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World of Water
Exam 2 Material
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Know how groundwater use in florida compares with groundwater use in the US | 21% of all water withdrawn in the US is for groundwater and 63% of all water withdrawn from Florida is for groundwater use |
| Know the two factors that lead to a doubling of FL population between 1950 and 1970 | Air Conditioning, Mosquito Control Agencies, DDT, Bureau of Entomology |
| Know how much water is withdrawn daily in FL | 4.4 Billion Gallons a day for Groundwater and 2.6 Billion Gallons a day for surface water |
| Limestone is the common name for what compound | Calcium Carbonate |
| Know what an ion | Ions are stable forms of elements that acquire an electrical charge or gaining or losing electrons |
| Are Ions well accommodated in water? | Yes! |
| Understand basically how oceans are made salty | As water moves across the watershed, it dissolves salts and minerals that naturally exist in the environment. These dissolved salts ultimately are delivered to the ocean. |
| Understand what is meant by precipitation and how it applies to limestone formation | Reaction that brings ions together to form a solution or a solid. Calcium and Carbon are both ions that use precipitation to form the solid Calcium Carbonate |
| Know the dominant mechanism by which limestone formations are made | Organisms facilitate the precipitation reaction |
| Understand the fundamental evolution of the carbonate elements of the Florida platform, including time frames, the origin of carbonates, general conditions relative to sea levels etc. | Formed between 150mya-25mya during which there was immense carbon buildup. Origin of the carbonates is from precipitation. We need warm shallow seas and the sea levels are typically higher. |
| Know the time period during which the water bearing elements of the Floridan aquifer developed | 50mya-25mya |
| Understand why continental silicon-based materials did not intrude substantially on the platform for approximately 125 million years and the changes that occurred that allowed them to influence the FL platform substantially | FL use to be separated by the GA channel followed by the Suwannee Current which isolated the platform. Sea levels were lowered eliminating the current. The Appalachians in turn produced a lot of sediment which began flowing straight to the platform |
| Understand how the Floridan aquifer is confined | It is confined above by clay over the limestone. Said clay was deposited there by sediments from the Appalachian mountains |
| Given that the Floridan is consolidated, understand how it is made porous and able to contain and transmit water | Aquifer porosity is created by acid dissolution of the carbonate rock |
| Is Florida's principal aquifer confined or consolidated? | Both! Confined and Consolidated |
| Know what Karst Landscapes are and their general features. Why does FL have extensive areas of Karst? | FL has lots of Karst landscapes because the underlying limestone is undergoing acid dissolution creating depressions due to sinkholes. |
| 3 basic sinkhole types and the overlying carbonate of each | Dissolution- thin sand; Cover Subsidence- thick sands and some clays; Cover Collapse- thick layer of clay |
| Know the most common origin of lakes in Florida | Depressional areas created by sinkholes |
| Know the two months during which the most new sinkholes are reported | Most reported sinkhole type is Cover Collapse and during the months of January and May due to heavy pumping of the aquifer |
| Understand how hydrologic connections are maintained between surface and groundwater in Florida | Because the majority of lakes or depressional areas are due to sinkhole formation, if the aquifer is highly charged it can raise the lake levels. Lakes can also feed the aquifers by leaking into the limestone. |
| Know the general geographic direction of groundwater flow in florida | Groundwater flows from central part of the state to the coast- high elevation to lower elevation |
| Understand the relationships between aquifer recharge, elevation, and groundwater flow directions in florida | High elevations and lots of recharge will dictate flow direction.If water is flowing down from the central part of the state, it creates a lot of pressure on the aquifer which will burst through areas of low confinement(low elevation) and produce springs |
| Understand how pressure is created in the Floridan aquifer and how this relates to artesian conditions | Artesian conditions occur due to pressure exerted by water at different elevations. Therefore, pressure is created due to water coming down over the aquifer from the central part of the state creating springs. |
| Understand how artesian aquifers produce springs, the conditions necessary and where those conditions tend to dominate in florida. | Artesian conditions occur due to pressure exerted by water at different elevations. Therefore, pressure is created due to water coming down over the aquifer from the central part of the state creating springs. Form at low elevations (coasts) |
