education. Informed people are less likely to be affected by media agenda-setting. |
| How can political partisanship affect how political communication impacts you? | Strong party ties lessen media effects. |
| How can personal skepticism of media affect how political communication impacts you? | Personal skepticism of media affects your ability to learn from the news. |
| How can information processing affect how political communication impacts you? | People most interested in politics tend to pay more attention to political messages and as a result learn from them. |
| What are the three levels of information processing? | Skimming; reading; reading and discussion |
| Who began the "Just Say No" campaign in the 1980s? | Nancy Reagan |
| What are the 4 types of effects of health media messages? | Positive impact; negative impact; intentional; unintentional |
| Give an example of a health media message with a positive impact. | Breast cancer awareness |
| Give an example of a health media message with a negative impact. | Cap'n Crunch commercial |
| Give an example of a health media message with very intentional effects. | "This is your brain on drugs" campaign |
| Give an example of a health media message with unintentional effects. | Smoking shown in movies |
| True or false: Negative effects of health messages in media are usually unintentional. | True |
| What four types of advertisements were studied to find the effects of ads on health? | Cigarettes; alcohol; prescription drugs; foods |
| _______ advertisements have been banned from the broadcast airwaves since 1971. | Cigarette |
| ______ was the #1 brand of cigarettes until 1972 because of their catchy TV ads. | Winston |
| __% of studies of media effects on health found a casual link between media exposure and the initiation of smoking. | 83 |
| True or false: The higher the ad recognition, the less likely one is to smoke. | False. You're more likely to smoke. |
| _________ companies spend more advertising dollars at point of purchase than all other advertising outlets combined. | Tobacco |
| 90% of people who smoke started when? | Adolescence |
| Although cigarette ads have been banned from broadcast airwaves, tobacco companies have found other ways, such as _______ to keep their products in the public view. | Sponsorship of sporting events |
| Australian tobacco companies found _______ ads to be very effective. | Lifestyle |
| Lifestyle ads for tobacco companies most attract…. | Adolescents |
| Are warning labels on cigarette packages effective? Why or why not? | No. Half the children who participated in a study didn't even read the warning label. |
| Cigarette warnings located _________ are somewhat more noticeable than warning notices that appear in print ads for tobacco products. | On package labels |
| What product is most likely to be shown in media with negative effects? | Drug use |
| Studies done on alcohol focus on the casual relationship between media and what two things? | Start of adolescent drinking; increased consumption/drunk driving |
| The likelihood of adolescent drinking of beer or liquor is directly related to…. | TV alcohol ad exposure |
| You're not allowed to show people drinking in _________, but you can in _________. | Beer ads; TV shows/movies |
| More people (especially young people) abuse ________ more than any other drug. | Alcohol |
| Some alcohol brands associate their products with ______ or _______ with which young people identify. | Animals; appealing figures ("beautiful people") |
| In 1997 the FDA approved mass media advertisement of __________ directly to the public, including magazines and TV. | Rx drugs |
| Name three ways in which drug advertisements affected people's behaviors. | 6% discussed the advertised drug with their doctor. 30% of those were prescribed the drug. 11.5% were prescribed the drug although the doctor didn't believe it would help them. |
| What effect do ads for nutritional items with health benefits have on audiences | They increase audience awareness of health |
| ________ ads stressed the anticancer benefits of high fiber and low fat. | Kellogg's All-Bran |
| Food ads can affect the _____ and ______ preferences of children. | Short and long term |
| Documentary about a man who only eats McDonald's for a month | Supersize Me |
| True or false: Smoking and drinking are not commonly shown on TV. | False. They're shown often on TV shows. |
| ___% of TV episodes depict characters who smoke. | 20 |
| _____________ is linked to eating disorders for TV viewers around the world. | American "thin standard" for women on TV |
| Although portrayals of sexual activity are increasingly abundant on TV, what is missing? What is the effect of this? | There are few references made to safe sex practices or commitments. This exposure is linked to having sex earlier in life. |
| People who spend more time on the couch watching TV are more likely to ______ and less likely to _____. | Overeat; exercise |
| True or false: Studies have found that portrayals of characters who smoke and drink are not present in G rated movies. | False. Even G rated movies have these depictions. |
| ____% of animated Disney classics show portrayals of characters who smoke or drink. | 75 |
| True or false: Movies generally show drug use in a poor light and drug addicts are usually portrayed as evil. | True |
| _______ have more effect on kids' diets than TV ads. | Parental eating habits |
| What effect do violent, sexually explicit films have on college-age males? | Causes them to trivialize rape and show more sexually callous attitudes to women after viewing |
| Viewers of portrayals of nonviolent sexual behavior are more likely than non viewers to accept…. | Promiscuity and infidelity |
| Music and music videos tend to emphasize what three things? | Physical sex, violence, violent sexual encounters |
| Different adolescents interpret music videos differently according to what 4 things? | Age; race; gender; previous experiences/attitudes. How they interpret this affects how it impacts them. |
| What are the 4 negative effects of sexually or otherwise explicit music lyrics and music videos? | Teen pregnancy; teen suicide; substance abuse; sexual assault |
| What three things do people most pay attention to when it comes to health-related news? | Public health issues; health policy stories; specific disease stories |
| True or false: News coverage of the dangers of smoking can significantly impact the number of people who quit smoking. | True |
| How health stories are framed can have an impact not only on the public but also _______, affecting ________. | Policymakers; public policy |
| __________ from media outlets can cause officials to act on health related issues. | Intense scrutiny |
| The greatest impact on public health policy at the local level occurs when? | When experts are in agreement and the media supports efforts of interest groups |
| Searches for _________ are among the most common uses of the internet. | Health-related info |
| People who seek internet information on an illness are more likely to do what with this information? | Use this information to formulate questions for their doctor during visits |
| What is the main problem with researching health related information on the internet? | The validity and quality of the information isn't checked by users and is sometimes inaccurate or substandard. |
| Give an example of a way health campaigns have mixed results. | Some health campaigns produce long-term behavior change but others don't. |
| _____ appeals in health campaigns can create anxiety. | Fear |
| Give an example of a health campaign criticized for blaming victims who have been bombarded with ads featuring unhealthy behavior. | HIV being labeled a homosexual problem |
| What are the two models used to study the effects of media on health? | Risk learning model; stereotype priming model |
| Model used to study effects of media on health that relate new information about health risks and the behaviors that minimize those risks | Risk-learning model |
| Model used to study the effects of media on health that uses salient preexisting social stereotypes about people who do or do not behave as advocated | Stereotype priming model |
| Give an example of a health campaign using a stereotype priming model. | Cigarette users are shown with negative stereotypical traits like stained teeth, while nonsmokers are shown enjoying good health. |
| What are the four types of messages shown to increase self-protective behavior related to health? | Severity; vulnerability; response efficacy; self-efficacy |
| Message that shows severe consequences of behavior | Severity |
| Message that shows the ease of contracting a disease | Vulnerability |
| Message that shows how protective behaviors reduce or cure a disease | Response efficacy |
| Message that shows the effectiveness of protective behavior | Self-efficacy |
| Meta-analyses clearly show that ______ campaigns are the most persuasive health campaigns. | Fear |
| Who said that we should be able to "tastefully explore stereotypes and still move past them to see the core of people"? | Forest Whitaker |
| First black woman to win Nobel Prize in literature; said that American means white and anything else must be hyphenated | Toni Morrison |
| Actress who felt her role in the Flintstones was breakthrough because the role didn't HAVE to go to a black woman | Halle Berry |
| In early motion pictures what type of roles were normally given to blacks and other minorities? | Only roles that specifically required a minority character |
| How did 1990s movies break new ground related to minority portrayals in film? | Blacks were cast in starring roles and non stereotypical roles that could be played by any actor |
| The Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s has led to civil rights movements for what other groups? | Gay, Hispanic, minority religion |
| What are the two categories of study of media as a conveyor of social information? | Descriptions of minority portrayals; effects of these portrayals on audiences |
| True or false: Studies of the effects of minority portrayals on audiences tend to focus on the majority audience. | False. They look at both majority and minority audiences. |
| What three things did 1970s assessments of race proportions in media find? | The percentage of white characters shown was far beyond the actual percentage of the population while the percentage of black characters increased slightly but was still below the actual population percentage. Other minorities were practically nonexistent |
| True or false: Television presents an accurate reflection of the racial makeup of the American population. | False. Far more white people are shown than there actually are, while minorities are underrepresented. |
| What race of people tend to be most underrepresented in TV today? | Nonblack minorities |
| Media portrayals of minority groups are studied for the positive and negative effects of what three things? | Underrepresentation; negative stereotypes; exclusion |
| In the 1940s-1960s Blacks appeared in __% of national magazine ads. Who were the people shown? | 3. They were all either well-known entertainers and famous athletes or unknowns who were in servant roles. |