| Know the boiling and freezing point of water | 0 degrees Celsius and 100 degrees Celsius |
| Know how hydrogen and oxygen are bonded within a single water molecule. Know the name of the bond | Covalent bonding - sharing of electrons |
| Know how water is made polar | Within a water molecule, the oxygen exerts a powerful force drawing electrons away from the hydrogen. The result is that the oxygen has a slightly neg. charge and the hydrogen has a slightly pos. charge due to electronegativity. |
| Understand polarity and how it impacts bonding between water molecules in the liquid and solid | The negative Oxygen and positive hydrogen are going to bond because other water molecules containing positive hydrogens will be attracted to the negative oxygen |
| Understand the name of the bond that exists between water molecules in the liquid and solid state | Electrostatic bonds called hydrogen bonds |
| Is solid water less/more dense than liquid water? why? | Solid water is less dense than liquid water meaning that ice floats |
| Know the definition of heat capacity and the value for water | Heat capacity- the amount of heat input necessary to heat 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius; value for water: 1 calorie of heat input/gram/degree Celsius |
| Why does water have such a high heat capacity relative to other common liquids like alcohol? | It is extensively hydrogen bonded |
| Understand how heat capacity impacts body temperature | As our body produces heat, it is absorbed by the hydrogen bonds so that our bodies are able to maintain a relatively consistent temperature |
| What is the importance of heat capacity to the temperatures of large bodies of water? | It moderates the temperatures of large bodies of water because it can absorb and release heat |
| Understand basically how ocean surface currents redistribute heat, how this is related to heat capacity, also what a gyre is | A gyre is the surface ocean currents (circular). Heat is redistributed as cool water flows from polar regions towards the equator where warmer water is carried to cooler regions (Think of stirring) |
| Understand how the Gulf Stream moderates climate in England, Ireland, etc. | Warm equatorial water circles around storing heat in hydrogen bonds and releases heat in cooler regions |
| Understand the definition and mechanism of evaporation. Also, does the energy that is absorbed to evaporate water remain with the water in the gaseous state? | Heat redistribution in the atmosphere is due to latent heat of water. One must input heat- obtain more energetic molecules- creating water vapor or evaporation where lots of extra energy is stored as vapor- so YES |
| Understand the definition of condensation. Must energy be removed from water in the gaseous phase to return it to the liquid phase? Or basically is heat released to the surrounding environment when water vapor condenses? | Must remove heat from water vapor-removing energy- returning it to the liquid state. Thus releasing heat into the surrounding environment due to hydrogen bonding. |
| Know the definitions of and numerical values for latent heat of vaporization and condensation. What is principal reason water has high latent heats? | 580 cal/gram |
| Understand the fundamentals of rainfall | Warm air (holds more moisture) rises to areas higher in atmosphere with cooler temperatures than the surface of the earth. The heat is released and the water recondenses as a liquid and falls as rainfall |
| Understand why it rains relatively predictably in florida during the summer and the relationship to waters heat capacity relative to land | Water evap. up from the gulf and the atlantic on either side of land. The land has hot air rising from it producing a vacuum pushing the water evap. from the water towards the land making the land a low pressure zone where hot air cools off and condenses |
| Which type of rainfall dominates FL and the SE US during the summer? | Convective Rainfall |
| Understand how cold fronts and warm fronts produce rainfall | Warm air is lighter than cool air. Therefore when warm and cool air meet, warm air rises over the cold. The cool air slides under the warm air forcing the warm air mass to rise. The rising air cools and precipitation results |
| Understand the basics of orographic rainfall | Orographic rainfall is warm moisture laden wind blowing into the land from the sea encountering a natural barrier (mtn). Prevailing winds meat the mountain and the air rises and cools producing rainfall |
| How are rain shadows produced | When moisture laden air encounters the mountains, it results in high rainfall on the windward side |
| What is the wettest place in the US and the driest place on earth? | Wettest: Quillayute Washington. Dryest: Arica, Chile |
| Know the directions of the prevailing winds between 0-30 degrees and 30-60 degrees | 0-30: east to west 30-60: west to east |
Created by:
CaitlynAC