| Did studies in the 1970s-1980s find that the presence of Blacks in national magazine ads had increased or decreased? By how much? | Decreased. One study found a 2% presence, while another found less than 1%. |
| True or false: Studies found that white magazine readers tended to respond more negatively to ads with black models. | False. They didn't respond negatively. |
| In the 1990s portrayals of characters of color in _________ increased to actually overrepresent the population percentage by more than double. | TV ads |
| What two groups of people still continue to be avoided in TV and magazine ads? | Native Americans; disabled people |
| Studies of role comparisons examine the roles played by whites and nonwhites in media to discover how TV is portraying them in terms of what 5 things? | Characterization; violence; occupation; age; other factors |
| What did character role comparisons find from 1975-1980 about portrayals of black men? | Black men in TV had minor roles and "bit" parts with fewer leading and supporting roles. |
| What did character role comparisons in the 1970s find about black-white interactions? | Only 13% of interactions between black and white people shown on TV were friendly or respectful. |
| What did character role comparisons in 1979 find about portrayals of blacks and Native Americans? | They were usually portrayed as killers rather than victims. |
| What two things did character role comparisons of the 1970s-1980s find about depictions of jobs? | Characters of color were usually depicted in blue-collar/service jobs, but the percentage depicted in professional/white-collar jobs actually exceeded the numbers in society. |
| What two things did character role comparisons find about depictions of disabled people in media? | 75% were portrayed with abnormal or deviant personality traits; half were victimized during films |
| What did 1970s studies of portrayals of interracial interactions find about portrayals of black and white males? What did they find about portrayals of black and white females? | Black and white males had similar behaviors. Black and white females typically behaved stereotypically. |
| What did 1970s studies of portrayals of interracial interactions find about portrayals of black females? | They were shown to be boastful and domineering and usually in comedies. |
| What did 1970s studies of portrayals of interracial interactions find about black families? What about white families? | Black families were usually shown as a single mother with children, while white families were two parents with children. |
| Studies of portrayals of interracial interactions in the 1970s found that often _________ headed black households, and family members had lower __________ and ___________ than whites. | Females; education levels, occupational standings |
| Studies of portrayals of interracial interactions found than ________ black family interactions involved conflict, in comparison to _______ white family interactions. | One in six; one in ten |
| ______________ on the show _________ was a breakthrough minority character whose role was not dictated by race. She was also one of the first black women on TV not to be shown as a maid or nanny. | Lieutenant Uhura; Star Trek |
| The first interracial kiss on TV was between _________ and ________ on _________. | Captain Kirk, Lieutenant Uhura; Star Trek |
| Currently, prime-time TV characters are _______% black in a society with __________% black population. | 14-17%; 12-13% |
| What three things have been found of typical black portrayals on TV? | They're typically middle-class professional males in their 30s; least aggressive characters; dress more provocatively |
| The news depicts juvenile offenders as ____% black and ___% white, while the actual offender percentages are ____% black and ___% white. | 39, 24; 18, 22 |
| Hispanics make up ___% of the population and ___% of TV characters. | 16.4; 2-6 |
| __________ are often portrayed as less intelligent, less articulate, and lazier than other characters on TV. | Hispanics |
| True or false: Whites are portrayed on the news as crime perpetrators more frequently than Hispanics. | False. Hispanics are shown more |
| Although Hispanics make up ____% of the population, only ___% of TV characters are Hispanic. | 16.4%; 2-6% |
| True or false: Hispanics are portrayed as less intelligent, less articulate, and lazier than other characters on TV. | True |
| True or false: Whites are shown on the news as perpetrators of crime more frequently than Hispanics. | False. Hispanics are shown more frequently. |
| Asian Americans make up __% of the population and ___% of TV characters. | 5%; 1-3% |
| What kind of jobs are Asian Americans usually depicted in on TV? | Important professional jobs |
| Native Americans make up __% of the population and ___% of TV characters. | 1; less than .5 |
| The show Glee features a very racially diverse cast, but what is the problem with it? | It relies heavily on the stereotyping of its characters, which include a dumb blonde, fashion-loving gay men, and tech-savvy Asians. |
| Asian Americans make up ___% of the population and ____% of TV characters. | 5; 1-3 |
| Asian Americans are usually portrayed with what kinds of jobs? | Important professional jobs |
| Native Americans make up ___% of the population and ___% of TV characters. | 1; less than .5 |
| The show Glee features a very racially diverse cast, but what is the problem with it? | It relies heavily on stereotyping in its characters, which include a dumb blonde, fashion-loving gay men, and tech-savvy Asians. |
| ___ of films have white lead characters. ___% are black. ____% are Hispanic. | 80; 19; 1 |
| What three groups of people are rarely shown in US motion pictures? | Hispanics, Asian Americans, Latinos |
| How are men often portrayed in advertising? What kind of items do they promote? | Shown as professionals; promote non domestic items |
| Three of the biggest black breakthroughs in advertising occurred when... | Tyra Banks on 1996 Swimsuit Edition with a white model; Tyra Banks on 1997 edition solo; Beyonce on 2007 Swimsuit Edition cover |
| Who was the first black woman on the cover of Swimsuit Edition? | Tyra Banks |
| _______ and ______ models rarely appear in magazines. What are the percentages and how are they portrayed? | Hispanics, Asians. 1% of models are Hispanic and they're more likely to be provocative or sexualized. 2% are Asian American and they're more likely to appear passive in nature or tech-savvy. |
| Portrayals of minorities in media potentially educate children about…. | Race relations |
| Strong racial identity increases ________ attitudes to those outside the group and _________ attitudes toward those within the group. | Stereotypical; more favorable |
| What group of people are among the heaviest viewers of TV? | Black |
| Black people tend to select programs that fulfill needs for…. | Racial identity (those with more black actors) |
| True or false: Black children are more vulnerable to potentially negative effects of how minorities are shown on TV if not supervised. | True |
| Hispanics, who are often heavy viewers of TV, prefer what kind of programming? What may they also use TV for? | Spanish-language programming like Telemundo and Univision. May use TV to learn English and US culture. |
| All media is driven by _____, and ______ will affect what ______ are used. | Ads; who watches a program; ads |
| Cognitive structure that represents knowledge about a concept or type of stimulus, including its attributes and the relations among these attributes | Gender Schema Theory |
| Schemata about gender can affect the way people (especially children)…. | Process information in the real world and from the world of mass media |
| In the 1980s-1990s, women portrayed _____% of all prime-time TV characters. | 31.5 |
| True or false: In the 1980s-1990s women on TV were often older than men. | False. They were younger. |
| What kind of roles did women often have in TV shows of the 1980s-1990s? | They were shown as wives and mothers, not workers or professionals of importance. |
| True or false: Women are usually portrayed in films as young, hypersexual, scantily clad sex objects. | True |
| More recent studies have shown that women today represent about ____% of characters on prime time TV. | 40 |
| True or false: Today males on TV are still more likely to be shown in positions of power and authority. | True |
| Women represent _____% of people seen in commercials, but are more likely to be…. | 45-49%; sexualized |
| When characters are shown in __________ ways, gender effects are diminished. | Counter-stereotypical |
| _________ are the most vulnerable to learning about sex role stereotypes through TV, but the negative effects can be mitigated by…. | Children; parent/caregiver supervision |
| What did studies on Disney animated movies find about the male-female ratio? | Male characters outnumbered females 2:1 |
| What did studies on Disney animated moves find about jobs performed by females and males? | Females performed more in-home labor, while males performed a much wider range of out-of-home jobs. |
| True or false: In Disney animated movies, women were more likely to hold positions of power than men. | False. Men were more likely. |
| Characters in Disney movies often align with femininity (_______, ________, ________) and masculinity (_________, ________, _________, _______). | Passive, dependent, emotional; aggressive, independent, unromantic, unemotional |
| Disney Pixar movies have a common narrative in movies like _______, ________, and _______. What is it? | Toy Story, The Incredibles, Cars. Alpha male characters are emasculated and given an opportunity to learn what it means to be a kinder, gentler man. |
| True or false: Disney Pixar movies are slowly moving away from traditional gender stereotypes. | True |
| There used to be tax certificates to encourage minority ownership of broadcast stations, but this ended after…. | The Telecommunications Act of 1996 |
| Priming studies have found that majority audiences blame majority crime on ________ and minority crime on _______. | Unfortunate situation; personal disposition |
| Priming studies have found that long-term exposure to stereotypical portrayals of blacks has been shown to result in what in whites? | Subtle discriminatory thoughts |
| Cultivation studies have found that whites who are heavy TV viewers are more prone to stereotype blacks as lower socioeconomically due to…. | Lack of initiative, not lack of opportunity |
| Cultivation studies found white heavy TV viewers cultivated _______ toward Hispanics, but this was mitigated through…. | Stereotypical; real-world contact |
| What effects do stereotypical portrayals of minorities have on Native Americans? | Diminished self-esteem |
| True or false: Viewers enjoy seeing characters of their own race on TV. | True |
| Grade school children tend to select their favorite TV characters on the basis of…. | Race |
| _______ children are more likely than _______ to believe TV portrayals of race are realistic. (___% vs ____%) | Black, white. 40% vs 30% |
Created by:
elonjustice